• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.12 no.2 s.27
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• pp.181-188
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• 1988

Cotton fabrics were slack-mercerized in sodium hydroxide, ammonia water(min. $28{\%}\;NH_3$), and mixture of ammonia water/sodium hydroxide. The surface of treated cotton fabrics were observed through SEM, and the changes of fine structure were analyzed by X-ray diffractometer. In addition to that shrinkage was compared mutally, and tenacity-elongation compared, too. SEM photographs showed fibrls rearranged strightly toward fibre axis. X-ray diffraction represented increased amorphous fraction, and partial recrystallization into cellulose 2 lattic after treatment with sodium hydroxide and mixture of ammonia water/sodium hydroxide. The mercerization produced increased fibre tenacity-elongation with slark state. Lastly, the best condition of mercerization was $4\%/14\%$, $10^{\circ}C,\;5\~30$ min. in mixture of ammonia/sodium hydroxide.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.211-220
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• 2018

Incorporating nano-materials in thin-film composite (TFC) membranes has been considered to be an approach to achieve higher membrane performance in various water treatment processes. This study investigated the rejection efficiency of three target compounds, i.e., reserpine, norfloxacin and tetracycline hydrochloride, by TFC membranes with different graphene oxide proportions. Graphene oxide (GO) was incorporated into the polyamide active layer of a TFC membrane via an interfacial polymerization (IP) reaction. The TFC membranes were characterized with FTIR, FE-SEM, AFM; in addition, the water contact angle measurements as well as the permeation and separation performance were evaluated. The prepared GO-TFC membranes exhibited a much higher flux ($3.11{\pm}0.04L/m2{\cdot}h{\cdot}bar$) than the pristine TFC membranes ($2.12{\pm}0.05L/m2{\cdot}h{\cdot}bar$) without sacrificing their foulant rejection abilities. At the same time, the GO-modified membrane appeared to be less sensitive to pH changes than the pure TFC membrane. A significant improvement in the anti-fouling property of the membrane was observed, which was ascribed to the favorable change in the membrane's hydrophilicity, surface morphology and surface charge through the addition of an appropriate amount of GO. This study predominantly improved the understanding of the different PA/GO membranes and outlined improved industrial applications of such membranes in the future.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.159-167
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to estimate the stochastic monthly runoff model for the Kunwi south station of Wi-stream basin in Nakdong river system. This model was based on the theory of Box-Jenkins multiplicative ARlMA and the state-space model to simulate changes of monthly runoff. The forecasting monthly runoff from the pair of estimated effective rainfall and observed value of runoff in the uniform interval was given less standard error then the analysis only by runoff, so this study was more rational forecasting by the use of effective rainfall and runoff. This paper analyzed the records of monthly runoff and effective rainfall, and applied the multiplicative ARlMA model and state-space model. For the P value of V AR(P) model to establish state-space theory, it used Ale value by lag time and VARMA model were established that it was findings to the constituent unit of state-space model using canonical correction coefficients. Therefore this paper confirms that state space model is very significant related with optimization factors of VARMA model.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.81-89
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• 2001

Soil-bentonite mixture is often used for barrier wall to prevent seawater intrusion. In this study, the effect of seawater on the permeability of soil-bentonite mixture is examined, and the effect of permeability change on the seawater intrusion is investigated. Seawater intrusion in coastal areas was modeled using a finite element method. Seawater intrusion in the seawater-contaminated zone was determined by considering the hydraulic conductivity changes using the residual flow procedure (RFP) in the simulation model. Steady state and unsteady state conditions with variations in ground water levels in an inland area were investigated. The interface between fresh water and seawater, found by the proposed method, was located lower at the seawater side and the level at the fresh water side is higher than those by conventional methods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.63-75
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• 1993

Partially oriented polyester yarn (PET POY) was treated in the unrestrained state using various solvents at different temperatures. Interactions between PET POY & solvents were estimated by the changes of microstructure, morphology and mechanical properties. The correlation between the changes of microstructure & morphology and the changes of mechanical properties was also studied. TCE, Dioxane, O-DCB, DMF, and BA were found to be active solvents, while Iso-AA and water were found to be weak solvents. PET POY was affected mainly by the solvents when treated with active solvents and affected mainly by heat when treated with weak solvents. Changes by the solvent treatment in microstructure and morphology were : an increase in crystallinity, a change in birefringence, a shrinkage in length, and a change in DSC curve. As for the changes in mechanical properties, findings in the PET POY when treated with solvents were : a decrease in stress-at-break, a change in yield stress, an increase in strain-at-break & yield strain, and a decrease in initial modulus. Changes in microstructure and morphology directly affected the mechanical properties.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.146-159
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• 2014

