• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.138-153
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to analyze , which was made in the late Joseon Dynasty to specify the vegetation landscape of the Donhwamun Gate area in Changdeokgung Palace. The study results can be summarized as below. First, based on "Jieziyuan Huazhuan(芥子園畵傳)", the introductory book of tree expression delivered from China in the 17th century, allowed the classification criteria of the trees described in the picture to be established and helped identify their types. As a result of the classification, there were 10 species and 50 trees in the Donhwamun Gate area of . Second, it was possible to measure the real size of the trees described in the picture through the elevated drawing scale of . The height of the trees ranged from a minimum of 4.37 m to a maximum of 22.37 m. According to the measurement results, compared to the old trees currently living in Changdeokgung Palace, the trees described in the picture were found to be produced in almost actual size without exaggeration. Thus, the measured height of the trees turned out to be appropriate as baseline data for reproduction of the vegetation landscape. Third, through the Rubber Sheeting Transformation of , it was possible to make a ground plan for the planting of on the current digital topographic map. In particular, as the transformed area of was departmentalized and control points were added, the precision of transformation improved. It was possible to grasp the changed position of planting as well as the change in planting density through a ground plan of planting of . Lastly, it was possible to produce a three-dimensional vegetation landscape model by using the information of the shape of the trees and the ground plan for the planting of . Based on the three-dimensional model, it was easy to examine the characteristics of the three-dimensional view of the current vegetation via the view axis, skyline, and openness to and cover from the adjacent regions at the level of the eyes. This study is differentiated from others in that it verified the realism of and suggested the possibility of ascertaining the original form of the vegetation landscape described in the painting.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.130-145
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• 2019

The palaces in South Korea are largely divided into primary palaces (法宮) and secondary palaces (離宮). In the early Joseon period, the primary palace was Gyeongbokgung Palace, and the secondary palace was Changdeokgung Palace. Additionally, there is the concept of imperial palaces (正宮). Gyeongbokgung Palace was the primary palace and the imperial palace. The topography of Gyeongbokgung is based on Mt. Baegak, which is the symbol of royal authority. The location of the palaces was chosen to highlight the king's dignity and authority. The three gates and three courts (三門三朝) were positioned on a straight line based on one axis along the ridge of Mt. Baegak to establish the legitimacy, hierarchy, and unity of the kingship. The secondary palace was built according to the demands of the king and the royal family or the political situation. It was created as a royal living space; thus, creating independent and diverse spaces along multiple axes. The primary palace was chosen to be built on the terrain of Yang, and the secondary palace was chosen to be built on the terrain of Yin; the criteria for laying buildings in the palace areas had to be different. The most important point in the formation of Joseon palaces was that the secret vital energy for the king (王氣) originated from the sacred mountain. Important elements of the palace were the secret vital energy chain of feng shui (風水氣脈) and the forbidden stream (禁川). The secret vital energy chain of feng shui was the gateway to the secret vital energy for the king, and the forbidden stream was a method of preventing the king from leaving the palace grounds. Gyeongbokgung Palace, which is on typical feng shui terrain, faithfully reflects the principles of feng shui. On the other hand, the secondary palace was built on incomplete and irregular feng shui terrain. Feng shui was part of the nature and the geography of the ruling classes in the Joseon Dynasty. By examining their geography, I believe that the perfection of traditional culture inheritance and restoration can be improved.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 2019

Taking the boards and couplets of Changdeokgung Palace's Rear Garden as the research object, there were many studies about the humanistic interpretation of landscape elements, but there is no empirical study on Chinese visitors' landscape perception. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to find out how many Chinese visitors pay attention to the boards and couplets; If they are paid attention, how much they are understood and how helpful they are; Whether there is a difference in the perception of the boards and couplets in Buyongji and Ongnyucheon region. First, 97.5% of Chinese visitors read the boards of Changdeokgung Palace's Rear Garden, which proved that most Chinese visitors are highly aware of the boards and couplets because they are familiar with Chinese characters. Second, 'Chinese visitors who understanding of the boards and couplets' was shown to be significant value(0.00 < 0.05) and the average value was 3.39 > 2.97, indicating that the boards had a higher understood than the couplets. And 'Helpful of the boards and couplets in interpreting the entire landscape' was significant value(0.00 < 0.05) and the average was 3.85 > 3.37, indicating that the boards was more helpful than the couplets. Third, the results of the difference in the perception of the boards and couplets in Buyongji and Okryucheon region were that 'the board of Buyongjeong in Buyongji region' and 'the board of Soyojeong in Ongnyucheon region' are related to the surrounding landscape. Additionally, through practical interview, survey respondents(4 person) responded that understanding of the boards and couplets is closely related to their personal interesting orientations, educational background and experience. And the importance of the narrator's role was emphasized in appreciating the landscape by survey respondents.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.10-19
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• 2021

