• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.77-86
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare permeation characteristics in three skin types using oil-soluble benzoic acid and water-soluble caffeine after method condition optimization based on OECD guideline 428. Methods: A Franz diffusion cell, a reliable alternative method for skin permeation, was used. One-milliliter samples were taken and immediately replaced with fresh solution in the receptor chamber at regular time intervals (1, 2, 4, 7, 10 and 24 hr). The amount of test substances was measured by LC-MS/MS. Results: The permeation rate increased dose-dependently, and the permeation orders were $KeraSkin^{TM}$ > hairless mouse full skin > human cadaver epidermis for skin types, and benzoic acid solution > caffeine solution > benzoic acid cream > caffeine cream for type of test materials. Conclusion: According to the definitions of Marzulli, benzoic acid and caffeine would be classified as 'fast' and 'moderate' compared with the permeation of other chemical species. The setting conditions and permeation characteristics performed in this study are expected to contribute to future permeation studies.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.184-193
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• 2021

Purpose: This study attempted to develop clinical guidelines to help patients use hospice and palliative care (HPC) at an appropriate time after writing physician orders for life-sustaining treatment (POLST) by identifying the characteristics of HPC use of patients with terminal cancer. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted to understand the characteristics of HPC use of patients with terminal cancer through decision tree analysis. The participants were 394 terminal cancer patients who were hospitalized at a cancer-specialized hospital in Seoul, South Korea and wrote POLST from January 1, 2019 to March 31, 2021. Results: The predictive model for the characteristics of HPC use showed three main nodes (living together, pain control, and period to death after writing POLST). The decision tree analysis of HPC use by terminal cancer patients showed that the most likely group to use HPC use was terminal cancer patients who had a cohabitant, received pain control, and died 2 months or more after writing a POLST. The probability of HPC usage rate in this group was 87.5%. The next most likely group to use HPC had a cohabitant and received pain control; 64.8% of this group used HPC. Finally, 55.1% of participants who had a cohabitant used HPC, which was a significantly higher proportion than that of participants who did not have a cohabitant (1.7%). Conclusion: This study provides meaningful clinical evidence to help make decisions on HPC use more easily at an appropriate time.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.141-152
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• 2009

In this study, the business structure and characteristics of buying offices used by buyers for apparel productions through global sourcing were analyzed in specifics. Data were acquired through in-depth interviews of twelve merchandisers at representative apparel buying offices. The results of this study can be summarized as following. The business structure of a buying office varied depending on the functions, the item characteristics of products to be manufactured or the characteristics of the major buyers who were the customers. Overall, teams were formed by brands or organizations were formed by functions. Functional teams were divided within each brand team when business teams were divided by brands and personnel was divided by brands occasionally within each functional team when business teams were divided by functions. Business teams were composed of MR which managed the overall business about orders such as factory sourcing, price decision and production management and teams with various specialized skills. The teams with specialized skills were composed of Technical team, Fabric Development team, Colorist team, Quality Assurance (QA) or Quality Control (QC) team, Logistics team, Factory Audit team, and etc. For the future directions on the improvements, ways to increase international competitiveness of buying offices need to be researched and many expressed the opinion that it would be effective to move the offices to countries close to buyers or manufacturing locations as most buyers demand lower prices and shorter lead time than before and it is increasing trend for buyers and factories to do business directly without buying offices in the middle.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2007년도 추계학술대회논문집
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• pp.764-769
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• 2007

This paper is studied the noise and vibration characteristics analysis of the three-phase induction AC motor of the electrical forklift. And we suggest the method which the reduction orders the noise and vibration to be the mechanical. In other to investigate these characteristics, we considered the mechanical characteristics, the electromagnetic effects, and these interactions. In mechanical, we studied the characteristic of the stator, the bearing supported condition of the rotor, and the sound radiation. In electronically, this paper is considered the harmonic effect which is related the magnetic motive force (mmf) with respect to the characteristic of the slot number of the rotor and the stator and the pole number of the motor. Finally we investigated the overall noise and vibration of the induction motor by relations between the electronically harmonic and the mechanical resonance of the stator. By the analysis of the generally three-phase induction motor, we suggest the design methodology to low noise and vibration.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.91-104
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• 2019

The taxonomic and functional characteristics of bacterial communities in the pre-chlorinated rapid filters and ozonated biological activated carbon (BAC) filters were compared using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and community-level physiological profiling (CLPP) based on sole-carbon-source utilization patterns. Both the rapid filters and BAC filters were dominated by Rhizobiales within ${\alpha}-proteobacteria$, but other abundant orders and genera were significantly different in both types of filter. Firmicutes were abundant only in the intermediate chlorinated rapid filter, while Acidobacteria were abundant only in the BAC filters. Bacterial communities in the rapid filter showed high utilization of carbohydrates, while those in the BAC filters showed high utilization of polymers and carboxylic acids. These different characteristics of the bacterial communities could be related to the different substrates in the influents, filling materials, and residual disinfectants. Chlorination and ozonation inactivated the existing bacteria in the influent and formed different bacterial communities, which could be resistant to the oxidants and effectively utilize different substrates produced by the oxidant, including Phreatobacter in the rapid filters and Hyphomicrobium in the BAC filters. Bradyrhizobium and Leptothrix, which could utilize compounds adsorbed on the GAC, were abundant in the BAC filters. Ozonation increased taxonomic diversity but decreased functional diversity of the bacterial communities in the BAC filters. This study provides some new insights into the effects of oxidation processes and filling materials on the bacterial community structure in the biological filters of drinking water treatment plants.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2002년도 하계학술대회 논문집 C
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• pp.1546-1548
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• 2002

