• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.216-222
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• 2008

The determination of spectrum charges for the operators is a main issue to efficiently manage the limited radio spectrum resources. In this paper, we propose a model to compute the optimal charges for radio spectrum usage. The objective is to determine that will maximize the spectrum charges, and decision variables of ratios for actual or estimated revenues are considered. The spectrum charges are maximized under satisfying the least profit for operators based on Log-Linear demand function. The parameters of actual sales and minimum profit of operators are analyzed to make an efficient management for radio spectrum. The results show that the spectrum charges increase as the actual sales increase, but it decrease as the required minimum profit of operator increases. It is also observed that the government should increase the ratio for estimated sales if anticipating the poor market in the future, otherwise they should increase the ratio for actual sales to maximize the spectrum charges.

• 무역학회지
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.129-145
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• 2022

Recently, Korean customs authorities have attempted to impose customs duties on the warranty charges paid by Korean subsidiaries ("the taxpayers") of multinational corporations to their overseas headquarters, or their affiliates, as indirect payment of the price actually paid or payable for imported goods and services, and the taxpayers' complaints have been steadily increasing. The key issue of Korean Supreme Court decision, 2018Du56619, revolves around opposing interpretations of the Korea Customs Act and the WTO's Customs Valuation Agreement in determining who is responsible for paying duties levied on warranty charges. The Supreme Court's ruling was consistent with its previous interpretations of the WTO agreement on customs valuations. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the plaintiff, a Korean subsidiary, stating that the overseas corporate headquarters' payments of warranty charges to Korean dealers are made on behalf of the Korean subsidiary, which is ultimately responsible for covering warranty charges. Thus, the Korean subsidiary's settlement of the warranty charges to their Korean dealers through the overseas headquarters is effectively the same as a direct payment to the dealers. Therefore, the Korean subsidiary performed warranty services on its liability and account. As such, the court ruled that warranty charges should not include tariffs on the indirect payment for warranty services in such cases. This paper presents the comparative legal implications for the warranty charge clauses in the WTO agreement and the Korean Customs Act and analyzes the Supreme Court's decisions.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.66-95
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• 1999

This study was conducted to analyze the medical charges of the elderly dementia inpatients, to identity their characteristics, and there by to evaluate feasibility of the per diem payment system for the patients. Data on medical charges of the patients were collected from the National Federation of Medical Insurance and sample hospitals from October through December 1997. The data were analysed in order to find the characteristics and test hypotheses postulated. The results are summarized as follows; Firstly, there was no difference statistically in between disease groups and between the dementia inpatients belonging to each disease group. Secondly, the amount of the non-insurance medical charges of the elderly dementia inpatients is considerably high compared to the insurance medical charges paid by the patient, which implies that some measures are to be prepared by the Government. Finally, medical charges per inpatient day of the dementia patients are not different statiscally by sex, by age group, and by disease group. This result supports the feasibility of the per diem payment system for the elderly dementia inpatients.

• 대한건축학회논문집:구조계
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.173-178
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• 2020

In this study, we analyzed space heating and domestic hot water(DHW) charges from 2017 to 2018 for 151,206 households in 202 apartment complexes built from 1997 to 2016, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of Korea's insulation standards reinforcement. The applied insulation standards were revised three times(in 1987, 2001 and 2010). We used the Anderson-Darling test to review the normality of the space heating and DHW charges. As a result, each p-value was greater than 0.05 and it followed the normal distribution. The annual average space heating charges per unit area of apartments with the 1987 insulation standards were 5,237￦/㎡a in 2017 and 5,328￦/㎡a in 2018. The heating charges with the 2001 standards were 4,827￦/㎡a in 2017 and 4,817￦/㎡a in 2018. Compared to previous standards(1987 standards), heating charges decreased by 7.8% and 9.6%. Also the heating charges with the 2010 standards were 3,683￦/㎡a in 2017 and 3,734￦/㎡a in 2018. Compared to previous standards(2001 standards), heating charges decreased by 24.3% and 21.5%. On the other hand, compared to each previous standards, DHW charges were decreased by 12.2%, 13.6% or increased by 4.6%, 6.9%, which means there's no correlation between insulation standards reinforcement and DHW charges.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.63-76
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• 2004

