• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.157-168
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• 1990

This study was undertaken to investigate the interrelationships between the degrees of skeletal maturity of cervical vertebrae and the hand-and-wrist in skeletal Class III malocclusions. In 185 skeletal Class III malocclusions (male 62, female 123) having the lateral cephalogram and hand-wrist radiogram which were taken on the same day, 6 skeletal maturity stages of cervical vertebrae were compared with 11 skeletal maturity indicators of the hand-and-wrist. On the basis of findings of this study, the following results were obtained: 1. The stages of cervical vertebral maturity are one of the methods possible to assess the individual maturity. 2. Mean ages of male and female were obtained in each cervical vertebral stage. 3. Cervical vertebral stages 1 and 2 are considered to the accelerative growth phase, cervical vertebral stages 3 and 4 are corresponded to the peak height velocity, and cervical vertebral stages 5 and 6 were observed to occur during the decelerative phase of growth after peak height velocity in both sexes. 4. In cervical vertebral stages 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, the degrees of skeletal maturity of cervical vertebrae in males were more retarded than females. 5. There was the high correlation between the degrees of skeletal maturity of cervical vertebrae and hand-and-wrist.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.259-263
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• 2000

Purpose: Upper cervical vertebrae are commonly imaged together with the jaw bones in panoramic radiography. There have been many studies investigating the possible role of mandible as an indicator of osteoporosis. But the result doesn't show unanimity. This study measured bone densities of mandible and second and third cervical vertebrae to find out any relationship between these two areas. These results may contribute in panorama being used as a screening method in detecting possible osteoporotic patient. Materials and Methods: Randomly selected 226 digitized panoramic images with cervical vertebrae shadows from 156 dental patients between 5 to 80 years of age were used. And the bone densities of second and third cervical vertebrae, apical areas of first and second mandibular molars and interdental areas were measured. The bone density measurements were restricted to the cancellous bone and the average and standard deviations and paired t-tests were done to each measurements. Results: All the measurements were statistically significantly related. The best relationship was found between the third cervical vertebrae and first and second mandibular apical areas. The average and standard deviations of the measured bone density ratios of these areas were 1.20±0.45 and 1.34±0.48 each. Conclusion: Patients whose panoramic bone density of the third cervical vertebrae are much below those of mandibular first or second molar apical areas may have osteoporosis.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.28-35
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• 2009

본 연구는 성장기의 여아에서 초경 전후 경추골의 발육 특징을 파악하고 이를 통해 초경과 경추골 발육과의 관계에 대해 규명하고자 시행하였다. 초경 전후 1년 이내에 내원한 여아 67명을 대상으로 하였고 총 77매의 측모 두부규격 방사선사진을 이용하였다. 제3, 4경추의 외형을 트레이싱하고 경추 하연의 만곡도와 경추의 하연의 길이에 대한 전연의 길이의 비를 구하였다. 초경 전후의 시간적 관계에 따라 이 측정치들의 변화를 분석하였다. 초경 시 제3경추 하연의 만곡도는 1.27(${\pm}0.18$) mm, 제4경추 하연의 만곡도는 1.06(${\pm}0.15$) mm, 제3경추의 하연의 길이에 대한 전연의 길이의 비는 0.73(${\pm}0.06$), 제4경추의 하연의 길이에 대한 전연의 길이의 비는 0.70(${\pm}0.05$)였다. 초경 전후 2년의 기간동안 경추골의 발육에 따라 외형의 변화가 관찰되었다. 제3경추의 하연의 만곡도와 하인의 길이에 대한 전연의 길이의 비, 제4경추 하연의 만곡도는 초경 전후 2년 간에 걸쳐 통계적으로 유의성 있는 증가를 보였다. 제4경추 하연의 길이에 대한 전연의 길이의 비는 초경 이후 유의성 있는 증가를 보였다. 초경 전후 2년간 제3, 4경추의 하연의 만곡도는 이미 나타난 후 점차 뚜렷해졌다. 경추골의 형태는 세로의 길이가 증가하였으나 세로보다는 가로의 길이가 긴 사각형이었다. 측모 두부규격 방사선사진상의 제3경추와 제4경추의 발육 특징은 초경 전후의 여아에서 유의성 있는 변화를 보였으며 이는 성장 평가를 위한 하나의 유용성이 있는 지표가 될 수 있을 것으로 생각한다.

