• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.103-112
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• 1986

This study was carried out to prevent the entwining of rice straw on rotary shaft and blade where rice straw was spreaded on paddy field as an organic source before rotary tilling. The rotary tillage was conducted in the paddy field having the soil moisture contents of 30%, 39%, 59% in dry basis and spreaded rice straw (450kg/10a) of 30cm, 45cm, 90cm length with the edged curve angles of rotary blade of $30^{\circ}$, $40^{\circ}$, $50^{\circ}$, $55^{\circ}$ at Yuseung area. And the test were performed on the plot which has width of 30cm and 5cm length and the quantity of entwined rice straw was analized. The test results were summarized as the followings. 1. Entwining phenomenon of rice straw was decreased as the blade edged curve angle increased. The edged curve angle of rotary blade must be determind by considering the characteristics of soil cutting resistance, tilling torque and entwining phenomenon of rice straw. But according to the entwining phenomenon of rice straw only, the edged curve angle of rotary blade should be bigger than $55^{\circ}$ for design. 2. Amount of entwining rice straw was minimized when soil moisture contents was 30 percent (d. b.). It would be better that rotary tillage is performed when soil moisture contents is lower than 30 percent in dry basis. 3. Amount of entwining rice straw was minimized when the length of rice straw was 30cm with $55^{\circ}$ edged curve angle. Therefore, it would be better to chop rice straw as 30cm. 4. Entwining phenomenon of rice straw was decreased as the forward speed decreased. To decrease the entwining rice straw, rotary tillage should be done with forward fist gear (0.35m/s).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 2010

A study was conducted to determine the effects the of cattle manure application on forage yield, quality and soil in orchard grass pasture at the experimental field of Subtropical Animal Experiment Station, National Institute of Animal Science from 2008 to 2009. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatment consisted of chemical fertilizer (CF N-200 kg/ha), cattle manure 50% (basis N, CM50%), CM100% (basis N), CM200% (basis N). The dry matter (DM) yield of CM200% was the highest among the other treatments. CF showed the highest average crude protein (CP) content by 12.4% and CM50% showed the lowest content by 11.0%. Average acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content were 30.4 and 69.7% respectively. All treatments have narrow range of total digestibility nutrient (TDN) from 64.0% to 69.1%. But there were big difference between treatment in forage nitrate content. Changes of physical and chemical properties of soils for applications of CF 200% and CM 200% was clearly in cattle manure application. Especially, CM application in pasture increased CF application with respect to soil pH, organic matter (OM), and avaliable phosphorous ($P_2O_5$) contents of soils.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.1991-2001
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• 2009

This study provides basic information that is needed to build marketing strategies related to consumer brand-switching, through the investigation of consumer motivations for brand-switching, as determined by the types of fashion products. The study was implemented by a descriptive survey method using a questionnaire. The survey was conducted during the period of May $11^{th}$ through July $5^{th}$ 2008. A total of 184 completed responses were analyzed. All respondents were from the Seoul area and between the ages of 20 and 31. Factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha coefficients, one-way ANOVA and Duncan test were employed for the analysis of data. Significant differences were found in brand-switching motives according to the types of fashion products. For clothing, shift behavior occurred more often in conjunction with the attributes of the products itself, such as design, color, price, size, and fiber content. In general, clothes more than shoes, were likely subject to brand-switching most often on the basis of situational factors. On the other hand, for shoes, more brand-switching activities occurred because of non-product attributes, such as discounts, coupons, desire for a change, and wearing of friends. In light of the results, there is a need to differentiate brand related marketing strategies with respect to clothing and shoes. For clothing, efforts focusing on the improvement of the product attributes will be more effective in minimizing brand-switching. There is also a need to improve instructions for increasing the product understanding of salespersons as well as the ability to give advice in accordance with personal consumer characteristics. With regard to shoes, greater efforts should be given to promotional activities, and the desire of consumers for a change in order to prevent brand-switching of customers.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.339-346
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• 1999

