• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.240-247
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• 2018

Background: Saline soil has negative effects on the growth of most crops. Sodium is the main element that causes salt accumulation in soil. Organic materials such as cow and poultry manure, are frequently used during the preparation stage, which causes an increase in the rate of salt accumulation in the soil. Methods and Results: To investigate the influences of sodium on ginseng, $NaH_2PO_4$, $Na_2SO_4$, and NaCl were used to adjust the sodium concentrations at 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM in nutrient solution. In a 2-year-old ginseng, toxic symptoms appeared when the sodium treatment exceeded 50 mM. The sodium concentration in the leaves was 3.33%, which is more than twice as high as that of the control treated at 50 mM. As the sodium concentration increased, the root weight significantly decreased. In the 100 mM treatment, the weight decreased by 28% when compared to that of the control. The Amount of ginsenoside significantly increased with an increase in sodium concentrations. Conclusions: These results suggest that the growth of 2-year-old ginseng is negatively affected when sodium exceeds 50 mM. This result can be used for a as basis in diagnosing the physiological disorders of ginseng.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.15-32
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the soil characteristics and propose the management for the Monument Beobsoo Marsh, Korea. The soil properties of O.M, $Ca^{2+}$, $Na^+$ and CEC were higher and the soil properties of pH_{1:5}$ and $P_2O_5$ were lower the studied sites than other marsh sites in Korea. Although the Heavy metals such as Pb, Hg, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr and As were lower compare to the safety standard of soil pollution in Korea, the overall conservation management plan based on long-term monitoring should be considered just because it varied by the point and non-point source pollution within the studied marsh. The source of water pollution varied due to non-point polluting origins such as sewage inlet, degraded terrain for agriculture, fishing sites, sites of removed water grasses, pesticides, chemical fertilizers, as well as fallen leaves. The creation of an artificial marsh is recommended due to the soil environment of the studied sites may be changed owing to the accumulated contaminants from the sources of both of point or non-point contaminants. The establishment of the zones of core, buffer and transition which is basic management structure of the UNESCO MaB could be applied to manage the studied site. Simultaneously the promotion of voluntary participation and education of the local residents are needed.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.23-32
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• 2009

The objective of this study is to investigate the efficacy of leaf powder colorants as substitutes for traditional indigo dyeing. Leaf powder colorants were prepared by hot air($50^{\circ}C$) and room temperanrre($25^{\circ}C$) drying methods from fresh leaves. The presence of indigo in the leaf powder colorants was confirmed by UV/Visible absorption spectra. All the powder colorants showed broad absorption at 602 nm as same as synthetic indigo. Dyeing was done by reduction method with sodium hydrosulfite and sodium hydroxide. Leaf powder colorants produced blue color on silk fabrics, showing similar color to the one dyed traditionally with fresh juice extract. The powder colorants prepared at room temperature drying were more stable for long term storage than that prepared by hot air drying. Thus, the powder colorants prepared by room temperature drying was reduced and dyed in one-step process without sodium hydroxide in the dyebath for further investigate dyeing properties. K/S value of the fabric dyed without sodium hydroxide was much higher than one dyed with sodium hydroxide. Regardless of the addition of sodium hydroxide, rubbing fastness was fairly good showing above 4 rating. Fastness to dry cleaning and light of the fabrics dyed without sodium hydroxide were mote higher than that dyed in alkaline condition.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.235-241
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• 2001

To select the sntagonistic bacteria against B. cinerea, isolates were screened from the eggplant leaves and rhizosphere soils in the eggplnat fields in the greenhouse. W1 and P99 isolates were selected by the inhibition of mycelial growth of B. cinerea E12 in vitro test. These isolates, W1 and P99, were identified as Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas putida, respectively, by the Bergeys manual and API systems, For the formulation of the antagonistic bacteria, the media for the mass production were prepared with biji(soybean curd residues) or soybean flour. B. subtilis W1 or P. putida P99 was mass cultured in biji broth or soybean flour extrect broth and then soybean flour, corn starch flour, rice glutinous flour and biji flour as high molecular substrates were added. These mixtures were dried, grinded and formulated as brofungicides of wettable powder type. The assess the control effect of biofungicides against the infection of B. cinerea, six types of formulations were assayed at the pot culturing with eggplant in the greenhouse. According to the results, there were no significant differences among the formulation methods. However, P99S or PppB formulated with P. putida P99 showed the highest control values as 90.4% and 96.1%, respectively. Then. BSB or BSD formulated whit B. subtilis W1 were 80.8% and 83.0%, respectively. There afforementioned values were more effective than that of chemical fungicide. Ipro W.P which showed as 72.6%.