• 척추신경추나의학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.89-96
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• 2011

Objective : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the korean medical treatment for compressive neuropathy of radial nerve, especially chuna treatment of cervical vertebrae. Methods : Two patients were treated with acupuncture and moxibustion, herbal medication, chuna treatment on cervical vertebrae. To evaluate the wrist drop and numbness of hand, Coding Result of arbitrary values and manual muscle test(MMT), visual analogue scale(VAS) were used. Results : After 2 weeks-treatment(in case 1) & 5 weeks-treatment(in case 2), the movement and power of wrist were restored to nearly normal range, also the numbness of hands was removed. All cases show the improvement in the movement of wrist and the numbness of hands. Conclusions : Korean medical treatment including cervical manual therapy as chuna treatment is remarkably effective for radial nerve palsy. But further studies are required to concretely prove the effectiveness of chuna treatment on central vertebrae for peripheral neuropathy.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.126-134
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• 2006

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the kinematical characteristics of the pendular and the translational movements of each cervical vertebra at flexion and extension for understanding the mechanism of injury to the cervical spine. Methods: Twenty volunteers, young men (24~37 years), with clinically and radiographically normal cervical spines were studied. We induced two directional passive movements and then took X-ray pictures. The range of pendular movement could be measured by measuring the variation of the distance between the center point of two contiguous cervical vertebrae, and the range of translational movement could be measured by measuring the variation of the shortest distance between the center point of a vertebra and an imaginary line connecting the center points of two lower contiguous cervical vertebrae. The measurements were done by using a picture archiving and communicating system (PACS). Results: The total length of all cervical vertebrae in the neutral position was, on average, 133.66 mm, but in both flexion and extension, the lengths were widened to 134.83 mm and 134.79 mm, respectively. The directions of both the pendular and the translational movements changed at the $2^{nd}$ cervical vertebra, and the ranges of both movements were significantly larger from the $5^{th}$ cervical vertebra to the $7^{th}$ cervical vertebra for flexion and combined flexion and extension motion (p<0.05). Conclusion: The kinematical characteristics for flexion and extension motions were variable at each level of cervical vertebrae. The $1^{st}$ and the $2^{nd}$ cervical vertebrae and from the $5^{th}$ to the $7^{th}$ cervical vertebrae were the main areas of cervical spinal injury. This shows, according to "Hook's law," that the tissues supporting this area could be weak, and that this area is sensitive to injury.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.134-141
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• 2018

Purpose: To measure the head tilting angle creating initial condylar cut-off and to find the head position inducing the superimposition of the cervical vertebrae over the mandibular ramus on panoramic radiograph. Materials and Methods: The panoramic radiographs were taken with Didactic skull on cervical spine model (Scientific GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) using Kodak 8000c Digital Panoramic radiography. For the inherent radiolucency of the plastic skull model, radiopaque 1 mm diameter lead wires were attached along the margin of the mandibular condyle, ramus, mandibular body, cervical vertebrae, and FH plane of the skull model. For measuring the head tilting angle creating the condylar head cutoff, panoramic radiographs were taken by tilting the FH plane downward in 5 degree increments. For finding the distance between transverse process of the third cervical vertebra and gonion inducing superimposition of cervical vertebrae on the mandibular ramus, panoramic radiographs were taken by decreasing the distance in 0.5 cm increments. Result and Conclusion: The condylar cutoff began to appear when the head of skull model was tilted downward by 15o. As the head tilting angle increasing, the condylar cutoff became more prominent. The superimposition of cervical vertebrae over the mandibular ramus began to appear when the distance between the gonion and third cervical vertebra was 1.0 cm. As the distance decreasing, the superimpostion became more prominent.

• Journal of International Society for Simulation Surgery
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.28-32
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• 2016

Background Congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) is a benign condition. With early diagnosis and appropriate management, it can be cured completely, leaving no residual deformity. However, long-standing, untreated CMT can lead to permanent craniofacial deformities and asymmetry.Methods Nineteen patients presented to the author with congenital muscular torticollis. Three dimensional computed tomography (3-D CT) scans was obtained upon patient’s admission. Adjustment of skull’s position to Frankfort horizontal plan was done. Cervical vertebral segmentation was done which allowed a 3D module to be separately created for each vertebra to detect any anatomical or positional changes.Results The segmented vertebrae showed an apparent anatomical changes, which were most noticeable at the level of the atlas and axis vertebrae. These changes decreased gradually till reaching the seventh cervical vertebra, which appeared to be normal in all patients. The changes in the atlas vertebra were mostly due to its intimate relation with the skull base, while the changes of the axis were the most significantConclusion Cervical vertebral segmentation is a reliable tool for isolation and studying cervical vertebral pathological changes of each vertebra separately. The accuracy of the procedures in addition to the availability of many software that can be used for segmentation will allow many surgeons to use segmentation of the vertebrae for diagnosis and even for preoperative simulation planning.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.285-295
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• 1998

