• Title/Summary/Keyword: Cessation

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Effect of Smoking and Drinking Habits on the Nutrient Intakes and Health of Middle and High School Boy Students (남자 중.고생의 흡연과 음주습관이 영양소 섭취 및 건강상태에 미치는 영향)

  • Shin, Kyung-Ok;An, Chang-Hun;Hwang, Hyo-Jeong;Choi, Kyung-Soon;Chung, Keun-Hee
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.38 no.6
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    • pp.694-708
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    • 2009
  • The principal objective of this study was to determine the effects of smoking & drinking on the diet, nutrient intake, and overall health. A sample of 262 youths, aged 16 to 18 year-old, was randomly selected from Seoul and its vicinity. The subjects participated by answering survey questions including general questions, questions regarding health, smoking & drinking habits, dietary habits, nutrient intake, physical characteristics, and smoking cessation plans. The average height, weight, and BMI of the subjects were $173.5{\pm}6.8\;cm$, $64.8{\pm}11.8\;kg$, and $21.4{\pm}3.7\;kg/m^2$, respectively. Among the subjects, 88% appeared to be interested in health and 43.5% of youth asserted that the best way to keep healthy was to engage in regular exercise. Among 63 smokers, 52 students (82.5%) used alcoholic beverages while 11 students (17.5%) did not use alcoholic beverages, meaning that smoking was a causative factor in drinking. 55.6% of youth reported beginning to smoke in middle school, and 38.1% of them asserted that curiosity was the motive for smoking. The youth reported that the craving for smoking was highest when hungry, and the best place to smoke was the restroom. 20 students (69.0%) answered that the only way to quit smoking was just to stop. 12 students (44.4%) reported that the main reason for failures in smoking cessation attempts was a lack of intention or willpower. 87.1% of all subjects answered that they were inclined to quit smoking, and 56.7% of them would be interested in attending a smoking cessation program if they had the opportunity. Among the smoking and drinking group, 50% of drinkers began to drink in high school, and the reason for drinking given was peer pressure-40% of drinkers answered that they wished to quit drinking. 34.4% of students appeared to have breakfast everyday, but 16.4% of students answered that they had quit eating breakfast. 52.5% of all students reported that the principal reason for overeating was the presence of one's favorite food, and the smoking and drinking group reported overeating more frequently than other groups (p<0.05). 72.6% of all subjects reported eating interim meals $1{\sim}2$ times daily, 36.4% of smokers ate carbonated beverages, 38.5% ate ice cream as a interim meal, and 38.5% of the drinking and smoking groups ate fruits, 26.9% of them ate fried foods, and some of them ate fast foods as a interim meal. Among smokers, the ratio of eating fat-rich foods, and meats such as kalbi and samgyupsal more than two times per week was higher, and 54.3% of smokers ate ice cream, cookies, and carbonated beverages more than two times per week (p<0.05). The total nutrient intake of the $15{\sim}19$-year youth group was much higher than the standard value. The energy intake of the smoking group and the drinking and smoking group was significantly higher than that of the normal group (p<0.05). Intakes of phosphorus (p<0.05), cholesterol (p<0.05), and sodium (p<0.05) were the highest among all groups. Accordingly, it is recommended that practical education programs be implemented to teach young students to resist peer pressures to smoke and drink. Additionally, education that acknowledges the importance of nutrition is necessary to avoid preferential eating and overeating due to smoking and drinking.such education can also teach students to eat a balanced diet and improve their physical development.

