• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.99-108
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to research the clinical of cerebral palsy taking physical therapy at the department of physical therapy of various clinics at Kyungnam${\cdot}$Pusan. Among the subjects that was born from January, 1985 to June, 2000, 226 parents was answered to questionary of this study. The results of the study were as follows: 1) During the embryonic period, the cerebral palsied children above 37weeks were 114 subjects(50.9%) and there was 51 subjects(22.8%) between 28weeks to 31weeks and 32weeks to 36weeks. The children below 28weeks were 8 subjects(3.6%) and showed the lowest rate. As compared to the delievery methods, the normal delievery, cesserian section delievery, and forceps delievery was 124 subjects(55.1%), 81(36.0%), 16(7.1%), nad 4(1.8%). Among them the mormal delievery indicated the highest percentage. 2) Compared to the weight during birth time, the above 2500g of 121 subjects(55.3%) showed the highest rate and the 28 subjects(12.8%) had the birth weight of 1000to 1499g. There was 4 subjects(1.8%) below the 1000g. 3) Compared to the birth weight of the pregnancy period, the weight of the cerebral palsied children below 28weeks were 1000g to 1499g and showed the highest rate of 4 subjects(50%). The children between 28weeks to 31weeks and 32weeks to 36weeks were 1500 to 2499g, each 23(47.9%), and 28(54.9%) subject. The weight of the children of the above 37weeks were above 2500g and 94 subjects(87.4%). Therefore, if the period of pregnancy is short, the weight birth would indicate the lower weight than the weight of the other times(p<0.05). 4) The spastic type of the pregnant period had the highest rate and the period was the below 28weeks to 31weeks. The cerebral palsied children of athetoid and mixed type were 6 subjects(13.3%) and 5 subjects(31.9%) between 28 and 31weeks. The mixed type of them was each 15 (31.9%) and 33 (30.6%) subjects between 32 to 36 weeks and the above 37weeks. The mixed type showed a slightly high rate (p<0.05). 5) The spastic type indicated the highest rate in the weight of birth time and especially showed the high rate in the case of 1000 to 1499g. The mixed type indicated a slightly high rate of 17 subjects (25.8%) and 32 subjects (29.1%) in case of 1500 to 2499g and the above 2500g (p<0.05).

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.21-29
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• 2015

Objective : This study compares sensory processing ability of children with and without spastic diplegia. In addition, it investigates characteristics of sensory processing differentiated by developmental phase such as pre-school age versus school age. Methods : Participants in this study are ordinal children without specific condition and children with spastic diplegia who are aged 3 to 10 years olds. Using Short Sensory Profile (SSP), sensory processing function of the participants was measured. The survey was distributed to caregivers of the children from November, 2013 to February, 2014, and it was suggested that the caregivers to record the questionnaire directly after approval from a rehabilitation hospital, a university hospital, welfare center, day care center, preschool and elementary school to participate in our study. Results : Group of children with spastic diplegia showed lower score than group of children with no special condition in the total score and the each score of all items of Short Sensory Profile. There was significant difference between the two groups in terms of the total score of sensory processing and the 5 factors except tactile sensitiveness and taste/smell sensitiveness among the 7 factors of test. In the comparison of different age groups, pre-school age group showed lower total score than school age group. Conclusion : This study provides a foundational evidence that can be used when therapist evaluate sensory processing function of children with spastic diplegia. There is need for more study about sensory processing functions of various types of children with cerebral palsy.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.265-289
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• 1997

The purpose of this studied was to examine the reliability analysis of the GMFM in children with C.P. The subject of this study were 40 C. P patient who had been hospitalized Department of Sam-Yook Rehabilitation Hospital. Subjects were 28 boys and girls, aged 6 to 8 years. Reliability of each dimension of the GMFM were analyzed using Cronbach coefficients and to examine the intra-rater reliability were using Pearson correlation coefficients. The result of reliability analysis of the GMFM revealed higher reliability values. The reliability of the total dimension score was 95. Test-retest revealed intra-rater correlation coefficients from .71 to .98. The study presents that GMFM is useful in assessment of function of children with C. P by the quantitative description of the function.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.137-145
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• 2013