This experiment was carried out to determine harvest date and cultivar effects on the agronomic characteristics, forage yield, and quality of fall sown oat (Avena sativa L.) at the forage experimental field, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Suweon from August to November 1993. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with three replications. The main plots were consisted of the harvesting dates, suchas early (11 October), mid(21 October), and late(1 November), the subplots were consisted of different maturities of oat cultivars, such as 'West', 'Cayuse' and 'Magnum'. The first heading date of an early maturing culivar, West, was observed on 10 October, and the heading increased up to 30% at the late harvesting date. The average dry matter (DM) content of oat cultivars increased significantly from 12.8 to 15.9% as the growing stage progressed(p<0.01). The average dry matter percentage of West, Cayuse, and Magnum was 15.4, 13.4, and 13.5%, respectively. The crude protein (CP) content of oat cultivars decreased significantly from 20.1 to 13.3% as the harvesting date was delayed(p<0.01), and the CP contents of midseason and late maturing cultivars, Cayuse and Magnum, respectively, were significantly higher than that of an early maturing cultivar West (p<0.01). The mid harvesting date showed the highest acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents than the other harvesting dates, and an early maturing cultivar West had higher ADF and NDF contents than the midseason and late maturing cultivars, Cayuse and Magnum, respectively. The in vitro dry matter digestibility(IVDMD) of oat cultivar West decreased as the harvesting date was delayed, but that of Cayuse and Magnum decreased only by the mid harvesting date. Cayuse and Magnum showed 3~4% higher digestibility than West. The correlation coefficient between IVDMD and ADF content was -0.86. The average dry matter yield of oat cultivars increased from 2,901 to 5,901kg/ha as the harvesting date was delayed(p<0.01), but no significant difference was found among oat cultivars. The corrdelation coefficient between DM yield and gorwing degree days(GDD) was +0.86. The results of this study indicate that a delay in harvesting date would be recommendable for the increase of dry matter yield when fall-sown oat is grown. Especially, the DM yield of the midseason and late maturing cultivars, Cayuse and Magnum, respectively, can be increased without much change of forage quality although the harvesting date are delayed.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1388-1393
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• 1968

Higher yield in rice paddies is greatly dependent on adequately balanced and timely supply of water. A majority of rice paddy in Korea is generally irrigated by rainfall, but in many cases it has to be supplemented by artificial irrigation for optimum rice culture. Although the water requirement of rice plant is far higher than that of other crops, submerged condition of rice paddy is not necessarily required. The moisture requirement of rice plant varies with its growing stages, and it is possible to increase the irrigation efficiency through reduction of water loss due to percolation in rice paddies. An experiment was conducted on the effectiveness of economical use of water by different irrigation period and different method of cultivation. The experimental plots were set up by means of randomized block design with three duplications; (a) Alltime submerged (b) Economically controlled, and (c) Extremely controlled. Three different irrigation periods were (a) Initial stage (b) Inter-stage, and (c) last stage. The topsoil of the three plots were excavated to the depth of 30cm and then compacted with clay of 6 cm thickness. Thereafter, they were piled up with the excavated top soils, leveled and cored with clay of 6cm thickeness arround footpath in order to prevent leakage. The results obtained frome the experiments are as follows; (1) There is no difference among the three experiment plots in terms of physical and chemical contditions, soil properties, and other characteristics. (2) Colulm length and ear length are not affected by different irrigation methdos. (3) There is no difference in the mature rate and grain weight of rice for the three plots. (4) The control plot which was irrigated every three days shows an increased yield over the all the time submerged plot by 17 persent. (5) The clay lined plot whose water holding capacity was held days long, needs only to be irrigated every 7 days. (6) The clay lined plot showes an increased yield over the untreated plot; over all the time submerged plot by 18 percent, extremely controlled plot by 18 percent, and economically controled plot by 33 percent.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.81-87
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• 2006