The Status of Health Education Program and the Needs of Restriction on Drinking and Smoking (대학생의 음주.흡연 예방교육 및 규제기준 마련을 위한 요구도 조사)

  • Bang, Hyeong-Ae;Rhim, Kook-Hwan
    • The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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    • v.9 no.1
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    • pp.143-156
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    • 2008
  • Objectives: This study was performed to examine the effective health education measures and health education programs for college students and also investigated the demands of restriction on drinking and smoking behavior in public area at the school level. Methods: The data were collected from 446 students of five universities located in Seoul and analyzed with SPSS WIN 10.0 program. Results: 1) Current drinkers were average 87.7% (male 90.1%, female 85.3%) and binge drinker was 68.4% (male 76.5%, female 60.2%). Among all drinkers, 19.4% drank more than eight times per month. As for the rate of smoking, 50.9% among the male student, and 12.1% among females were smokers. Among all smokers. the largest group (41.5%) smoked between >$11{\sim}20$ cigarettes per day. Many of the students started smoking in their middle schools (male 29.8%, female 51.5%). It implies that smoking prevention programs need to be emphasized in these schools. 2) The analysis of the correlation between drinking and smoking shows that no smoking students who drank were 66.2%, but abstainer who is smoker were only 5.7%(p=0.004). Alcohol consumption frequency and amount of smokers were higher than those of nonsmokers (p=0.000). The rate of attempts to reduce drinking was 38.1%, mainly for health reason. More than 34.5% of smoking student had made attempts to quit smoking, but succeeded only 16.9%. 3) As for the needs of moderate drinking and smoking cessation education, 67.8% among female students and 53.6% among male demand special education programs. About effective health education measures on drinking and smoking, 49.3% of drinkers and 35.2% of smokers had an inclination for health educator, and the next were video, campaign and pamphlet. 4) The largest group (45.0%) of respondents had agreed to regulate on drinking behavior, and especially 74.5% of them wants to ban the practice in most public area in school. 35.7% among female students and 27.0% among male desired to extend the non-smoking area on whole campus. The health policy for college students, through various ways, such as education, counseling service, and special program on orientation, should be employed. For public health perspectives, university and college community had to institute the detailed enforcement regulation on drinking and smoking.

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A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Acupuncture Trials in Republic of Korea that Used Sham Acupuncture as a Control Group (거짓침을 대조군으로 사용한 국내 침 임상시험에 대한 체계적 고찰과 메타분석)

  • Kim, Jung-Eun;Kang, Kyung-Won;Kim, Tae-Hun;Lee, Seung-Hoon;Kim, Joo-Hee;Baek, Seung-Min;Choi, Sun-Mi
    • Journal of Acupuncture Research
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    • v.28 no.6
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    • pp.1-17
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    • 2011
  • Objectives : This study aimed to review randomized controlled trials of acupuncture performed in South Korea that used sham acupuncture as a control group. Methods : The following databases were searched through the end of September 2011: Koreanstudies information service system (KISS), Korean medical database (KMbase), national discovery OR science leaders (NDSL), oriental medicine advance searching integrated system (OASIS), and research information service system (RISS). The following search terms were used: acupuncture AND (sham or placebo). The reference lists of searched articles and Korea institute of oriental medicine (KIOM) reports(2005~2009) were identified. The following data were extracted: year/first author, disease, number of participants, blinding, intervention, outcome, and result. Where appropriate, we performed meta-analysis. The methodological quality was assessed according to the Jadad scale and 'risk of bias' by Cochrane Handbook procedure. Results : Twenty-nine studies were included in this review. In eighteen studies, penetrating sham controls were used as the control intervention, whereas the remaining eleven studies adopted non-penetrating sham controls such as the Park Sham Device or blunt auricular acupuncture. Nine studies showed statistically significant difference in outcomes. Twelve studies concerning insomnia after stroke, chronic tension-type headache, idiopathic Parkinson's disease, Hwa-Byung, and smoking cessation were included in meta-analysis. A meta-analysis of insomnia after stroke only found significant difference(MD -4.31, 95% Cl -6.19 to -2.42, $p$<0.00001). In general, all of the studies showed low methodological quality(Jadad score: mean 2.1). Risk of bias by Cochrane Handbook procedure varied. Conclusions : The results of this study could not suggest conclusive evidence that acupuncture is more effective than sham acupuncture in several diseases. In the future, more studies with rigorous acupuncture trials using sham controls should be conducted.