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to examine assessment of test-retest reliability for 13 items of pediatric balance scales, then the intrarater reliability among the raters. METHODS: Study participants included 6 children with spastic cerebral palsy who could walk. Raters were consist of seventy-four, 2nd year physical therapy major students. The children's ability to achieve physical balance was wideotaped for PBS items. The raters watched the tapes and evlauated each child twice. Test-retest reliability was analyzed using the Spearman correlation, and interrater reliability was analyzed using the Kendall's coefficient of concordance for ranks. RESULTS: The total PBS scores averaged 49.22 and 50.06 for first and second tests. Test-retest reliability of PBS individual items were between low and high. The low itmes were 3 items, and high were 4 itmes. Interrater reliability were low agreement. CONCLUSION: Based on the study, the pediatric balance scale is an effective evaluating tool for measuring functional balance of school age child. However, the agreement of students or beginner's interpretation is necessary in conjunction to this study results. On top of that, it is important to provide detailed explanation and repetitive training, which improves the analysis reliability. Also, each category subscores level for the pediatric balance scale must be examined carefully in conjunction to performing test, only after improving match quality via preceding practice.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.64 no.7
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• pp.313-321
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• 2021

Here we describe the neurodevelopmental outcomes of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (birth weight ≤1,500 g) at 3 years of age in the Neonatal Research Network of Japan (NRNJ) database in the past decade and review the methodological issues identified in follow-up studies. The follow-up protocol for children at 3 years of chronological age in the NRNJ consists of physical and comprehensive neurodevelopmental assessments in each participating center. Neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI)-moderate to severe neurological disability-is defined as cerebral palsy (CP) with a Gross Motor Function Classification System score ≥2, visual impairment such as uni- or bilateral blindness, hearing impairment requiring hearing amplification, or cognitive impairment with a developmental quotient (DQ) of Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development score <70 or judgment as delayed by pediatricians. We used death or NDI as an unfavorable outcome in all study subjects and NDI in survivors using number of assessed infants as the denominator. Follow-up data were collected from 49% of survivors in the database. Infants with follow-up data had lower birth weights and were of younger gestational age than those without follow-up data. Mortality rates of 40,728 VLBW infants born between 2003 and 2012 were 8.2% before discharge and 0.7% after discharge. The impairment rates in the assessed infants were 7.1% for CP, 1.8% for blindness, 0.9% for hearing impairment, 15.9% for a DQ <70, and 19.1% for NDI. The mortality or NDI rate in all study subjects, including infants without follow-up data, was 17.4%, while that in the subjects with outcome data was 32.5%. The NRNJ follow-up study results suggested that children born with a VLBW remained at high risk of NDI in early childhood. It is important to establish a network follow-up protocol and complete assessments with fewer dropouts to enable clarification of the outcomes of registered infants.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 2016

Background: The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health-core set (ICF-core set) for children and youth (CY) with cerebral palsy (CP) provides a useful conceptual framework and a guide for health care planning and measuring the changes brought by interventions across a multitude of dimensions from body functions to personal activities, social participation, and environmental factors for them. Objects: This single case study was reported to illustrate the use of a goal directed approach in applying the ICF-core set for CY with CP from a physical therapist perspective. Methods: An eleven year old boy with spastic CP, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level V, and his mother participated in an evaluation of his functioning state. The intervention goal was set through an interview using the ICF-core set, Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) and Goal Attainment Scale (GAS). Physical therapy was carried out on an outpatient basis using a goal directed approach for 30 min, 1 time/week during 12 weeks and the boy's gross motor function was assessed using the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM)-66 version (item set 2) before and after the intervention. Results: As measured by the boy's mother, the COPM score showed a meaningful clinical change (performance=mean 3.5, satisfaction=mean 2.5) and the T-score of GAS changed 34.4 after the goal directed approach. The GMFM-66 (item set 2) score changed from 31.8 to 38.7 and evaluation using the ICF-core set displayed improvement in 6 items of activity level between before and after the intervention. Conclusion: The ICF-core set for CY with CP is useful for understanding the overall functioning of CY with this condition and provides an opportunity to share and integrate information and opinions from different disciplines. We consider it as a useful tool in the universal language for the therapy and education of CY with CP.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 2013

Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy(CIMT) is considered as one of the most interesting upper extremity rehabilitation in the field of neurorehabilitation. CIMT is an intensive training provided in the affected upper limb for 6 hours a day, 5 days a week for 2 weeks, while unaffected arm is restrained for 90% of waking hours. Recently, instead of CIMT, modified Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy(mCIMT) has been applied because of the clinical limitations of CIMT. CIMT or mCIMT studies have used various outcome instruments to measure different aspects of upper limb function after intervention. There are various kinds of evaluation tools to measure different aspects of upper limb function after CIMT intervention. It has been proven that Pediatric Motor Activity Log(PMAL), Quality of Upper Extremities Skills Test(QUEST), Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function(MAULF), Assisting Hand Assessment (AHA) are effective. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cortical change in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy after CIMT. As a result, use-dependent cortical reorganization was revealed. Also, increased activity of the contralateral motor cortex and decreased activity of the ipsilateral cortex were found. It supports the mechanism of cortical reorganization, the principles of neural plasticity and specifically activation of the contralateral cortex, for improving upper limb function after CIMT.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.139-147
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• 2021

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate differences in brain activities when Neurodevelopmental treatment (NDT) is used alone compare to NDT is combined with intradermal acupuncture (IDA) treatment, using functional infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) Methods Three children less than 7 year-old with cerebral palsy were participated. On their first visit, only NDT was used. After a week, they were treated with both NDT and IDA. During the treatment, fNIRS was used to measure any changes in their brain activities. Results In first patient with NDT, oxyhemoglobin level was increased during Standing exercise and Gait training compared to resting state. When the patient was treated with NDT and IDA, oxyhemoglobin level was decreased during Standing exercise and Gait training compared to resting state, and the result was significant (p<0.05). In second patient, oxyhemoglobin level was decreased in Gait training compared to resting state when NDT was used, but the level was increased when NDT and IDA were used in Gait training compared to resting state (p<0.05). In third patient, the difference in oxyhemoglobin levels between Gait training and resting state was significant (p<0.05). Conclusions Treatment involving both NDT and IDA has more potential to improve brain activities compared to that of NDT alone, and no adverse effect was reported. In order to confirm the finding, larger scale randomized controlled trials are needed.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.227-238
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• 1999

The author studied 49 cases having neurologic disorders grossly, who admitted to the Oriental Medicine Hospital in Kyunghee university from May 1995 to March 1999. We have got the following results: 1. Age and sex distribution of children: from 4 to 6 was 34.7%, over 7 was 32.7%, 2 to 3 was 28.6%, below 1 was 4.0%, Male to female ratio was 1.33:1. 2. Distribution of chief complain as follows : Hemiplegia 59.2%, Quadriplegia 30.6%, Aphasia 42.9%, Facial palsy 18.4%, Convulsion 16.3%, Aphagia 12.2%. 3. Distribution of diagnosis as follows : Cerebral infarction 32.7%, Cerebral hemorrhage 12.2%, Hypoxic brain damage 10.2%, Brain tumor 6.1%, Guillian-Barre syndrom 6.1%, Moya-Moya disease 4.1% etc. 4. Improvement ratio as follows : Poor 14.3%, Fair 59.2%, Good 26.5%.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.149-168
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• 2000