임상 교정에서 성장하는 환자의 성장 단계를 이해하는 것은 매우 중요한 의미를 지닌다. 환자의 골성숙도를 평가하기 위해서 수완부골 방사선 사진이 비교적 흔히 사용되고 있으며, 측모 두부계측 방사선 사진에서 경추골의 발육을 조사하여 성장 정도를 평가할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 교정 환자에서 일상적 기록으로 얻을 수 있는 측모 두부계측 방사선 사진을 통해 경추골의 성숙도(Cervical Vertebrae Maturation Indicators : CVMI)를 평가하고, 그와 동일 환자가 동일한 날에 촬영한 수완부골 방사선 사진에서 골성숙도(Skeletal Maturity Indicators SMI)를 평가하여 그 분포율과 상관성을 조사, 검토한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 수완부골 방사선 사진에서 평가한 골성숙도와 측모 두부계측 방사선 사진에서 평가한 경추골 성숙도는 매우 높은 상관 관계를 나타내었다. 2. SMI와 CVMI를 이용한 골성숙도 평가에서 CVMI 1은 SMI 1, 2와, CVMI 2는 SMI 3, 4와, CVMI 3은 SMI 6, 7과, CVMI 4는 SMI 7, 8과, CVMI 5는 SMI 9, 10과, CVMI 6은 SMI 11과 각각 높은 상호 연관성을 보였다. 3. 제 2경추골과 제 3경추골의 형태변화를 분리하여 경추골 성숙도를 평가하였을 때 제 2경추골 하연에서만 곡선화가 나타나고 제 3 경추골에서는 곡선화가 나타나지 않는 경우가 CVMI 2에서는 10.38%로, CVMI 3에서는 6.56%로 매우 낮았다. 4. 수완부골과 경추골에서 평가된 각 골성숙 단계에서 환자의 남녀별 평균 연령과 표준 편차를 조사한 결과 성장 시기의 개인별 차이가 크게 나타났으며, 여자가 남자 보다 다소 조기에 골성숙이 일어나고 성장 종료 시점도 24개월정도 빠르게 일어났다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.551-559
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• 2007

하악골 성장을 평가하는 데 경추골 성숙도가 수완부골 성숙도만큼 유용한가 규명하고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 정상교합을 가진 만 8세$\sim$만 16세 여성 292명을 연구대상으로 하여 진단석고모형, 측모두부규격방사선사진, 그리고 수완부방사선사진을 이용하여 경추 및 수완부의 골성숙도를 비교하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 연령 증가에 따라 경추 및 수완부의 골성숙도가 일정하게 증가하였다. 2. 경추골 성숙도가 증가할수록 Ar-Go, Go-Me, N-Go, S-Gn, N-Me이 일정하게 증가하였다. 3. 수완부골 성숙도가 증가할수록 Ar-Go, Go-Me, N-Go, S-Gn이 일정하게 증가하였다. 4. 경추골 성숙도 3단계와 4단계 사이에서 Ar-Go, Go-Me, N-Go, S-Gn이 크게 증가하였고, 수완부골 성숙도 6단계와 7단계 사이에서 Go-Me, S-Gn이 크게 증가하였다. 5. Ar-Go, Go-Me, N-Go, S-Gn, N-Me은 경추 및 수완부 골성숙도와 각각 유의 한 상관성을 보였다. 이상의 결과는 하악골 성장을 평가하는 데에 경추골 성숙도가 수완부골 성숙도처럼 유용하게 사용될 수 있음을 시사한다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.127-133
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• 2021

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the correlation between body size traits, carcass traits, and primal cuts in Hanwoo steers. Methods: Sixty-one beef carcasses were classified for conformation and primal cut weight. Additionally, carcass weight, fat thickness, carcass dimensions, and longissimus muscle area were determined to complement the grading. Results: The average live weight and cold carcass weight were 759 and 469 kg, respectively. The mean carcass meat, fat, and bone proportions were 551, 298, and 151 g/kg, respectively. Primal cuts weights showed significant positive correlations (p<0.001) of 0.42 to 0.82 with live weight, carcass weight, and longissimus muscle area and a significant negative correlation with carcass fat (without shank, -0.38 to -0.10). Primal cut weights were positively correlated (p<0.01) with carcass length (0.41 to 0.77), forequarter length (0.33 to 0.57), 6th lumbar vertebrae-heel length (0.33 to 0.59), 7th cervical vertebrae carcass breadth (0.35 to 0.58), 5th to 6th thoracic vertebrae breadth (0.36 to 0.65), 7th to 8th thoracic vertebrae girth (0.38 to 0.63), and coxae girth (0.34 to 0.56) and non-significantly related to cervical vertebrae length and coxae thickness. Conclusion: There was a high correlation among live weight, carcass weight, longissimus muscle area, carcass length, 7th cervical vertebrae carcass breadth, 5th to 6th thoracic vertebrae breadth, and 7th to 8th thoracic vertebrae girth of the primal cuts yield. The correlation between fat and primal cut yields was highly significant and negative. Carcass length and 7th to 8th thoracic vertebrae girth, appear to be the most important traits affecting primal cut yields.