• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.113-119
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• 2020

Development of forest garden for city dwellers utilizing green space within urban area is nowadays highly regarded as a means to invigorate city and to raise living standard for city dwellers. Thus, development of forest garden has become pressing and important agenda for city governments. Promoting forest garden to solve many environmental and social issues city governments face today requires evaluation criteria to determine whether target green space is suitable to serve as forest garden. In this respect, we believe that evaluation of values of forest garden from previous studies can serve as foundation for developing evaluation index for forest garden. Thus, we aimed to develop evaluation criteria for values of forest garden. First, various evaluation criteria collected from previous studies were assessed by expert groups. Then, the result was studied through AHP technique and we developed evaluation criteria for forest garden based on such result. Especially, evaluation criteria were divided into main and sub-levels for more detailed and precise evaluation system.

• Journal of East-Asian Urban History
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.297-308
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• 2020

Canberra, the capital city of Australia, has been known as an example of the international Garden City movement, which started by an Englishman Ebenezer Howard in the late 19^th Century. As a new capital site, Canberra was designed by an American architect Walter Burley Griffin, the winner of the world-wide competition for a federal capital in 1912. However, a closer look at the early history of Canberra would reveal that the popular understanding of her as a Garden City was somewhat exaggerated and distorted. Griffin's ideas of the new capital strongly suggest that he was influenced by City Beautiful, an American urban planning trend. Also, Griffin's original plan for Canberra was never fully appreciated nor realized, as many objections and difficulties arisen. Furthermore, Australian understanding of 'Garden City' evolved to more inclusive and overlapping idea of greener and less condensed towns in general.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2006

Welwyn Garden City benefits from the greater design cohesion and management of development which gave it a more distinctive 'brand image' almost from the outset than its older garden city(Letchworth, Hampstead). Its planner, Louis de Soissons, brought a more obvious sense of traditional formal urbanism to the design of the second garden city. This was rather different to the distinctive but rather more informal arts and crafts approach of Raymond Unwin. Here it attempts to analyze how they greatly and firmly established the concept of Housing Group in the residential design, and what similar elements between Unwin and de Soissons in the New Town planning. It is pointed out that the Housing Group theory is composed of recognizing urban life as totality, and group planning theory, and that they definitely originated a new technique in the residential area. It is analyzed that the syntactic relations between the group planning theory and enclosed housing cluster designs in the English garden city are epitomized in Welwyn Garden City.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.86-103
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• 2024

This study interprets the evolving ideologies of Singapore's urban environmental policies focusing on the meanings encapsulated within the notion of 'garden'. Through a comprehensive review of policy documents, legislative materials, development projects, government promotional materials, and organizational changes in each era, the study identifies three phases, each with distinct central themes. Commencing in the 1960s, the initial phase projected a meticulously controlled and managed cityscape using the notion of garden, which was epitomized by the slogan 'Garden City'. In this phase, garden was a representative concept that embodied the cleanliness and greenness of the city, and also served as a strategic rhetoric to effectively transfer the ideology of an exemplary picturesque city to the public. Subsequently, in the 1970s, the focus gradually shifted from individual green spaces and bodies of water towards a collective system which served as a foundational infrastructure of the city-nation. This evolution was reflected in the new slogan 'City in a Garden', where the garden is now not only summoned for its external appearance but also as an unified system which serves as the cornerstone of the city. Through these phases, the Singaporean government developed a scheme capable of integrated management of green spaces and water resources tailored to the scale and function of each. Building upon this foundation, the early 2000s saw the adoption of a new orientation focusing on sustainability and urban ecology, encapsulated in the revised slogan 'City in Nature'. For more than five decades, Singapore has demonstrated an adept utilization of the notion 'garden'. This scholarly examination underscores Singapore's journey in redefining urban landscapes through the strategic employment of the concept of garden in its urban environmental policies. By tracing the evolution of the garden concept across distinct phases, the study illuminates how the Singaporean government leveraged the garden's versatility: from an effective metaphor of aesthetic values to an integral component of its holistic urban system, and finally to a bridge between the urban and the natural.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.54-68
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• 2022

This study proposes urban development concept and strategies for Garden City, focused on Solaseado, Yeongam Heanam Tourism-Leisure Type Enterprise City in Korea. Understanding that an essential element of a garden is the endless care performed by gardeners, the Garden City development concept suggests applying this idea to making planned cities by cultivating the potential natural landscape of the site in the long run. The meaning of Garden City can be defined in three aspects; an attitude and process of planning a city, a system for constructing the spatial structure of a city, and city branding. A Garden City is a city structured with the spirit of a garden, a city where open space networks become the urban structure, and a city that builds its identity through the landscape, respectively. From this point of view, the research draws development strategies with spatial design examples to embody the Garden City concept in Solaseado by following three steps; establishing the main urban axes, creating city networks through the conjunction of the axes, and categorizing and systematizing open spaces within the city. Consequently, the study shows an alternative urban planning model that extends the concept of a Garden City while maintaining the intrinsic landscape as an urban resource. In addition, the conceptual master plan of Solaseado will structure the urban landscape and park system according to the Garden City strategies.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.13-26
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• 2023