The Purpose of this study was to investigate the new effective oriential medicine tretments in pediatric disease and its clinical applicability The study was composed of 1245 new patients who had been treated at the all unit in the Dong-Seo oriential Medicine Hospitial for 1 year, from 1 April 1999 to 31 March 2000, and aged between 0 and 18 years. The chief complaint was mainly categorized by oral examination on patients and their care-givers. Result 1. The numbers of children who involved in this study is total 1245: Male children are 668 and female children are 577 children. The sex rate between male and female is 1.15 to 1. 2. Most of the above patients came to the hospital at first time from diseases such as musculoskelectal disease, weakness, asthma, cough, anorexia, common cold, rhiorrhea, sweating, dyspepsia, dematitis, night terror, obesity, stomach, short stature, Besides, they also came to the hospital at first time from various diseases such as epistasxis, pyrexia. Bell's palsy, nocturia, contipation, cerebral palsy, disorder, CVA. diarrhea. stress disease, Allergic disease, Tic disorder. Visual disorder, Kawasaki disease, Pierre Robin's syndrom, hematuria, edema and so on. 3. Looking at the frequent diseases, Respiratory dis. children including asthma, cough, rhiorrhea, sweating, common cold, pyrexia covers 36%, in 399 numbers. digestive dis. children including anorexia, dyspepsia, stomach, diarrhea, constipation, indigestion covers 19%, in 211 numbers. cadiovasculary disease children including arrthymia, terror in frequency, night crying, sediation, Tic disorder covers 8%, in 85 numbers. Hepatobiliary disease children including short stature, dizziness, visual difficulty, sprain, disorder of nail covers 21%, in 238 numbers. renal disease. children including nocturia, hematuria, hemation, disorder of hair, menorrhea, cerebral palsy, edema in 44 numbers. Fatigue children covers 13%. in 143 numbers. 4. In case of respatory disease children. total number is 399 children. dematitis children are 108 numbers and asthma children are 96 numbers. These show that children seem to the best have dematitis and asththma. The age from 0 to 6 is 290 numbers, covering 73 percentage. The others are covering 27 percentage. These data demonstrate that the age from 0 to 6 age could easily get these kinds - of diseases. The 29 percent of children had these kinds of diseases in spring. The 28 percent of children had these kinds of diseases in autumn. These show that children seem to frequently have these kinds of diseases in both spring and autumn season.(inter-season) 5. In case of digestive disease, anorexia covers 39%, in 83 numbers, dyspepsia covers 28%, in 59 numbers, anorexia and dyspepsia were the lagest group in digestive disease and the age from 0 to 6 covers 59%, in 125 numbers and the other age covers 39%. According to these data, infant seems to be vulnerable to these kinds of diseases. The 24 percent of children had these kinds of diseases in spring and summer. The 33 percent of children had these kinds of diseases in winter, which means that children mostly had winter. but decreased significant in autumn. 6. In case of cadiovasculary diseases, it can be divided into two categories: night covers 73% and nervous characteristics covers 27%. The age from 0 to 6 occupies 75%, and the other age occupies 25%. These data also show that infants can easily infected with these kinds of diseases. Analyzing by the season, summer could be the most frequent season that children have these kinds of diseases. but decreased in autumn. 7. In case of hepatobiliary children, sprains covers 166 numbers, fatigue covers 32 numbers, epistasxia covers 24 members, the reasion which sprain occupyied most of % were sprain covered ages. The age from 0 to 14 covers 59% and from 15 to 18 covers 41%. In the conclusion the adolescent seems to be vulnerable to sprains. In spring 29%, insummer 31%, in autumn 23%, and in winter 28% of children got these kinds of diseases, which show that children seems to have this kinds of disease in summer season. and decreased in autumn. 8. In case of renal disease. nocturia and hematuria covers 52%(occupied overhalf). The age from 0 to 6 covers 52%(occupied overhalf). Analyzing by season, in spring increased in summer(59%), decreased in autumn(45%) Conclusion 1. The chief complant in pediatric diseases that needed an oriental medical tretment was mainly the disease that tends to take iong time and the weakness. and appeared frequency in respiratory disease : 2. The oriential medical tretment was still preferred as a way to improve the weakness by patients, rather than a way to overcome their disease. In paticular, the study shows that the oriental medical tretment should be emphasized in terms of preventing the disease 3, The new disease, which were developed with the change of human life and envir oment(just like seual disorder, short stature, obesity, dynamic disorder, examinee disease), should be in vestigated as a new field of oriental medical tretment.