Risk factors for the development of oral bacteria in workers according to oral environment (근로자의 구강환경요인에 따른 구강세균 발생의 위험요인)

  • Hong, Min-Hee
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.17 no.6
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    • pp.537-545
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    • 2016
  • This research examined the oral environmental factors to identify the risk factors for oral bacteria detection. This study comprised of 60 office workers aged between 20 and 65 years, and was performed from January 15 to February 28, 2015. The study variables measured were the stimulated and unstimulated salivary flow rates, salivary buffering, saliva pH, dry mouth at the dorsum of the tongue and the sublingual region, halitosis, and the degree of tongue-coating as oral environmental factors. To identify the presence of oral bacteria, pathogens were detected by extracting the gDNA of the resting salivary flow rate. The risk of S.mutans detection was 15 times higher with smokers, 1.3~1.6 times higher when the resting or stimulated salivary flow rate was reduced by 1 mm. The risk of P.intermedia detection was 13 times higher in smokers, 4.3 times higher as the severity of oral dryness was lowered, and 4 times higher for adults with a tongue coating than those without. In addition, the risk of detecting TM7 was 5.5 times higher as sublingual dryness was decreased by 1mm. The oral bacterial count will be reduced considerably by smoking cessation education and habits that facilitate a salivary flow rate. Furthermore, adults with good and well-managed dental hygiene are anticipated to have less oral bacteria and fewer dental diseases.

ERUPTION GUIDANCE OF IMPACTED SECOND PREMOLAR TOOTH BY EXTRACTION OF PROLONGED RETAINED SECOND PRIMARY MOLAR. (만기 잔존된 제 2 유구치 발거에 의한 제 2 소구치의 자발적 맹출 유도)

  • Lee, Keun-Hye;Nam, Dong-Woo;Kim, Hyun-Jung;Kim, Young-Jin;Nam, Soon-Hyeun
    • Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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    • v.30 no.3
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    • pp.495-501
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    • 2003
  • Impaction is defined as the cessation of the eruption of the tooth caused by a clinically or radiographically detectable physical barrier in the eruption path or by the ectopic position of tooth germ. Besides the third molars and the maxillary canines, the most common impacted tooth is the second premolar. The overall frequency of premolar impaction has been reported to be 0.5%. In some cases, orthodontic traction and surgical repositioning may be indicated. When impacted second premolar is involved with prolonged retained second primary molar, extraction of primary molar and space maintenance lead to eruption of second premolar. In these cases, all patients visited to department of pediatric dentistry of Kyungpook National University Hospital for the chief complaint of unerupted second premolar. Extraction of prolonged retained second primary molar and space management are tried for spontaneous eruption of impacted second premolar tooth. The results were as follows: 1. When impacted second premolar is involved with prolonged retained second primary molar, minimal treatment via elimination of primary molar leads to successful results. 2. Proper space management and periodic radiographic examination are required before eruption of second premolar. 3. Sufficient time must be allowed for confirm of tooth movement before orthodontic traction or surgical repositioning. 4. The result is more successful in incomplete root development.

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Comparative Study on Surgical and Conservative Management of Bisphosphonate-related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (BRONJ) in Disease Stage 2 (비스포스포네이트 관련 악골괴사(BRONJ)의 병기 2기에서의 외과적, 보존적 치료에 대한 비교 연구)

  • Lee, Ho Kyung;Seo, Mi Hyun;Pang, Kang Mi;Song, Seung Il;Lee, Jeong Keun
    • Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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    • v.35 no.5
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    • pp.302-309
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    • 2013
  • Purpose: This study evaluated the prognosis of conservative and surgical treatment according to the staging of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of jaw (BRONJ) by American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons and American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. Methods: We evaluated 53 patients of BRONJ who visited Department of Dentistry, Ajou University School of Medicine from May 2007 to February 2013. Twenty eight patients in stage 2, were divided into surgical and conservative groups with cessation of bisphosphonate therapy. Fifteen patients belonged to the conservative treatment group, in which mouth rinsing and antibiotics medication were done. Thirteen patients were treated with debridement or sequestrectomy, in the surgical treatment group. Each study list was analyzed by SPSS ver. 14.0 (SPSS Inc., USA) software and the favorable rate was verified by the Fisher exact test. P-values less than 0.05% were deemed significant. Results: Clinical outcome was evaluated on the basis of both clinical and radiographic findings. Of all the 28 patients of stage 2, 15 patients underwent conservative treatment and 13 patients received surgical treatment. In the surgical group, 9 of 13 (69.2%) showed good prognosis, 4 of 13 (30.7%) showed recurrence. In the conservative group, 13 of 15 (86.6%) showed no change duting the follow-up period. Two of 15 patients even showed a bad prognosis, such as pain and pus discharge, which are criteria for stage 3. P-value was 0.067 (>0.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study suggests that surgical intervention is good choice against the conservative treatment, after proper drug holidays period, while further investigation is needed for a definite solution to BRONJ.

