• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.767-773
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• 1998

In this study, we have investigated the distributions and killing effects of marine bacteria that tend to kill the red tide microalgae, C. polykikoides in the area of Masan bay from June to October, 1996. To summarize, C. polykikoides killing bacteria were detected at $10^2$ to $10^3$ cells/ml of seawater samples during the survey period, and the bloom was observed in September by containing $4.8\times10^3$cells/ml. It appears however that the number of these bacteria is decreased ($2.0\times10^2$cells/ml) in October, A total of 110 strains were isolated from seawater samples and seawater filtrate (pore size, 0.8 $\mu$m)-containing mixed culture of C. polykikoides in which the mixed culture was grown in f/2 medium. As results we have successfully isolated Micrococcus sp. LG-1 which decreased to less than 10cells/ml within 6days and 5days sfter inoculation of Micrococcus sp. LG-1 into the la9 and logarithmic growth phases of C. polykrikoides respectively. Therefore, it appears that inoculation of Micrococcus sp. LG-1 against the logarithmic C. polykrikoides is more effective than the lag growth phase, (n addition, the killing effects were increased in accordance with bacterial cell densities inoculated in a dose dependent manner. Especially, the filtrate of kitling bacterium culture (nore size, 0.2 $\mu$m) revealed a dramatic effect in which C. polykrikoides were decreased to less than 10 cells/mf of culture within 1 hr, 1,5 hrs, 1,5 hrs, 3.5 hrs. and 5,5 hrs after inoculations of the culture filtrate with concentration of $30\%,\;20\%,\;10\%,\;5\%$ and $2.5\%$, respectively. Moreover Micrococcus sp. LG-1 showed a selective specificity against C. polykrikoides and any other killing effects of Micrococcus sp. LG-1 were not observed against Alexandrium tamarense, Prorocentrum micans, Scrippsiella trochoidea. ana Gymnodinium sanguineum.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.393-407
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• 1997

A survey of biological and chemical characteristics in the middle-northern East Sea of Korea was carried out at 28 stations in October, 1995 on board R/V Tam-Yang. On the basis of the vertical profiles of temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen, water masses in the study area were divided into 5 major groups; (1) Low Saline Surface Water (LSSW), (2) Tsushima Surface Water (TSW), (3) Tsushima Middle Water (TMW), (4) North Korean Cold Water (NKCW), (5) last Sea Porper Water (ESPW). Other 4 mixed water masses were also observed. It is highly possible that the LSSW which occured at depths of $0\~30m$ in the most southern part of the study area is originated from the Yangtze River (Kiang) of China due to very low salinity $(<32.0\%_{\circ})$ relatively high concentration of dissolved silicate and no sources of freshwater input into that area. Oxygen maximum layer in the vertical profile was located near surface at northern cold waters and became deeper at the warm southern area. Oxygen minimum layer af depths $50\~100m$, which is TMW, were found in only southern area. In the vortical profiles of nutrients, the concentrations were very low in the surface layer and increased drammatically near the thermocline. The highest concentration occurred in the ESPW. The relatively low value of Si/P ratio in the ESPW (13.63) compared to other reports in the East Sea was due to continuous increase of P with depth as well as Si. The N : P ratio was about 6.92, showing that nitrogenous nutrient is the limiting factor for phytoplankton growth. The exponential relationship between Si and P, compared to the linear relationship between N and P, indicates that nitrate and phosphate have approximately the same regenerative pattern, but silicate has delayed regenerative pattern.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.586-592
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• 1986