In this study, we evaluated the temporal changes of water quality in the 90 reservoirs in Korea and the relationships between water quality and their environmental factors in the reservoirs for effective management of reservoirs. The majority of study reservoirs were categorized as the eutrophic state based on Carlson's trophic index. Among 90 reservoirs, more than 55.0% were nutrient-rich based on $TSI_{TP}$ in each month, where more than 50.0% were nutrient-rich based on $TSI_{Chl-a}$ from June to November. Seasonal Mann-Kendall test was used to analyze temporal variation of water quality in the selected 60 reservoirs using monthly data from 2004 to 2008. The results showed that 27 (45.0%) reservoirs showed the improvement of water quality based on TP and Chl-a concentrations, while 14 (23.3%) and 11 (18.3%) reservoirs displayed the degradation of water quality based on TP and Chl-a concentrations, respectively. Meanwhile, a self-organizing map classified the study reservoirs into five groups based on differences of hydrogeomorphology (altitude, catchment area, bank height, lake age, etc.). Physicochemical factors and land use/cover types showed clear differences among groups. Finally, hydrogeomorphology of reservoirs were related to water quality, indicating that the hydrogeomorphological characters strongly affect water quality of reservoirs.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.1101-1109
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• 2014

In this study we followed biofilm formation and development in a granular activated carbon (GAC) filter on pilot-scale during the 12 months of operation. GAC particles and water samples were sampled from four different depths (-5, -25, -50 and -90 cm from surface of GAC bed) and attached biomass were measured with adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) analysis and heterotrophic plate count (HPC) method. The attached biomass accumulated rapidly on the GAC particles of top layer throughout all levels in the filter during the 160 days (BV 23,000) of operation and maintained a steady-state afterward. During steady-state, biomass (ATP and HPC) concentrations of top layer in the BAC filer were $2.1{\mu}g{\cdot}ATP/g{\cdot}GAC$ and $3.3{\times}10^8cells/g{\cdot}GAC$, and 85%, 83% and 99% of the influent total biodegradable dissolved organic carbon ($BDOC_{total}$), $BDOC_{slow}$ and $BDOC_{rapid}$ were removed, respectively. During steady-state process, biomass (ATP and HPC) concentrations of middle layer (-50 cm) and bottom layer (-90 cm) in the BAC filter were increased consistently. Biofilm development (growth rate) proceed highest rate in the top layer of filter (${\mu}_{ATP}=0.73day^{-1}$; ${\mu}_{HPC}=1,74day^{-1}$) and 78%~87% slower in the bottom layer (${\mu}_{ATP}=0.14day^{-1}$; ${\mu}_{HPC}=0.34day^{-1}$). This study shows that the combination of different analytical methods allows detailed quantification of the microbiological activity in drinking water biofilter.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.93-101
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• 1997

This paper presents yield surfaces and hardening laws for describing the state of an unsaturated soil under isotropic compression and suction changes. The yield surface is formulated within the framework of hardening plasticity using two independent sets of stress variables : the excess of total stress over air pressure and the suction. And the application of the yield surfaces and hardening laws are confirmed from the result of the experiment. To this end a series of suction-controlled isotropic tests are conducted on clayey soils. Matric suction is controlled by the axis translation technique using high air entry ceramic disk. The specimens are compacted using a half of Proctor compaction energy with 5 % lower of water content than the optimum moisture contents. From test results, existence of the yield surfaces and an application of hardening laws to samples are confirmed by comparison between test and predicted results. And it is confirmed that LC yield locus is extened with the total plastic deformations induced by suction or stress changes, however, SI yield locus is only extended with the plastic deformations by induced suction changes.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.31-44
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• 2016

This study analyzed pore water pressure, earth pressure and settlement through field monitoring on the project site in which raising embankments are being built through backside extension, and compared the behaviors of seepage analysis, slope stability analysis and stress-strain during flood water levels and rapid drawdown under steady state and transient condition. The variation of pore water pressure showed an increase during the later period in both upstream and downstream slope, with downstream slope more largely increased than upstream slope overall. The variation of earth pressure increased according to the increase of embankment heights, while the change largely showed in the upstream slope, it was slowly increased in the downstream slope. The settlements largely increased until 23 m as embankment heights increased, and showed very little settlement overall. Under a steady state and transient conditions, the seepage quantity per day and leakage quantity per 100 m of embankment against total storage were shown to be stable for piping. The hydraulic gradient at the core before and after raising embankments was greater than the limit hydraulic gradient, showing instability for piping. The safety factor of upstream and downstream slopes were shown to be very large at a steady state, while the upstream slopes greatly decreased at a transit conditions, downstream slopes did not show any significant changes. The horizontal settlements, the maximum shear strain and stress are especially distributed at the connecting portion of the existing reservoir and the new extension of backside. Accordingly, the backside extension method should be designed and reinforced differently from the cases of other types reservoirs.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.26 no.A
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• pp.119-127
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to present quantitatively the influence of variables that had the largest effect on the changes in suspended solids(SS), which would cause turbid water phenomenon, among water quality factors of the non-point pollution source, and then to develop a multiple regression equation of SS and predict the water quality of ungaged watersheds so as to provide basic data to establish efficient management plans for SS which flow in rivers and lakes. To identify the correlation of SS with the amount of rainfall and the state of land use, a simple correlation analysis and a simple regression analysis were conducted respectively. Finally, a multiple regression analysis was conducted to provide that SS were set as dependent variables while the amount of rainfall, paddy fields and dry fields were set as independent variables. As a result, the amount of rainfall had the most significant influence on changes in SS, followed by dry fields and paddy fields. In addition, the multiple regression equation was developed to predict SS in unmeasurable watersheds.