Purpose: Few researches have been peformed on the dose distribution of the moving organ for radiotherapy so far. In order to simulate the organ motion caused by respiratory function, multipurpose phantom and moving device was used and dosimetric measurements for dose distribution of the moving organs were conducted in this study. The purpose of our study was to evaluate how dose distributions are changed due to respiratory motion. Materials and Methods: A multipurpose phantom and a moving device were developed for the measurement of the dose distribution of the moving organ due to respiratory function. Acryl chosen design of the phantom was considered the most obvious choice for phantom material. For construction of the phantom, we used acryl and cork with density of $1.14g/cm^3,\;0.32g/cm^3$ respectively. Acryl and cork slab in the phantom were used to simulate the normal organ and lung respectively. The moving phantom system was composed of moving device, moving control system, and acryl and cork phantom. Gafchromic film and EDR2 film were used to measure dose ditrbutions. The moving device system may be driven by two directional step motors and able to perform 2 dimensional movements (x, z axis), but only 1 dimensional movement(z axis) was used for this study. Results: Larger penumbra was shown in the cork phantom than in the acryl phantom. The dose profile and isodose curve of Gafchromic EBT film were not uniform since the film has small optical density responding to the dose. As the organ motion was increased, the blurrings in penumbra, flatness, and symmetry were increased. Most of measurements of dose distrbutions, Gafchromic EBT film has poor flatness and symmetry than EDR2 film, but both penumbra distributions were more or less comparable. Conclusion: The Gafchromic EBT film is more useful as it does not need development and more radiation dose could be exposed than EDR2 film without losing film characteristics. But as response of the optical density of Gafchromic EBT film to dose is low, beam profiles have more fluctuation at Gafchromic EBT. If the multipurpose phantom and moving device are used for treatment Q.A, and its corrections are made, treatment quality should be improved for the moving organs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.557-566
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• 2005

In preparation of steamed foam-cakes, effects of whipping time, amount of wheat flour, and amounts of emulsifier on physical properties of the steamed foam cakes were investigated using RSM (response surface methodology). The three independent variables selected for the RSM experiment were whipping time $(X_1)$, amount of wheat flour $(X_2)$, and amounts of wheat flour $(X_2)$, and concentration of emulsifier $(X_3)$ were set for single-stage mixing, respectively. A rotatable central composite design was used for treatment arrangement. The responses from the product for loaf volume, color values and textural properties were analysed. In the analysis of variance for the foam cakes prepared by single-stage method, significant interactions were observed between independent variables (experimental factors) and physical property like loaf volume (p<0.05); textural properties like hardness, gumminess, and chewiness (p<0.05). Among independent variables, concentration of emulsifier had the most effects on physical properties while whipping time. The ordinary points in surface response showed maximal points with physical property like colorimetric b value while other properties revealed saddle points. The 3-dimensional response surface graphs of the predicted regression models displayed decreasing loaf volumes with increasing whipping times and emulsifier concentrations beyond optimum levels. The optimum conditions for best loaf volume and textural property (hardness, gummimess and chewiness) of the products selected by extracting intersectional areas of the contour maps that commonly overlapped all characteristics were; $11\~13$ min whipping time, $470\~486\;g$ amount of wheat flour, and $19\~20\;g$ emulsifier concentration, in case of single-stage method. The median values extracted from the RSM experimental results for optimum manufacturing conditions for single-stage method, i.e., 12 min whipping time, 478 g amount of wheat flour, and 20 g emulsifier concentration were empirically proven to fit the predicted levels of physical properties from the final foam cakes.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.179-195
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• 2010

In the internal connection system, the loading transfer mechanism within the inner surface of the implant and also the stress distribution occuring to the mandible can be changed according to the abutment form. Therefore it is thought to be imperative to study the difference of the stress distribution occuring at the mandible according to the abutment form. The purpose of this study was to assess the loading distributing characteristics of three different abutments for GS II$^{(R)}$ implant fixture(Osstem, Korea) under vertical and inclined loading using finite element analysis. Three finite element models were designed according to three abutments; 2-piece Transfer$^{TM}$ abutment made of pure titanium(GST), 2-piece GoldCast$^{TM}$ abutment made of gold alloy(GSG), 3-piece Convertible$^{TM}$ abutment with external connection(GSC). This study simulated loads of 100N in a vertical direction on the central pit(load 1), on the buccal cusp tip(load 2) and $30^{\circ}$ inward inclined direction on the central pit(load 3), and on the buccal cusp tip(load 4). The following results were obtained. 1. Without regard to the loading condition, greater stress was concentrated at the cortical bone contacting the upper part of the implant fixture and lower stress was taken at the cancellous bone. 2. When off-axis loading was applied, high stress concentration observed in cervical area. 3. GSG showed even stress distribution in crown, abutment and fixture. GST showed high stress concentration in fixture and abutment screw. GSC showed high stress concentration in fixture and abutment. 4. Maximum von Mises stress in the surrounding bone had no difference among three abutment type. In GS II$^{(R)}$ conical implant system, different stress distribution pattern was showed according to the abutment type and the stress-induced pattern at the supporting bone according to the abutment type had no difference among them.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.148-161
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• 2016