• Mycobiology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2002

Soil bacteria were screened for the ability to control cucumber anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum orbiculare through induced systemic resistance(ISR). Sixty-four bacterial strains having in vitro antifungal activity were used for selecting ISR-inducing strains in cucumber. Cucumber seeds(cv. Baeknokdadagi) were sown in potting mixtures incorporated with the soil bacteria, at a rate of ca. $10^8$ cells per gram of the mixture. Two week-old plants were then transplanted into the steam-sterilized soil. Three leaf-stage plants were inoculated with a conidial suspension($5{\times}10^5$ conidia/ml) of C. orbiculare. Diseased leaf area(%) and number of lesions per $cm^2$ leaf were evaluated on third leaves of the plants, $5{\sim}6$ days after inoculation. Among 64 strains tested, nine strains, GC-B19, GC-B35, GK-B18, MM-B22, PK-B14, RC-B41, RC-B64, RC-B65, and RC-B77 significantly(P=0.05) reduced anthracnose disease compared to the untreated control. In contrast, some bacterial strains promoted susceptibility of cucumber to the disease. From the repeated experiments using the nine bacterial strains, GC-B19, MM-B22, PK-B14, and RC-B65 significantly(P=0.05) reduced both diseased leaf area(%) and number of lesions per $cm^2$ leaf in at lease one experiment. These strains with control efficacy of $37{\sim}80%$ were determined to be effective ISR-inducing strains.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.458-463
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• 2016

Background: The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of storage conditions on the growth of Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Baill. rootstock. Methods and Results: Rootstocks of S. chinensis were stored in either soil or vermiculite that had been treated with a control treatment, diluted wood vinegar (50 or 100-fold), DF-100 (50-fold), or 1-naphthylacetamide and at $5^{\circ}C$ or $15^{\circ}C$. After 8 weeks, the stored roots were planted in the field, and both plant height and leaf number were observed after transplantation. The greatest number of leaves ($5.60{\pm}0.80$) was produced by roots that had been stored in soil treated with 100 fold dilution of wood vinegar and at $5^{\circ}C$. Meanwhile the maximum plant height ($6.92{\pm}0.78cm$) at 30 d after transplanting was observed for rootstocks that had been stored in soil treated with the 100 fold dilution of wood vinegar and at $15^{\circ}C$, whereas the maximum plant height at 60 d after transplanting ($26.46{\pm}0.71cm$) was observed for rootstocks that had been stored in soil treated with the 100-fold dilution of wood vinegar and at $5^{\circ}C$. Therefore, the storage of rootstocks in soil treated with the 100-fold dilution of wood vinegar and at temperatures at or below $5^{\circ}C$ was most effective, and it can be used to prevent the decay of roots during the postharvest management of S. chinensis rootstocks. Conclusions: The results of the present study indicate that, among the parameters examined, the storage of roots in soil that had been treated with the 100-foil dilution of wood vinegar is the most effective method for improving the growth of S. chinensis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.1043-1047
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• 2007

The physicochemical characteristics of green tea prepared by four kinds of alkaline ionized water (AIW; pH 8.57, 8.85, 9.23, and 10.06, respectively) were evaluated. Green tea was made by soaking commercial green tea leaves in AIW at $75^{\circ}C$ for 10 min (1.0 g/100 mL). Total phenol contents, total flavonol contents, and ascorbic acid contents of green tea decreased with increasing pH of AIW. Increasing pH of AIW tended to decrease lightness (L) and redness (a) of green tea but increase yellowness (b) in Hunter color values. The amount of epicatechins and radical scavenging activity of green tea also decreased with increasing pH of AIW, while caffeine was not significantly affected. Tyrosinase inhibition activity was the highest in AIW of pH 8.85.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.195-202
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• 2005