THE LONGITUDINAL GROWTH CHANGES OF CRANIOFACIAL STRUCTURE IN KOREAN ADULT (DURING THE AGE OF 24 TO 31) (성인 두개안면골의 성장변화(24세에서 31세까지))

  • Sohn, Dong-Seok;Park, Hyo-Sang;Bae, Sung-Min;Sung, Jae-Hyun
    • The korean journal of orthodontics
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    • v.27 no.6 s.65
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    • pp.917-927
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    • 1997
  • Recently, according to the Increase of adult patient, it is neccessory to understand the growth changes of adult after cessation of active pubertal growth in clinical orthodontics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the growth changes of craniofacial structure after active growth period(adult) in order to use as reference in clinical orthodontics. Authors followed the 40 sample(male 25, female 15) from 24 to 31 years of age. By analysing the serial cephalograms, authors could get the following findings. $\cdot$ The mandible rotated clockwise in female, but not in male, and no incremental growth change in both genders. $\cdot$ The anterior facial height and lower anterior facial height were increased in both genders, the increase of lower anterior facial height exceed the posterior facial height increase in female. $\cdot$ The cranial base was stable throughout observation period. $\cdot$ The upper incisors uprighted slightly in female. $\cdot$ There were great the individual variation in the growth change of craniofacial structure in adult.

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Precision monitoring of radial growth of trees and micro-climate at a Korean Fir (Abies koreana Wilson) forest at 10 minutes interval in 2016 on Mt. Hallasan National Park, Jeju Island, Korea

  • Kim, Eun-Shik;Cho, Hong-Bum;Heo, Daeyoung;Kim, Nae-Soo;Kim, Young-Sun;Lee, Kyeseon;Lee, Sung-Hoon;Ryu, Jaehong
    • Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.43 no.2
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    • pp.226-245
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    • 2019
  • To understand the dynamics of radial growth of trees and micro-climate at a site of Korean fir (Abies koreana Wilson) forest on high-altitude area of Mt. Hallasan National Park, Jeju Island, Korea, high precision dendrometers were installed on the stems of Korean fir trees, and the sensors for measuring micro-climate of the forest at 10 minutes interval were also installed at the forest. Data from the sensors were sent to nodes, collected to a gateway wireless, and transmitted to a data server using mobile phone communication system. By analyzing the radial growth data for the trees during the growing season in 2016, we can estimate that the radial growth of Korean fir trees initiated in late April to early May and ceased in late August to early September, which indicates that period for the radial growth was about 4 months in 2016. It is interesting to observe that the daily ambient temperature and the daily soil temperature at the depth of 20 cm coincided with the values of about 10 ℃ when the radial growth of the trees initiated in 2016. When the radial growth ceased, the values of the ambient temperature went down below about 15 ℃ and 16 ℃, respectively. While the ambient temperature and the soil temperature are evaluated to be the good indicators for the initiation and the cessation of radial growth, it becomes clear that radii of tree stems showed diurnal growth patterns affected by diurnal change of ambient temperature. In addition, the wetting and drying of the surface of the tree stems affected by precipitation became the additional factors that affect the expansion and shrinkage of the tree stems at the forest site. While it is interesting to note that the interrelationships among the micro-climatic factors at the forest site were well explained through this study, it should be recognized that the precision monitoring made possible with the application of high resolution sensors in the measurement of the radial increment combined with the observation of 10 minutes interval with aids of information and communication technology in the ecosystem observation.

