• 대한한의학회지
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• 제28권3호통권71호
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• pp.45-56
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• 2007

Objectives : We investigated the possibility of cervical spine misalignment caused by scalenus anticus syndrome to find out how it affects cervical spine misalignments. Methods : 28 patients with scalenus anticus syndrome (sample group), along with 21 participants without neck pain (control group), who attended the Dept. of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Dong-guk University from the 20th of June to the 30th of November, 2006 were investigated. After researching misalignments through neutrality, flexion and extension lateral x-ray examination views, we measured the difference of each length of cervical spine misalignment. We analyzed the relationships among the neutrality lateral, flexion lateral and extension lateral positions. Results : We found with statistical significance that there were differences in length of cervical spine misalignments between the sample and control groups. Furthermore, we found that C3 and C4 vertebra bodies were shown in lateral neutrality position, only C3 vertebra body in flexion lateral position, and C2, C3, and C4 vertebra bodies in extension lateral position. Conclusions : It is considered that scalenus anticus syndrome could increase cervical spine misalignment which could be a factor in causing cervical spine disease.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.231-232
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• 2018

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.503-517
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• 2016

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 3 dimensional contoured pillow through analyzing contact pressure and to suggest its design guidelines through analyzing the posture of head and neck area. Background: The quality of sleep is a very important factor closely related with human's health. To improve the quality of sleep, the verification of design factors affecting the posture of the head and neck is needed, and a pillow design that can induce proper posture is required. Method: This study measured the contact pressures of the two reference groups (bead and cotton pillows) as a method to evaluate the design effectiveness of the contoured pillow. This study proposed 3-dimensional design guidelines by drawing anthropometry (head length) affecting cervical curvature angle (CCA) through the measurement of the participants' cervical curvature angles. Results: In the design effectiveness evaluation, the contact pressure of cervical region was higher than that of a reference group (cotton pillow), and contract area increased, and contract pressure decreased in the shape distributing the occipital region's body pressure. This study proposed pillow's cervical supporting height by percentile of a head length [head length (%tile) (cervical supporting height) affecting the posture of the head and neck: 14.6cm (5%tile) (6.2cm), 15.5cm (25%tile) (6.7cm), 16.4cm (50%tile) (7.1cm), and 19.3cm (75%tile) (8.9cm)]. Conclusion: This study confirmed the contoured pillow's design effectiveness maintaining cervical angle comfortable to sleep with the shape supporting the cervical vertebrae and by reducing the contact load of the occipital region. Also, this study proposed pillow design guidelines based on the 3-dimensional contoured pillow design effectiveness, through which the study laid the foundation for pillow design in a systematic method. Application: The results of this study are expected to be utilized as the basis data by which the optimum pillow type and pillow design according to main percentile can be standardized.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.827-839
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• 2009

Sizing system of Korean structural firefighting protective clothing that is national approved should be met for specification of structural firefighting protective clothing that is identified by Ministry of Public Administration and Security(MOPAS). However if you look over the specification of sizing system, the standard is based on only 'height' and the others are indicated as the size of completed product. KS K ISO 13688 and EN 340 which is met on ISO 13688 which indicates sizing system about protective clothing has the standards of height, chest and waist circumference. Also NFPA 1971 that has standards of sizing system is based on chest circumference, cervical to wrist length, waist circumference and inseam. That is different from Korean standards. Therefore, fire fighting protective clothing standards which is based on only height should be compensated and not be relied on foreign standards like ISO. It is indispensable for developing our own sizing system of structural fire fighting protective clothing. In this studying, Korean new sizing system of structural fire fighting protective clothing was developed for providing basic information of ergonomic structural fire fighting protective clothing. The analyzed target age was between 20 and 59 years old fire fighter who extinguish the fire. And it was analyzed by 3D measurement among data of the $5^{th}$ Size Korea. On conclusion, in case of structural fire fighting protective clothing coat, physical dimension was to be chest circumference, cervical to wrist length. Three dimensions as 5cm space of circumference and four dimensions as 2.5cm space of cervical to wrist length were derived, which means that totally 12 dimensions were defined. Dimension standards of pants was based on the analysis of waist circumference and crotch height. Six dimensions as 5cm space of waist circumference and three dimensions as 5cm space of crotch height were derived, which means that totally 14 dimensions were defined.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.213-219
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• 1988