Free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by UV exposure or other environmental factors are critical players in cellular damage and aging. In order to develop a new antiphotoaging agent, this work focused on the antioxidant effects of the extract of tinged autumnal leaves of Acer palmatum. One compound was isolated from an ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the A. palmatum extract using silica gel column chromatography. The chemical structure was identified as apigenin-8-C-beta-D-glucopyranoside, more commonly known as vitexin, by spectral analysis including LC-MS, FT-IR, UV, $^{1}H-$, and $^{13}C-NMR$. The biological activities of vitexin were investigated for the potential application of its anti-aging effects in the cosmetic field. Vitexin inhibited superoxide radicals by about $70\%$ at a concentration of $100\;{\mu}g/mL$ and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals by about $60\%$ at a concentration of $100\;{\mu}g/mL$. Intracellular ROS scavenging activity was indicated by increases in dichlorofluorescein (DCF) fluorescence upon exposure to UVB $20\;mJ/cm^2$ in cultured human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) after the treatment of vitexin. The results show that oxidation of 5-(6-)chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlo-rodihydrofluorescein diacetate ($CM-H_{2}DCFDA$) is inhibited by vitexin effectively and that vitexin has a potent free radical scavenging activity in UVB-irradiated HDFs. In ROS imaging using a confocal microscope we visualized DCF fluorescence in HDFs directly. In conclusion, our findings suggest that vitexin can be effectively used for the prevention of UV-induced adverse skin reactions such as free radical production and skin cell damage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.182-188
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• 2012

In this study we analyzed carbon emissions of leaves of a Pinus densiflora which is vulnerable to a forest fire using the cone calorimeter in order to analyze greenhouse gas emissions from forest fires depending on region and altitude. Fuels were collected from 9 regions[Hongcheon(Gangwon-do), Chungsong(Gyeongbuk-do), Yanhpyeong (Gyeonggi-do), Jecheon(Chungchongbuk-do), Gongju(Chungcheongnam-do), Wuju(Jeollabuk-do), Youngam(Jeollanam-do), Busan and Jeju-do)] and 9 altitudes(80 m, 450 m, 900 m, 1000 m, 1100 m, 1200 m, 1300 m, 1400 m and 1500 m) and then, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide emissions contained in a weight of 50 g of fuel were analyzed. According to the results, there were differences in carbon emissions by regional groups, as the average carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide emissions in 9 regions were nearly 43.5929 g to 52.8868 g, and 0.8842 g to 3.6422 g, respectively. Busan and Jecheon had relatively higher carbon dioxide emissions and especially, Busan had 1.23 times higher carbon dioxide emissions than Jeju-do. Also, Gongju, Chungcheongnamo Province and Busan had relatively higher carbon monoxide emissions and especially, Gongju and Pusan had relatively higher carbon monoxide emissions and especially, Gongju had 4.12 higher carbon monoxide emissions than Hongcheon. In addition, there were differences in carbon emissions too depending on altitude, since carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide emissions in 9 altitudes were respectively, 40.7015 g to 68.9297 g and 1.3923 g to 12.2918 g. At the altitude of 80m, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide emissions were respectively, 68.9297 g and 12.2918 g, and at the altitude of 450m, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide emissions were respectively, 65.5115 g and 11.2497 g. These results show that pine trees at the lower altitude discharge relatively more carbon. It is considered that this analysis on carbon emissions depending on region and altitude can be effectively used for predicting greenhouse gas emissions and establishing statistical data from forest fires in each region and altitude.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.312-321
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the preferences, consumption, and eating frequencies of housewives for commercialized traditional basic side dishes. The investigators visited 18 food markets and questionnaires were distributed to 464 housewives in the Busan area. The number of basic side dishes being sold at the markets were in the order of seasoned dried radish (17 markets; mk), salted garlic stalk (15 mk), braised black soy beans (14 mk), braised peppers and dried anchovies (13 mk), and braised lotus roots (12 mk). The housewives' order of preferences was for stir-fried dried anchovies, braised peppers and dried anchovies, braised seasoned beef, salted perilla leaf, and perilla leaf kimchi equal to seasoned sea lettuce, respectively. The order for eating frequency was stir-fried dried anchovies, braised peppers and dried anchovies, salted perilla leaf, and perilla leaf kimchi, respectively. Salted perilla leaf, perilla leaf kimchi, braised crab preserved in soy sauce, salted bean leaves, seasoned dried radish, and seasoned crab were either occasionally or frequently purchased by over 40% of the women. However, the reasons they did not purchase these products included: the excess use of chemical seasonings, unsanitary, unreliable cooking process, unreliable the origin, and high price, in the respective order. If the commercialized traditional basic side dishes were improved to eliminate these problems, 52.2% of the housewives would buy the products, and 65.6% anticipated increasing their use of these products in the future.