This study investigated the actual state and transformation of the major garden ornaments in Changdeokgung Palace(昌德宮) in the modern and contemporary period, focusing on Nakseonjae(樂善齋), Juhamnu(宙合樓), Jondeokjeong(尊德亭), and Daebodanji (大報壇址). This study can be used as useful data for establishing the restoration and maintenance plan of the garden ornaments in Changdeokgung Palace, and the main results of the study can be summarized as follows. First, according to a photo taken by the Czech Vráz, in 1901, a total of six garden ornaments, including a stone pond and odd-shaped stones, were located in the backyard of Nakseonjae. Since liberation, arbitrary relocation of garden ornaments has frequently occurred, and in the process, two odd-shaped stones, originally located on the first floor of the terraced flower bed, have been transferred to the backyard of Gyeonghungak(景薰閣). Second, unlike the late Joseon Dynasty when 「Donggwoldo(東闕圖)」 was produced, odd-shaped stones were arranged symmetrically in the backyard of Juhamnu in the early 1900s. It was a traditional style garden ornament with similar appearance, size, and design. However, all the odd-shaped stones in the backyard of Juhaumnu were relocated to other places in the 1970s and 1980s. One is located at the rear of Aeryeonjeong(愛蓮亭) through the entrance of Bingcheon(氷泉) and the vicinity of Geumcheongyo(錦川橋), and the other remains in front of the Yeongyeongdang Jangnakmun(演慶堂 長樂門). Third, among the garden ornaments located in the area of Jondeokjeong in the past, one odd-shaped stone is now relocated around the stone bridge near the pavilion and the Yeonghwadang(暎花堂) with its components separated. The bondstone near Yeonghwadang was relocated in 1990 for the purpose of installing an imitation of Angbuilgu(仰釜日晷). Another odd-shaped stone has been relocated to the front door of the Secret Garden(後苑), and now it is difficult to grasp the location. Fourth, the two bondstones remaining in the Daebodanji were actually building materials that were used as the foundation stone for the entrance pillars of the Yi Royal Office Building(李王職廳舍) during the Japanese colonial period. After liberation, the Yi Royal Office Building was reorganized into Imperial Estate Administration Office(皇室財産事務總局), and when the office building was burned down in 1960, the stone statues and foundation stones placed on the stylobate were relocated to the Daebodanji. The bondstone at Daebodanji is a representative example of construction materiasl being mistaken for gaeden ornaments.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.244-257
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• 2020

State-designated rain gauge pedestals, including a rain gauge support, were installed in front of the "Imunwon" at Changdeok Palace, made from various rock types. Some of those pedestals provide exact information on their production dates. These rain gauge pedestals are highly valuable as scientific instruments; however, there has been insufficient scientific research carried out on them. Therefore, precise analysis and conservative consideration are required. As a result of petrographic character analysis, the Changdeokgung rain gauge pedestal has been classified as marble. Furthermore, comparison of the results of P-XRF analysis with GSJ reference samples (JLs-1, JDo-1) has determined it to be dolomitic marble. Applying the same analysis to other state-designated rain gauge pedestals, it was presumed that the rain gauge supports at Gyeongsand-do Provincial Office and Gwansanggam were each made from aplite, pinkish medium-to-coarse biotite granite. Results confirmed that only the Changdeokgung rain gauge pedestal was made from marble. Marble is viewed as having an identity specificity rooted in a certain historical background. According to the tendency towards stone figures being made from marble, especially dolomitic marble, it is necessary to further studies whether particular rocks were used to make royal stone figures in Joseon Dynasty.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.110-120
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• 2014

In this study, Chwibyeong studied only in the literature on the basis of the composition method through the book, Imwonkyungjeji. I tried to represent through the installation of facilities and planting of trees. I have obtained the following results. First, we presented the basic direction of Chwibyeong represented by analyzing the composition methods in the literature. Second, represented the Chwibyeong based on the results of the analysis of the literature. I was and comparative analysis of the content analysis literature the specificity of the method of manufacturing facilities and growth characteristics of trees that have been displayed during the represent process. Third, we derive how to manage trees that are grasped through the Chwibyeong represent process, how to manage the facility, such as the installation method. Currently, Chwibyeong is restored in the front of Changdeokgung Juhapru pavilion, but showing the appearance different from the appearance of Chwibyeong shown in the literature. Therefore, after the 18th century, prototype representation of Chwibyeong is intended to be able to find the traditional and the uniqueness. It has been used as an element of the garden of Korea, and intended to be an important role to find the flavor of the Korean garden.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.1-17
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• 2016