The measurement was investigated with 18 heads of fetus(60, 90, 120 days of gestation) and neonate in Korean native goats. The results were summerized as follows: 1. The crown-rump length of fetuses at 60, 90, 120 days of gestation and neonate was 8.71, 20.83, 31.10 and 34.93 cm, respectively. 2. The length of small intestine at 60, 90, 120 days of gestation and neonate was 32.28, 157.10, 303.52 and 457.06 cm, respectively. 3. The length of large intestine at 60, 90, 120 days of gestation and neonate was 9.20, 37.70, 82.06 and 94.46 cm, respectively. 4. The ratio of intestinal length to crown-rump length at 60, 90, 120 days of gestation and neonate was 4.76, 9.45, 12.40 and 15.79 times, respectively. 5. At 60 days of gestation, the total length of the vertebral column was $7.40{\pm}0.72cm$, The mean length of each segment of the vertebral column was $1.55{\pm}0.20cm$ in cervical, $2.29{\pm}0.21cm$ in thoracic, $1.46{\pm}0.10cm$ in lumbar, $0.51{\pm}0.04cm$ in sacral and $1.59{\pm}0.17cm$ in coccygeal vertebrae. 6. At 90 days of gestation, the total length of the vertebral column was $16.52{\pm}0.80cm$. The mean length of each segment of the vertebral column was $3.72{\pm}0.12cm$ in cervical, $5.09{\pm}0.26cm$ in thoracic, $3.22{\pm}0.04cm$ in lumbar, $1.97{\pm}0.03cm$ in sacral and $2.64{\pm}0.35cm$ in coccygeal vertebrae. 7. At 120 days of gestation, the total length of the vertebral column was $26.35{\pm}0.34cm$. The mean length of each segment of the vertebral column was $6.09{\pm}0.16cm$ in cervical, $7.81{\pm}0.07cm$ in thoracic, $5.08{\pm}0.07cm$ in lumbar, $3.07{\pm}0.02cm$ in and $4.31{\pm}0.02cm$ in coccygeal vertebrae. 8. In the neonate, the total length of the vertebral column was $32.41{\pm}1.57cm$. The mean length of each segment of vertebral was $7.70{\pm}0.25cm$ in cervical, $9.97{\pm}0.68cm$ in thoracic, $5.58{\pm}0.44cm$ in lumbar, $3.85{\pm}0.15cm$ in sacral and $5.05{\pm}0.06cm$ coccygeal vertebrae. 9. The chest girth at 60, 90, 120 days of gestation and neonate was $6.13{\pm}0.51$, $13.45{\pm}0.84$, $20.28{\pm}1.53$ and $22.94{\pm}1.75cm$, respectively. 10. The head length at 60, 90, 120 days of gestation and neonate was $2.93{\pm}0.07$, $6.67{\pm}0.13$, $8.84{\pm}0.51$ and $9.76{\pm}0.44cm$, respectively. 11. The width of the head at 60, 90, 120 days of gestation and neonate was $2.20{\pm}0.13$, $4.45{\pm}0.11$, $5.33{\pm}0.20$ and $5.51{\pm}0.32cm$, respectively.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.83-92
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• 2012

경추 정면 방사선검사시 하악골, 후두골의 겹침방지, 경추 추체의 배열 및 관절의 형태 등을 관찰하기 위하여 X선 입사각을 머리 방향으로 $15{\sim}20^{\circ}$를 주고 있는 것이 보편적이다. 하지만 한국인의 체형에 맞는 입사각에 대한 연구는 거의 이루어지지 않고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 한국인에 적합한 입사각을 찾고, 방법을 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 입사각을 측정하기 위하여 서산에 위치한 S병원을 내원한 환자 1,044명을 대상으로 하였으며, 제 2번~제 5번 경추의 길이, 피사체-영상판 거리(OID), 제2번경추(axis)의경사도, 초점-영상판 간거리(FID)를 측정하였으며, 연령대 성별에 대한 평균값을 측정하여 적용공식에 의하여 입사각을 산출하였다. 경추 제2번~제5번의 평균길이는 6cm 이였으며, 10대부터 20대까지는 경추의 길이가 커지고 30대 이후로는 경추의 길이가 작아졌으며, 남성과 여성의 차이는 약 1cm 차이가 나타났다(p<.001). OFD는 연령대, 성별과 상관없이 거의 같은 값이 측정이 되었다. 제2번 경추(axis)의 경사도는 10대와 20대는 경사도가 증가하였지만, 30대 이후로는 작게 나타났다. 또한 남성과 여성은 약 $2^{\circ}$차이가 났다(p<.001). FID의 측정 결과, 연령대, 성별과 상관없이 거의 같은 값이 측정되었으며, 이 값으로 입사각을 측정한 결과, 10대는 $15.9^{\circ}$, 20대 $16.9^{\circ}$, 30대 $16.6^{\circ}$, 40대 $16.2^{\circ}$, 50대 $15.9^{\circ}$, 60대 $14.5^{\circ}$로 측정되었다. 10대와 20대까지 입사각이 증가하였지만, 30대 부터는 입사각이 작게 나타났다. 또한 10대는 남성과 여성이 같은 값으로 측정이 되었고, 20대부터는 남성과 여성이 $2^{\circ}$ 차이가 나타났다. 입사각과 제 2번~제 5번 경추의 길이측정, OID, 제 2번 경추의 경사도, FID와의 상관관계를 실시하였고, 입사각과 모두 유의한 상관관계가 나타났다(p<.001). 본 연구에서 경추의 평균 길이, OID, FID, 제2번 경추(axis)의 경사도에 따라서 입사각이 다르게 나타났고, 성별과 연령에 따라 입사각이 다른 것을 알 수 있었다. 그러므로 경추 정면검사 시 연령, 성별을 고려하여 입사각을 설정하면서 검사를 시행하여야 함이 사료되며, 향후 경추검사의 입사각을 설정할 때 참고 자료로 이용될 것으로 기대된다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.753-761
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• 2003