Infant Feeding Practices and the Factors that Influence feeding Practices among Women in Seoul and the Chungbuk Area (여성들의 수유양상 및 수유방식의 선택에 영향 주는 요인들)

  • 김기남;현태선;강남미
    • Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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    • v.8 no.3
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    • pp.288-301
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    • 2003
  • In order to obtain baseline data for the development of an educational program on breastfeeding, a survey was carried out to investigate infant feeding practices, the characteristics the subjects have in common, and the factors that influence the feeding methods among women in Seoul and the Chungbuk area. Subjects included 671 lactating mothers who visited public health centers or pediatric clinics between December 1999 and February 2000, and were interviewed using a questionnaire. The results were as follows : With respect to feeding methods, the incidence of breastfeeding, formula feeding, mixed feeding and formula feeding switched from breastfeeding was 20.6%, 29.8%, 11.6%, and 38.0%, respectively. With respect to the characteristics the subjects had in common, the incidence of women who planned their infants' feeding methods before pregnancy, during pregancy, and after delivery was 48.7%, 31.0%, and 20.3%, respectively. The incidence of women who started breastfeeding in the hospital after delivery was 38.8%. About seventy seven percet of the subjects had not previously attended an educational program on breastfeeding, and most of these wanted to participate in the future in an educational program to learn about breastfeeding. Some of the topics they were interested in were“Nutritional Management for Sufficient Breast Milk”(60.3%),“Breast Care”(25.0%), and“Correct Nursing Positions”(9.8%). Most (88.2%) of the women who breastfeed suffered from physical discomforts including discomfort of the waist, and legs and discomfort due to cracked or sore nipples. “Insufficient breast milk”was the main reason for breastfeeding cessation or for switching to formula feeding. With respect to formula feeding practices, the main reasons for selecting a specific brand of formula were“the same brand the hospital used after delivery”(34.3%) and“an advertised brand”(23.3%). The strongest factor for promoting breastfeeding was“the support of husband or parents”, next were “breastfeeding in the hospital after delivery”and“planning to breastfeed before pregnancy”in that order. The characteristics the subjects had in common relating to formula feeding were“mother's job”,“high economic level”,“Caesarian section”and “planning to breastfeed after delivery”. In conclusion, it is recommended that breastfeeding be pro-moted, and educational programs be developed and offered as soon as possible to each group which had unfavorable attitudes toward breastfeeding. In addition, the monitoring and supervision of formula advertisements is required to protect consumers from the adverse effects of exaggerated advertising.

Change of Phytoplankton Community by Ultrasonication in Eutrophic Ponds (부영양 연못에서 초음파 작동에 따른 식물플랑크톤의 군집 변화)

  • Ko, So-Ra;Ahn, Chi-Yong;Joung, Seung-Hyun;Kim, Hee-Sik;Oh, Hee-Mock
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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    • v.24 no.3
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    • pp.221-229
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    • 2006
  • The effects of ultrasonication on phytoplankton were investigated in two ponds in which physicochemical and biological water quality was similar, one as a treatment and the other as a control. The samples were collected from August 18 to September 30 in 2003. Traditional morphological analysis showed that Bacillariophyceae dominated phytoplankton community in both ponds. The abundance of Cyanophyceae was lower in the phytoplankton community of the sonicated pond than that of control pond. We used DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) to analyze the diversity and change of phytoplankton community in two ponds. The DGGE banding patterns of 16S rRNA gene and sequence analysis demonstrated that Oscillatoria acuminata and CFB (Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides) group bacterium appeared in the treated pond, and the control pond was dominated by Synechococcus sp. and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. Especially, Pseudanabaena sp. dominated during the ultrasonic cessation in the treated pond. The DGGE profiles of 18S rRNA gene and sequence analysis showed that the treated pond was dominated by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the control pond by C. reinhardtii and Pteromonas protracta. In conclusion, the ultrasonication affected the reduced growth of cyanobacteria, particularly Pseudanabaena.