The marine bacterial flora of seawater at Masan Bay located in southern part of Korea was investigated to provide basic information about the origin of red tides in this area. The samples were collected at 5 sampling stations (see fig.1) established once a month from July 1985 to June 1986. The results are summerized as follows: 1. Two hundred and ninety one strains of marine bacteria among 299 strains isolated were identified from 156 samples(150 seawater samples and 6 mud samples) collected in the study area. 2. During the study period, the dissolved oxygen ranged from 2.1 to 6.3 ml/l; temperature of surface seawater ranged from 4.6 to $30.1^{\circ}C$; phosphate, silicate and nitrite ranged from 1.6 to 5.6 ${mu}g-at/l$, 327.27 to 3798.38 ${mu}g-at/l$, and 1.09 to 5.5 ${mu}g-at/l$, respectively. 3. Pseudomonas spp. were the most dominant bacterial species before red tides, Ancinetobacter spp. and Flavobacterium spp. during red tides, and Flavobacterium spp., Vibrio spp. and Acinetobacter spp. after red tides. 4. Viable counts marine bacterial flora ranged $10^4{\sim}10^8cell/ml$, and the most abundant viable counts of marine bacteria occured during red tides ($10^7{\sim}10^8cell/ml$).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.49-61
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• 2019

This study aims to examine the spatial recognition of the characters who visited Anuisamdong(安義三洞) in the past and left it in the literature. Thus, the school's relationship between people identified in the relevant literature was analyzed and the elements of landscape were extracted. The results were as follows; First, The figures who authored the literature on Anuisamdong were related to scholars living in Anuihyun(安義縣), along with the Yeongnam confucian genealogy. Starting with Jung, Yeo-Chang(鄭汝昌) in the 15th century, a relationship centered on Nammyeong School(南溟學派) in the 16th century was formed. At that time, people had toured the Anuisamdong regardless of the academic background. In the 17th century, Nammyeong School were in conflict with Toegye School(退溪學派), so Toegye School's influence had no record. In the 18th century, the proportion of Nammyeong School, Toegye School, and Kiho School(畿湖學派) appeared similar as they evolved into the Yeongnam School(嶺南學派). After the 19th century, the proportion of patriots who participated in the anti-Japanese movement was higher than that of schools. Second, The main places used in the literature related to Anuisamdongwere the order of Wonhakdong(猿鶴洞), Hwrimdong(花林洞) and Simjindong(尋眞洞). There are a total of 21 major elements used for the related literature, of which Suseungdae Rock(搜勝臺), Morijae House(某里齋), Nongwaljeong Pavilion(弄月亭), Sasundae Rock(四仙臺) and Cheoksuam Rock(滌愁巖) were the main subjects. Elements of Wonhakdong have been in the spotlight since the 16th century, focusing on Suseungdae Rock. Although the elements of Hwarimdong have been increasing gradually since the 18th century, the ratio of Simjindong to Wonhakdong and Hwarimdong was relatively small. Third, The relationship between the figures who visited the Anuisamdong and the spatial recognition of the Anuisamdong was divided into landscape awareness, emotional awareness and symbolic recognition. The Anuisamdong's scenic view is mostly identified by its description of the waterscape and topographical landscape, which people may have perceived as a scenic site centered on the valley view at the time. The mutual influence of Nammyeong School and Toegye School in the 16th and 17th centuries led to a scene in which the major figures of each school recognized pleasure as a culture of training, and a feeling of longing for the traces of past ancestors as the 18th century travel culture and the 19th century chaotic situation. In addition, the symbolic expression that usually appears is likely to have been recognized as a unworldly place, as the location of the immortal world is confirmed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Biophysical Society Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.80-80
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• 2003