There is a considerable gap in the level of the Internet access charges among countries because of the history of the Internet use, current status of the Internet infrastructure, the Internet penetration rate, and so on. Low Internet access charge increases the number of the Internet users and the Internet penetration rate, which boosts economic activities. This paper empirically explores the impacts of the internet access charges on economic activities using a cross-country analysis based on data from 76 countries for the year 1998-2001. To this end, several versions of the neoclassical growth models, explicitly including the internet access charges, are estimated with the GDP used for a proxy for economic activities and the level of Internet access charges considered as an input to production. Subject to the appropriate caveats, the results show that the level of the Internet access charges make a significantly negative effect on economic activities. In other words, it is concluded that low Internet access charges of a county increase economic activities and the increased economic activities in turn raise the real income of the county.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.449-456
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• 2023

The localized surface-plasmon resonance has drawn great attention, due to its unique optical properties. In this work a general theoretical description of the dipole mode is proposed, using the forced damped harmonic oscillator model of free charges in an ellipsoid. The restoring force and driving force are derived in the quasistatic approximation under general conditions. In this model, metal is regarded as composed of free charges and bound charges. The bound charges form the dielectric background which has a dielectric function. Those free charges undergo a collective motion in the dielectric background under the driving force. The response of free charges will not be included in the dielectric function like the Drude model. The extinction and scattering cross sections as well as the damping coefficient from our model are verified to be consistent with those based on the Drude model. We introduce size effects and modify the restoring and driving forces by adding the dynamic depolarization factor and the radiation damping term to the depolarization factor. This model provides an intuitive physical picture as well as a simple theoretical description of the dipole mode of the localized surface-plasmon resonance based on free-charge collective motion.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.516-525
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• 2000

최근, 도시 재개발과 산업설비 개·보수에 따른 노후화된 콘크리트 및 철근구조물에 대하여 환경 공해가 발생하지 않는 해체 기술 개발에 대한 요구가 급증하고 있다. 본 연구는 철근 구조물의 폭발절단 해체를 위한 성형폭약을 개발하기 위하여 폭발절단 효과에 영향을 주는 요소인 대상 구조물의 재질 및 형상, 두께와 강도 특성, 성형폭약의 형상, 폭약의 종류, 장약량, liner의 종류, stand-off distance, 성형폭약의 폭 및 너비, 기폭방법에 따른 영향과 폭발 절단시 발생되는 폭풍압에 의한 진동 및 소음의 영향 등을 검토함으로 폭발절단 최적조건을 선정하였다. 따라서, 본 연구를 통해 얻어진 폭발절단기술은 강교, 공장, 폐선박 등의 해체에도 적용될 것이다.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.601-608
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• 2004

Recently, port development has been actively in progress through a private investment project. Incheon North Port functions as an auxiliary port for Incheon Port to solve its chronic demurral and freight congestion and to treat materials such as wood, iron material, feed materials. Service charges is one of important factors in the port choice to treat general goods. In general, service charges can be calculated by two methods such as cost accounting method and market price method. This study will review the characteristics of the Incheon North Port (berth 3), which is under the progress of the private investment project and estimate the reasonable service charges for general goods on the basis of market price. This will help a concessionaire to maximize the operation efficiency.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.148-152
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• 2004

The direct lateral profile and retention characteristics of locally trapped-charges in the nitride layer of the two-bit polysilicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (SONOS) memory are investigated by using the charge pumping method. After charges injection at the drain junction region, the lateral diffusion of trapped charges as a function of retention time is directly shown by the results of the local threshold voltage and the trapped-charges quantities.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.678-686
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• 2002

This paper presents the effects of accumulation of surface charges on hydrophobic level and the changes of surface potential decay with various artificial environment treatments on high temperature vulcanized (HTV) silicone rubber used for outdoor insulating material. For this study, the charging apparatus by corona discharge, in which grid electrode was installed between the main corona and ground electrode, was used. From this study, it was found that the accumulation of surface charges above a critical surface potential on silicone insulating materials could lead to the temporary loss of surface hydrophobicity. In addition, corona stress and water absorption stress increase the decay rate of surface charges of HTV silicone rubber, while ultraviolet (UV) stress causes longer decay time. We could conclude that the effects of surface charges on hydrophobicity level and the changes of surface state by various artificial treatments were found through a trend of surface potential decay.