In this paper, the electrical characteristics of pentacene thin film transistors(TFTs) with stacked and surface-treated gate insulators have been investigated. The semiconductor layer of pentacene was thermally evaporated onto the stacked gate insulators. For the gate insulating materials. PVP(PolyvinylPhenol) and polystyrene were spin-coated with two different stacking orders, PVP-polystyrene and polystyrene-PVP. Rapid solvent evaporation during the spin-coating processes of these insulating layers produces non-equilibrium phase morphologies accompanied by surface undulations on gate insulator interfaces. This non-equilibrium phase morphology affects the growth mode of the subsequent pentacene layer. Therefore, in order to smoothen the gate dielectric surfaces, gate dielectric surfaces were rubbed laterally along the direction from the drain to the source TFTs with with stacked and surface-treated gate insulators have provided improved operational characteristics.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제29권11호
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• pp.1079-1088
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• 2020

The Shinbulsan wetland, located in Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea, was designated as a conservation area in 2004. The area was monitored from 2015 to 2019 to investigate the community characteristics and changes of benthic macroinvertebrates. Between 2015 and 2016, several insects of the orders Ephemeroptera, Odonata, and Hemiptera were identified, but their numbers decreased significantly in 2017 and 2018 following the loss and recovery of the moor owing to drought. During this period, there were relatively more insects of the order Diptera. Within this order, three functional feeding groups, gathering-collectors, plant-piercers, and predators were investigated. Predator species were the most abundant (83.3%), whereas gathering-collectors accounted for the largest proportion of individual insects (50.5%). Between 2015 and 2016, when the moors were stable, groups I and III had the highest community stability. After 2017, when the moors had dried up, group III effectively disappeared because of its lower relative resistance and resilience, and only taxa belonging to group I remained. The results of this study indicate that benthic macroinvertebrates that adapt early during moor formation inhabit the Shinbulsan wetland.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.231-238
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• 2018

Objectives: To evaluate the psychological characteristics of Korean medical students focusing on the Holland types and the MMPI-2. Methods: A survey was conducted on 81 Korean medicine students to investigate psychological characteristics focusing on the Holland types and the MMPI-2. Results: The orders of frequency of the Holland type in Korean medicine students were S>I>C>A=E>R (all), I>S>C>R=E>A (male) and S>A>C>I>E>R (female). The relationships between the Holland types and the MMPI-2 were R type (Mf negative), A type (Mf Pa Ma positive, Si negative), S type (Mf positive, D Pt Sc Si negative) and E type (Ma positive, D Si negative). Conclusions: From personality tests for male and female Korean medical students, there were differences on some scales of the Holland types. The Holland types are related to the specific scales of the MMPI-2.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2015년도 춘계학술대회 및 임시총회
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• pp.19-19
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• 2015

The term of Mushrooms means to spread like the April showers. After 18th century, the mycelium and spores of mushrooms were observed by microscope and then was denominated as fungi. About one hundred thousand species of mushrooms in appearance were worldly reported, and in Korea about four thousand species of mushrooms are estimated. In Korea, total of one thousand nine hundred one species of mushrooms have been recorded. Mushrooms belonging to the group of organisms called fungi, which must obtain their food from living plants or animals or from their remains after death. A large number of mushrooms grow in association with the roots of trees and other woody plants, called mycorrhizal fungi, both mushrooms and plants require this relationship for growth and development. And also many Mushrooms are saprobic, living on decayed various fallen leaves, twigs, trees and vegetable remains and etc. some of these million of spores settles on the proper habitat, these spores germinates and grows into a mass of threads, then a mycelium. This is the vegetable part of the mushrooms, what we call mushrooms are the carpophores, all the characteristics of the morphological features are appropriately used to identify species of mushrooms. Recently, identification and classification of mushrooms are newly confirmed by molecular analysis. In 2013, One thousand nine hundred one species of mushrooms in "List of Mushrooms in Korea" which published by the Korean Society of Mycology were recorded. Total of 238species, 107genera, 40families, 13orders, 6Classes belong to phylum Ascomycota. Total of 1,663species, 403genera 81families, 18orders, 7classes belong to phylum Basidiomycota.

• Journal of Species Research
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.161-175
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• 2019

During a comprehensive investigation of indigenous prokaryotic species in Korea, a total of 46 bacterial strains assigned to the classes Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, and Epsilonproteobacteria were isolated from a diversity of habitats including freshwater, seawater, brackish water, ginseng soil, plant roots, natural caves, and tidal flats. Based on their high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities (>98.7%) and formation of strongly-supported phylogenetic clades with the closest type species, each strain was assigned to an independent, predefined bacterial species. Since there were no published or official reports regarding the isolation of these 46 species in Korea, here we report them as new species to Korea: 34 species in 14 families in the five orders of Alphaproteobacteria, 10 species in five families in the three orders of Betaproteobacteria, one species of Deltaproteobacteria and one species of Epsilonproteobacteria. Gram reaction, colony and cell morphology, basic biochemical characteristics, isolation source, and strain IDs are described in the species description section.