${\beta}$-lapachone(${\beta}$-Lap), a natural o-naphthoquinone, presents in the bark of the Lapacho tree. ${\beta}$-Lap is cytotoxic against a variety of human cancer cells and it potentiates the anti-tumor effect of Taxol. In addition, ${\beta}$-Lap has been reported to radiosensitize cancer cells by inhibiting the repair of radiation-induced DNA damage.In the present study, we investigated the cytotoxicity of ${\beta}$-Lap against RKO human colorectal cancer cells as well as the combined effect of ${\beta}$-LaP and ionizing radiation. An incubation of RKO cells with 5 ${\mu}$M of ${\beta}$-Lap for 4 h killed almost 90％ of the clonogenic cells. An incubation of RKO cells with 5 ${\mu}$M of ${\beta}$-Lap for 4 h or longer also caused massive apoptosis. Unlike other cytotoxic agents, ${\beta}$-Lap did not increase the expression of p53 and p21 and it suppressed the NFkB expression. The expression of Caspase 9 and 3 was minimally altered by ${\beta}$-Lap. Radiation and ${\beta}$-Lap acted synergistically in inducing clonogenic cell death and apoptosis in RKO cells when ${\beta}$-Lap treatment was applied after but not before the radiation exposure of the cells. Interestingly, a 4 h treatment with 5 ${\mu}$M of ${\beta}$-Lap starting 5 h after irradiation was as effective as that starting immediately after irradiation. The mechanisms of ${\beta}$-Lap-induced cell killing is controversial but a recent hypothesis is that ${\beta}$-Lap is activated by NAD(P)H: quinone-onidoreductase (NQO1) in the cells followed by an elevation of cytosolic Ca$\^$2+/ level and activation of proteases leading to apoptosis. It has been reported that NQO1 level in cells is markedly up-regulated for longer than 10 h after irradiation. Indeed, using immunological staining of NQO1, we observed a significant elevation of NQO1 expression in RKO cells 5h after 2-4 Gy irradiation. Such a prolonged elevation of NQO1 level after irradiation may be the reasons why the ${\beta}$-Lap treatment applied S h after irradiation was as effective as that applied immediately after irradiation in killing the cells. In view of the fact that the repair of radiation-induced damage is usually completed within 1-2 h after irradiation, it is highly likely that the ${\beta}$-Lap treahment applied 5 h after irradiation could not inhibit the repair of radiation-induced damage. For in vivo study, RKO cells were injected S.C. into the hind-leg of Nu/Nu mice, and allowed to grow to 130 mm3 tumor. The mice were i.p. injected with ${\beta}$-lapachone or saline 2 h after irradiation of tumors with 10 Gy of X-rays. The radiation induced growth delay was increased by 2.4 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g of ${\beta}$-lapachone. Taken together, we may conclude that the synergistic interaction of radiation and ${\beta}$-Lap in killing cancer cells is not due to radiosensitization by ${\beta}$-Lap but to an enhancement of ${\beta}$-Lap cytotoxicity by radiation through an upregulation of NQO1. The fact that NQO1 is elevated in tumors and that radiation causes prolonged increase of the NQO1 expression may be exploited to preferentially kill tumor cells using ${\beta}$-Lap in combination with radiotherapy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.859-865
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• 2007

The chemical components and antioxidative activity of Korean gold kiwifruit were investigated. The values of pH, soluble solid and total acidity were 4.43${\pm}$0.16, 17.01${\pm}$0.04$^{\circ}Brix$, and 0.082${\pm}$0.02%, respectively. Hunter L, a, and b values were 49.80${\pm}$0.24, -6.79${\pm}$0.02, and 19.72${\pm}$0.18 value, respectively. Proximate compositions were as follows; moisture 78.62${\pm}$2.26%, crude protein 1.34${\pm}$0.25%, crude lipid 0.70${\pm}$0.06%, crude fiber 1.99${\pm}$0.13%, crude ash 0.99${\pm}$0.26%, and carbohydrate 16.36${\pm}$1.23%, respectively. Mineral elements were K 265.86${\pm}$5.00, P 71.82${\pm}$29.18, and Ca 23.84${\pm}$2.10 mg%, respectively. Free sugar compositions were sucrose (1.04${\pm}$0.18%), glucose (2.17${\pm}$0.21%) and fructose (1.86${\pm}$0.11%). Amino acid contents of Korean gold kiwifruit was very rich in glutamic acid 86.51 ${\pm}$5.58 mg/100 g and deficient in tyrosine 15.00${\pm}$4.91 mg/100 g. Organic acid compositions were quinic acid (6.65${\pm}$0.21 mg/g), malic acid (1.62${\pm}$0.13 mg/g) and citric acid (4.82${\pm}$0.21 mg/g). Contents of ascorbic acid and total phenols were 0.27${\pm}$0.06 mg/g and 0.047${\pm}$0.002 mg/g, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power of the water extract from Korean gold kiwifruit was 86.87% and 1.96 at a concentration of 25 mg/mL. The water extract showed considerable antioxidative activity against linoleic acid autoxidation in a dose-dependent manner.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.261-266
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• 2009