Landscapes and gardens have emerged as an important medium of practice in contemporary cities. Among them, this paper examines the city through the frame of gardens. This is because gardens are being reconceptualized as a medium of activity for urban residents and have become an important subject of action in urban regeneration and the creation of urban villages. From this perspective, this paper examines and proposes an "integrated garden city theory" as a landscape theory suitable for the contemporary era by focusing on the urban structure and the behavior of urban residents through the medium of gardens, as well as the process and results. This is both a process and a result of looking back at the evolution of landscape for over a century and rethinking the identity of landscape. We first examined garden city theory, noting that Ebenezer Howard and Frederick Law Olmsted's positions on the relationship between gardens and cities were not so different, and that "working and responsive landscapes" were fundamental to cities and the beginning of landscape theory. We also examine how their ideals have not been fully realized in cities over the past century, but the prototype of gardens based on traditional garden culture is now being formed in East Asian cities, and the evolution of landscape theory in response. The conclusion is that a new version of the garden concept should be reestablished as a living infrastructure in our cities, and a new garden city theory is needed to make it work. To this end, each chapter examines three arguments, as follows First, the values of gardens and East Asian garden cultures in contemporary cities are shaped by the themes of community and integrity. Second, Korean communality, represented by apartments, is expressed through gardening and requires the reconciliation of city and life and the role of landscape architecture as a specialized field to support it. Third, we examine and consider an integrated garden city theory as a theory of practice in which city-based, everyday life, and garden mediums, i.e., city, life, and garden, are organic, based on an oriental view of nature. As a result, it is confirmed that contemporary gardens and cities are looking for important elements and values that still need to be rediscovered in East Asian landscape and garden cultures. Although the proposal of an integrated garden city theory cannot guarantee the continuation of landscaping, it can be an opportunity for all fields related to cities, not just landscaping, to collaborate and consider garden cities. Through this, it is hoped that "the concept of garden and city suitable for metropolitan or dense cities, ways to spread and support garden culture based on community, evolution of landscape theory/design theory suitable for lifestyle and terrain conditions, search for sustainable/resilient garden city theory that can respond to climate change, and establishing a new role for landscape in the 21st century" will be seriously considered.

• Journal of East-Asian Urban History
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• v.1
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• pp.99-134
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• 2019

In the Edo period, there were many samurai residences with gardens in Edo. In the 20^th century, some of these gardens were inherited and new gardens were also cultivated in Tokyo. Because of this, Tokyo in the 20^th century has been a garden city since the Edo period. This study shows the characteristics of gardens inherited today from the 20^th century and the succession process of these gardens in the 20^th century.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.273-285
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• 2015

The objective of this paper is to analyze the impact of formation and change in city brand and image of Suncheon city due to be held the International Garden Exposition Suncheon Bay Korea 2013 from April to October 2013. In order to research purpose, this study adopted a telephone interviews survey method for the entire national peoples. 65.3% of all respondents positively evaluated about city brand of Suncheon city. particularly development potential among five indexes of city brand. All of respondents also positively evaluated about settlement possibility of Suncheon city, and were recognized as eco & garden city for city image of Suncheon city. In addition, all of respondents evaluated the Suncheon Bay Ecological Park as a representative attractions of Suncheon city.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 2016

The goal of this study is to identify the new Architectural type of house and Landscape design pattern of the collective housing area in American garden city, Midlothian near Richmond of Virginia. I had been surveyed old houses of the Virginia and new single family houses and landscape design style of Mariners village to find a different style of houses and lots. The Richmond, capital city of Virginia, is surrounded by five suburban areas and counties. One of them is the Chesterfield where it has main street of Midlothian garden city. The city of Midlothian has a function of residence area both to stay in the forest garden and to go to downtown office of Richmond. There are a lot of collective housing area out of the capital city. I surveyed house form, lots, and site design pattern of the Mariners village in Midlothian. The community of Mariners shows a particular characteristics and harmonious pattern of suburban residence area in a view point of new project. There are three results of this study as follows: First, the types of house in suburban garden city, Midlothian, are focused on vernacular Colonial style with country house, traditional house, and front gable house form which are an unique new American single home. Second, the landscape design of this collective housing area, the Mariners village, has a unity view of residence community, harmony between house and lots, and a sensitive cul-de-sac pattern and loops type with rational land using based on the forest topology. Third, the Mariners village shows that the design concept of landscape architecture has to consider of traditionalism, naturalism, and living condition of residents.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.131-142
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• 2016

Urban agriculture, which can be defined as agriculture performed in a city, is suggested as an alternative solution to restore deserted community and expand green land in city area through cultivation activities. In Korea, 'Urban Agriculture Promotion and Support Act' was enforced from May 2012. In addition, in the same year, Seoul Metropolitan Government declared 'the beginning of urban agriculture era,' established municipal ordinance, and increased budget to actively support urban agriculture. As a result, urban agriculture practices have been increasing every year. Yet, the way of developing urban agriculture in a uniform way of expanding green land has led to difficulties of securing proper spaces. Accordingly, 'roof top' spaces have gained attention. This study analyzes rooftop garden, one of the spaces of carrying out urban agriculture, from the publicness perspective. The study selected a case study of a public rooftop garden in Mullae-dong, Yeongdeungpo-gu, investigated present conditions and usage features of the garden, and explored the conditions to be a 'public' roof top garden. Through theoretical analysis, both physical and non-physical indicators were derived for analysis framework; physical aspects- accessibility, locality, openness, comfortness, and non-physical aspects- subjectivity, cooperativeness, and a sense of community. The results of this study are as follows. First, openness and locality scores were the highest, and comfortness scored the lowest, in ensuring the publicness of Mullae roof top garden. Second, non-physical indicators had stronger effect than physical indicators on rooftop garden users' awareness on publicness and building a garden community. In conclusion, in order to vitalize roof top garden, users should be engaged from the very first planning stage of building a garden, opening hours should not be limited, and more importance should be put on users to subjectively manage the operation of rooftop garden than merely creating a physical environment.