In the case of the government, which plays a pivotal role in the landscape architecture system, the management of positions in landscape architectural organizations is lacking. At the local government level, while public officials for managing landscape architecture are being hired, there are problems and vulnerabilities in both management and system operations as such public officials recruited for positions in landscape architectural services operate under the forestry service. Accordingly, this study analyzed the Korean administrative system of public officials in the landscape architectural service and their satisfaction with the organizational culture and behavior. The aim was to provide practical data for improving the job satisfaction of public officials in landscape architectural service and enhance the status of landscape architecture. First, a survey was conducted regarding current organizational culture/behavior and job adequacy, and differences when compared to different job series with regards to the public officials in the landscape architectural service. The results indicated that job satisfaction of those in landscape architectural service was generally high, but they showed strong centralization, i.e., orders from superiors and limitations on autonomy. Second, an analysis was conducted to improve the organizational culture/behavior and job satisfaction of public officials in the landscape architectural service, and a comparative analysis was conducted on the differences between the analysis result and preceding studies by the Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs(2006). The results indicated that organizational commitment/satisfaction of public officials in the landscape architectural service was relatively low among those who had a great amount of work experience related to forestry. Therefore, it was shown that it is necessary to ensure expertise in landscape architecture. Third, a comprehensive analysis was conducted regarding the influences on "working environment", "legal system" and "job allocation" in regard to public officials in land architectural service. The results indicated that satisfaction in the value system was high when given significance to the job as public officials in land architectural. However, their satisfaction in the land architectural system was low due to the lack of independence in their positions, the vulnerable legal system of land architectural service and low employment rates. Fourth, current public officials in landscape architectural service process tasks such as forestry, architecture, city planning and administration that are not related to their area of expertise. Therefore, an analysis was conducted on whether there is a difference in the job satisfaction of public officials in landscape architectural service according to statistical variables. It was identified that "legal system", "job satisfaction" and "organizational commitment" with regard to public officials in landscape architectural service can be improved through ensuring their expertise. This study suggests the following tasks to further inquire into landscape architecture in general. First, establish an identity of work allocation for public officials in the landscape architectural service, and second, establish an organizational constitution according to the positions in landscape architectural service. Accordingly, it is necessary for interested parties of landscape architecture to devise practical strategies so that such tasks can be converged administratively and reflected in policies.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.367-380
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• 2010

Various contents of Rosa rugosa Thunb. fruit(0, 10, 20%), which is grown along the seashore of Gangwon province, were applied to apple jams having different sugar concentrations(20, 40, 60%). The resulting jams were analyzed using a sensory scoring test as well as a response surface methodology to identify the optimum conditions for the preparation of high-preference apple jams. The sensory properties based on sense of sight, smell and taste appeared to be linked to the sugar contents. It could be attributed to the presence of flavor compounds and pigments generated from the caramelization of sugar molecules during heat processing. On the other hand, rheological properties such as viscosity and spreadability were associated with Rosa rugosa fruit content, which was also verified by textural analysis of the jams. As the contents of Rosa rugosa increased, the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of the jams decreased, which eventually might have contributed to the less thick and thus more spreadable sensory characteristics. Sensory evaluation revealed that apple jams were preferred when prepared with $\leq$10% of Rosa rugosa fruit and $\geq$55% of sugar contents. In particular, apple jams containing 10% Rosa rugosa and 60% sugar showed better mechanical qualities as well as higher sensory preference among 10 jams formulated using central composite design.