All of the subjects of the investigation (n=141) were schools that have food services under direct management. The number of students who get food services at the schools were $1,001{\sim}1,500$ students with 46.8% investigation. In school food services, fried foods were highly preferred and the biggest merits of fried foods were (in order of highest importance) 'improvement of food services satisfaction'> 'source of calories supply'> 'easiness of cooking process'. Service frequency of fried food were in the order of 'twice a week'> 'three times a week'> 'once a week', and for the factors to decide service frequency of fried food, 'preference leaning on fried food', and 'excessive fat intake' were the most considered. The most considered factors in the case of choosing fried food were 'preference' and 'calories and nutritional value'. For the cautious steps during the frying process, 'keeping after frying' was picked the most, and the reasons were 'lack of containers to keep in appropriate temperature and quality' and 'time consuming'. For preference and service frequency of ingredients in fried foods, 'chicken' and 'pork' were very high. As the result, it was analyzed that preference by ingredients matched service in school lunches by using a ranking test. Total cooking and processing time of fried foods required in school lunches were approximately $237{\pm}99$ minutes ${\sim}291{\pm}141$ minutes which showed total required time was about same no matter what ingredients were used. As the result of comparing and analyzing the processes, vegetables took less thawing and frying time, but the processing time for vegetables was more complicated since handling time before frying was longer compared to meat. In the important management process by the main groups of fried foods, the frying process was the most cautious cooking process in the category of meat or fish and shellfish used as ingredients. In addition, if vegetables were used as ingredients, storing it after frying was the process that needed the most care.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.111-115
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• 2007

It is inevitable to use germicidal agents like parabens, imidazolidinyl urea, phenoxyethanol and chlorphenesin to preserve the cosmetics. Although effective in reducing microblological contamination, chemical preservatives are irritative, allergenic and even toxic to human skin. So it is needed to decrease or eliminate usage of preservatives in cosmetic products Glycerin, butylene glycol (BG), prorylene glycol (PG), and dipropylene glycol (DPG) are widely used in cosmetics as skin conditioning agent or solvents. At high concentrations, they have antimicrobial activities, but deteriorate product quality like sensory feeling or safety. The purpose of study is to evaluate the effects of polyols on antimicrobial and preservative efficacy and confirm whether using adjusted polyols can decrease the contents of preservatives without deterioration of the quality of cosmetics. Effects of common polyols on antimicrobial activities of general preservatives were measured. BG and PG significantly (p < 0.05) increased activities of preservatives, but glycerin influenced little. It was inferred from the regression analysis of the results with S. aureus that adding 1% of PG increased activities of preservatives up to $2.1{\sim}8.4 %$ and BG improved activities of preservatives up to $1.8{\sim}8.4 %$. The challenge test results for oil in water lotions and creams showed that BG and PG improved the efficacy of preservative systems up to 40 % at a range of $5.5{\sim}9.9 %$, but glycerin had little effect on it. The measured rates of improvement were analogous to the inferences from regression analysis. It can be concluded that is possible to reduce total chemical preservatives up to 40 %, consequently improve the safety and sensory quality of cosmetics with the precision control of polyols. Added to that, using this paradigm, low preservative contents, praraben-free system, and even preservative-free systems can be expected in the near future.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.187-198
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• 2002