Purpose: The study was done to examine the effects of San- Yin-Jiao(SP6) acupressure treatment on subjective labor pain, length of delivery time in women during labor. Method: The study design was a randomized controlled clinical trial study using a double-blinded method. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, a subjective labor pain scale and measurement of delivery time. The experimental group(n=29) was received SP6 acupressure and control group(n=29), SP6 touch for the duration of each uterine contraction, during 30 minutes after 3cm dilatation of cervical os. Result: The subjective labor pain scores was significantly different between the two groups(p=0.042). The total length of delivery time in the group which had the SP6 acupressure was shorter than SP6 touch group (p=0.036). Conclusion: These findings showed that SP6 acupressure was effective related to labor pain, length of time for delivery. SP6 acupressure during labor could be applied as an effective nursing treatment.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제60권4호
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• pp.441-447
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• 2017

Objective : Computed tomography (CT)-based method of three dimensional (3D) analysis ($MIMICS^{(R)}$, Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) is reported as very useful software for evaluation of OPLL, but its reliability and reproducibility are obscure. This study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of $MIMICS^{(R)}$ system, and inter- and intra-observer reliability in the measurement of OPLL. Methods : Three neurosurgeons independently analyzed the randomly selected 10 OPLL cases with medical image processing software ($MIMICS^{(R)}$) which create 3D model with Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) data from CT images after brief explanation was given to examiners before the image construction steps. To assess the reliability of inter- and intra-examiner intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), 3 examiners measured 4 parameters (volume, length, width, and length) in 10 cases 2 times with 1-week interval. Results : The inter-examiner ICCs among 3 examiners were 0.996 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.987-0.999) for volume measurement, 0.973 (95% CI, 0.907-0.978) for thickness, 0.969 (95% CI, 0.895-0.993) for width, and 0.995 (95% CI, 0.983-0.999) for length. The intra-examiner ICCs were 0.994 (range, 0.991-0.996) for volume, 0.996 (range, 0.944-0.998) for length, 0.930 (range, 0.873-0.947) for width, and 0.987 (range, 0.985-0.995) for length. Conclusion : The medical image processing software ($MIMICS^{(R)}$) provided detailed quantification OPLL volume with minimal error of inter- and intra-observer reliability in the measurement of OPLL.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.124-130
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• 2008

Objective : Our purpose of this study is to compare insertion angles and screw lengths from Roy-Camille, Magerl, and our designed method for cervical lateral mass screw fixation in the Korean population by quantitative measurement of reformatted two dimensional (2D) computed tomography (CT) images. Methods : We selected thirty Korean patients who were evaluated with thin section CT scans and reconstruction program to obtain reformatted 2D-CT images of the transversal plane passing the cranio-caudal angle using three different techniques. We measured the minimum angle to avoid vertebral artery (VA) injury, the ideal angle and depth for bicortical screwing of cervical lateral mass. Morphometric measurements of the lateral masses from C3-C7 were also taken. Results : In all three techniques, the mean safety angles from the VA were less than 8 degrees and the necessary depth of the screw was about 14 mm for safety to the VA and for the bicortical purchase. In our designed technique, the mean $\beta$ angles of each level from C3 to C7 were 29.0. 29.8. 29.5. 26.3. and 23.9 degrees, respectively. Conclusion : Results of this study and data from the literature indicate that differences may exist between the Korean and Western people in the length and angle for ideal lateral mass screw fixation. In addition, our technique needs further cadaveric and clinical study for safety and efficacy for being performed as alternative method for cervical lateral mass fixation.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to find out factors(shoulder level, acromion-occipital length, spine alignment, spine-scapula inferior angle length) of pain of neck & shoulder by 3 Dimensional Moire Scanner. 50 female student s aged 20 to 25 years old participated who lived in Sun-cheon si Jeonnam. They were examined with three measurement methods(Visual Analogue Scale : VAS, Algometer, 3 Dimensional Moire Scanner(IBS-2000). According to the results of multiple regression analysis. 1) There was a significant difference with shoulder level and spine-scapula inferior angle based on VAS. 2) There was a significant difference with shoulder level based of Algometer measurement value in Rhomboid muscles.