The main aim of this study is to provide an overview of the characteristics the Oungak (五雲閣) area on the north of rear garden of Gyeongbokgung Palace which was constructed during the time of king Kojong. This study also consider the aspect of functional elements of Ocryucheon (玉流川) located in Changdeokgung Palace and how the Oungak area was used as a substitute for the Ocryucheon. The Oungak area is the private space of the king. It was built in a natural setting which used existing environment including spring water and the rock carved with inscriptions 'Cheonha-Jaeil-Bokji (天下第一福地). King Kojong tried to replace Ocryucheon with Oungak area which had played a important role of relaxation and leisure for royal family at the Ocryucheon to reconstructed Gyeongbokgung Palace. Despite being away from each other, Oungak area seems quite similar to Ocryucheon area. Oungak area and Ocryucheon have a common conditions of a location and structure of the building. Both constructed on the northernmost part of rear garden, composition of buildings and the design of waterway estimated to function as Curve-Stream Banquet. Oungak area was consisted of Ocryeonjeong (玉蓮亭) Pavilion, Oungak Building, Byeokhwasil (碧華室) Building and Cheonha-Jaeil-Bokji-Cheon (天下第一福地泉) Spring and Streams. Except Byeokhwasil Building, spatial compositions of Oungak area showed pattern that were similar to Ocryucheon area. The area was developed, moreover, to unconventional space that depended on the conditions of topography, slope, water system. First, The Ocryeonjeong Pavilion constructed to view the landscape of Seoul to Namsan Mountain. Second, the peculiar form of Cheonha-Jaeil-Bokji-Cheon Streams is estimated the shape imitated from Curve-Stream Banquet on Ocryuchon. Third, Oungak Building was constructed like a habitable house with Nongsanjeong Building in Ocryucheon. The Oungak area was constructed to improve Gyeongbokgung Palace, Consequently, the Oungak area specially characteristic of Joseon palaces's rear garden.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 2018

This study aims to study the flora and identify the naturalized plants of the 4 ancient palace (Gyeongbokgung, Changdeokgung, Changgyeonggung, Deoksugung) and Jongmyo Shrine, which are national cultural heritage and urban cultural centers in Seoul. The plants found consisted of 315 taxa in total, belonging to 82 families, 201 genera, 285 species, 1 subspecies and 29 varieties. The naturalized plants were shown as follows: in the Deoksugung Palace(33 taxa), the Jongmyo Shrine(14 taxa) and the Gyeongbok Palace(21 taxa) and the Changdeokgung Palace complex(11 taxa). The results of the analysis based on the place of origin showed a higher rate of distribution of species based in North America, Europe and Eurasia, with higher rates of grass than tree. In addition, except for Gyeongbokgung Palace, the annual rate is higher than the perennial rate. As a result of naturalization analysis, the percentage of naturalized plants corresponding to naturalization degree 3 and naturalization degree 5 was high. According to the moment of the invasion, the naturalized plants recently introduced were higher than the first species. In addition, it was found that the similarity between the sites was more than 40%, and the diversity of species of naturalized plants common to the five sites was very low. The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for cultural heritage landscaping and naturalized plant management.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.70-79
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• 2018

This study would suggest a measure for the improvement of the commentary program on the building concentration area of Changdeokgung Palace. In the process of the survey, the researcher attended the commentary site and tape-recorded commentaries two times. The researcher conducted an analysis of the times and contents of the tape-recorded commentaries and evaluated their appropriateness, including historicity and connectivity to the site. In addition, the researcher figured out the commentaries and the visitors' movements through drawings and field surveys and analyzed the locations and conditions of the main facilities. Through a field survey and analysis, it was found out that the commentaries included the facts and anecdotes about the buildings, the related figures and history. However, it was found out that there were very insufficient commentaries on the buildings arranged according to the commentary movements, the outside space, in particular, the traditional landscape facilities. In addition, it was found out that there are areas that would need commentaries and opening for viewing. A proposal for the improvement of the commentary program was drawn up based on the analysis. New commentary points were added, and the commentaries of the outside space of the area and the traditional landscape facilities could improve through modifying the existing commentaries. With the proposal for improvement, the time required was calculated through reading aloud at a speed the same as the existing commentary speed. Through this, it was found out that the proposal for improvement could be implemented within one hour, the same as the present commentary program. This study has a significance that it provided a measure for practical improvement that could provide the visitors with quality commentary information and more interesting experience.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.120-134
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• 2021

A Woolen carpet from the late Joseon Dynasty was unearthed in the process of repairing Seongjeonggak in Changdeokgung. Since relics are rarer than documentary records, the woolen carpet is highly valued as a relics. It is presumed to have been woven in the late 19th or early 20th century because there is a record of repairing Seongjeonggak in 1907. In the carpet, a pattern is made by inserting colored yarn dyed yellow and red onto a reddish-purple ground weave. The selvage of the woolen carpet used cotton thread, and jute is used for the warp and weft of the ground weave. The colored patterns is made of wool in the form of loop pile. Cut piles may appear occasionally when the colored yarn changes, but are almost invisible from the surface because they are pressed tightly with a shuttered weft. Making carpets with jute and wool is thought to be influenced by the Brussels carpets of the mid-18th century. Furthermore, the woolen carpet is torn and the pattern is completely unclear; however, it is understandable that the pattern is partially repeated. Microscopic and Fourier transform-Infrared spectrometer(FT-IR) analyses were performed for the above investigation. To identify the dyes used in relics, we compared them with natural dyed fabric samples based on chromaticity measurements and Ultraviolet/Visible spectrophotometer(UV-Vis) analysis. These analyses revealed that the woolen carpet's dyed green yarn did not use indigo, and reddish-purple ground weave is estimated to have used Caesalpinia sappan.