The ultimate goal of periodontal therapy is the regeneration of periodontal tissue which has been lost due to destructive periodontal disease. To achieve periodontal regeneration, various kinds of methods have been investigated and developed, including guided tissue regeneration and bone graft. Bone graft can be catagorized into autografts, allografts, xenografts, bone substitutes. And materials of all types have different biological activity and the capacity for periodontal regeneration, but ideal graft material has not been developed that fits all the requirement of ideal bone graft material. Recently, bioactive glass that has been utilized in plastic surgery is being investigated for application in dental practice. But, there has not been any long-term assessment of bioactive glass when used in periodontal intrabony defects. The present study evaluates the long-term effects of bioactive glass on the periodontal regeneration in intrabony defects of human and the effect of plaqu control on long term treatment results after dividing patients into those who underwent 3-month regular check-up and those who didn't under go regular check-up The clinical effect on 74sites from 17 infrabony pockets of 11 patients were analyzed 36months after treatment. 51 sites which underwent regular check up were classified as the Follow-up group(F/U group), and 23 sites which did not undergo regular check up were classified as Non Follow-up group(Non F/U group). After comparing the probing depth, attachment loss, bone probing depth before and 36months after treatment, the following results could be concluded. 1. The changes of probing pocket depth showed a statistically significant decrease between after baseline and 36 months after treatment in F/U group(1.79${\pm}$0.68mm) and did no show astatistically significant decrease between after baseline and 36months after treatment in Non F/U group(0.61${\pm}$0.54mm) (P<0.05). 2. The changes of loss of attachment showed a statistically significant decrease between after baseline and 36 months after treatment in F/U group(1.44${\pm}$0.74mm) and did no show astatistically significant decrease between after baseline and 36months after treatment in Non F/U group(1.18${\pm}$1.54) (P<0.05). 3. The changes of bone probing depth showed a statistically significant decrease between after baseline and 36 months after treatment in both F/U(1.35${\pm}$0.28) and Non F/U group(0.78${\pm}$0.55mm) (P<0.05). The results suggest that treatment of infrabony defects with bioactive glass resulted in significan reduction of attachment loss and bone probing depth 36months after the treatment. The use of bioactive glass in infrabony defects, combined with regular check-up and proper plaque control generally shows favorable clinical results. This measn that bioactive glass could be a useful bone substitute.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.237-246
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• 2008

Purpose: If bone grafts and guided tissue regeneration are effective individually in treating osseous defects, then the questionis, what would happen when they are combined. Bone grafts using Calcium Carbonate(Biocoral) and Guided Tissue Regeneration using Calcium Sulfate(CALMATRIX) will maximize their advantages and show the best clinical results in intrabony defects. This study was to compare the effects of a combination of CS and CC with control treated only with modified widman flap in a periodontal repair of intrabony defects. Materials and Methods: 30 patients with chronic periodontitis were used in this study. 10 patients were treated with a combination of CS and CC as the experimental group II and another 10 patients were treated with CC as the experimental group I, and the remaining 10 patients, the control group were treated only with modified widman flap. Clinical parameters including probing depth, gingival recession, bone probing depth and loss of attachment were recorded 6 months later. Results: The probing depth changes were $3.30{\pm}1.34\;mm$ in the control group, $4.2{\pm}1.55\;mm$ in the experimental group I(CC) and $5.00{\pm}1.33\;mm$ in the experimental group II(CS+CC). They all showed a significant decrease 6 months after surgery(p<0.01). There was a significant difference(p<0.05) between the control and experimental group. However there were no significant difference(p<0.05) between the experimental group I and II. The gingival recession changes w $-1.30{\pm}1.25\;mm$ in the control group, This is a significant difference(p<0.01). However, there was a $-0.50{\pm}0.53\;mm$ change in the experimental group I(CC) and $-0.60{\pm}0.97\;mm$ in the experimental group II(CS+CC). In addition, in terms of gingival recession, there was a no significance difference(p<0.05) among the groups. The clinical attachment level changes were $2.00{\pm}1.33\;mm$ in the control group, $3.60{\pm}1.58\;mm$ in the experimental group I(CC) and $4.40{\pm}1.17\;mm$ in the experimental group II(CS+CC). They all showed a significant decrease 6 months after surgery(p<0.01). There was a significant difference(p<0.05) between the control and experimental group. However there was a no significance difference(p<0.05) between the experimental group I and II. The bone probing depth changes were $0.60{\pm}0.52\;mm$ in the control group, $3.20{\pm}1.48\;mm$ in the experimental group I(CC) and $4.60{\pm}1.43\;mm$ in the experimental group II(CS+CC). All of them showed a significant decrease 6 months after surgery(p<0.01), there was a significance difference(p<0.05) among the groups. Conclusion: Treatment using a combination of CS and CC have a potential to improve periodontal parameters in intrabony defects and More efficient clinical results can be expected in intrabony defects less than 2 walls grafted with CS and CC.