• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.13-25
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Ssanggok valley, Chilsung-myeon, Geosan-gun and Chungcheongbuk-do, and the survey of period was from March, 2006 to June, 2007. The results of surveying the flora were recorded as 401 taxa; 88 families, 242 genera, 342 species, 52 varieties and 7 forma. The korean endemic plants were 8 taxa; Cephalotaxus harringtonia, Salix purpurea var. japonica, Asarum maculatum, Clematis trichotoma, Zanthoxylum schinifolium var. inermis, Lonicera subsessilis, Weigela subsessilis and Saussurea seoulensis. The endangered plant designate by the ministry of environment was Berchemia berchemiaefolia. The rare plants designated by Korea forest service were 7 taxa; Crypsinus hastatus, Asarum maculatum, Paeonia japonica, Berchemia berchemiaefolia, Viola albida, Rhododendron micranthum and Lilium distichum. In future, we will discuss a concrete conservation plan and propagation method about rare plants for conservation. The plant resources were 220 taxa of ornamental plant, 239 taxa of edible plant, 281 taxa of medicinal plant and 206 taxa of others. The naturalized plants were 13 taxa; Dactylis glmerata, Rumex crispus, Chenopodium glaucum, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens, Oenothera lamarckiana, Aster subulatus, Erechtites hieracifolia, Erigeron annuus, Erigeron canadensis, Helianthus tuberosus and Taraxacum officinale. The naturalized index and Urbanized index were about 3.24% and 4.53%.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 2007

The vascular plants of the Moaksan provincial park area were listed as 615 taxa: 120 families, 383 genera, 542 species, 1 subspecies, 69 varieties and 3 forms. Based on the list of Korean endemic plants, 6 taxa were recorded: Cephalotaxus koreana, Carex okamotoi, Lilium amabile, Salix purpurea var. japonica, Weigela subsessilis, Aster koraiensis and based on the list of the rare plants by the Forest Research Institute, 5 taxa were recorded in the studied areas: Lilium distichum (Preservation priority order; No. 159), Tricyrtis dilatata (No. 97), Iris ensata var. spontanea (No. 197), Aristolochia contorta (No.151), Viola albida (No. 202). Specific plant species by floral region were a total of 48 taxa; Prunus yedoensis in Class V, 2 taxa, as Carex arenicola, Wistaria floribunda in Class IV, 4 taxa, Spiraea salicifolia, Thea sinensis, Asperula lasiantha, etc. in Class III, 8 taxa, as Lilium distichum, Iris ensata var. spontanea, Acer triflorum, etc. in Class II, 33 taxa, as Camptosorus sibiricus, Orixa japonica, Lonicera praeflorens, etc. in Class I. The naturalized plants in this site were 16 families, 40 genera, 48 species, 2 varieties, 50 taxa and the naturalization rate was 8.1% of all 615 taxa vascular plants. As a conservation measure, there needs to be controls on the imprudent development and excessive visitors and a detailed plan like nature the rest of the year.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.459-470
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• 2006

This study was carried out objectively to analyze the distributing flora for the conservation of natural environment and to construct the database in Mt. Joryeong, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea. The period of survey was from November, 2004 to September, 2005, and the routes were A (Recreation $forest{\sim}Shinseon-bong$), B $(Shinseon-bong{\sim}Mapae-bong)$, C(Joryeong 3rd $gateway{\sim}Mapae-bong$), and D $(Yongseong-gol{\sim}Gitdae-bong)$. The vascular plants were summarized as 341 taxa; 85 families, 219 genera, 299 species, 36 varieties, and 6 forma. The rare and endangered plants designated by Korea Forest Service were 3 taxa; Paeonia japonica, Viola albida, and Rhododendron micranthum. The Korean endemic plants were 9 taxa; Cephalotaxus harringtonia, Salix caprea, Deutzia coreana, Spiraea prunifolia for. simpliciflora, $Lespedeza{\times}tomentella$, Vaccinium koreanum, Salvia chanroenica, Weigela subsessilis, and Cirsium setidens. And in the results of survey on resource plants, we confirmed 171 taxa of ornamental plants (50.1%), 222 taxa of edible plants (65.1%), 237 taxa of medicinal plants (69.5%) and 146 taxa of other useful plants (42.8%).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.91-103
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• 1994

The floristic characteristics and ecological conservation measures for the plant resources of the Tokyusan National Park. Chollapuk-do, Korea were discussed. The field works was done for three times in nine major areas from April to July, 1993. The total number of vascular plants in this area were summarized as 97 families, 297 genera, 469 species and 541 kinds. The nineteen kinds of artificially planted, twelve kinds of Korean endemics and sixteen kinds of Korean rare and endangered species in the area were revised and compiled in the list. The flora of the area were categorized into the Southern part of the Korean Region, where the species such as Quercus serrata. Fraxinus sieboldiana, Ilex macropoda, Lindera erythrocarpa, Lindera glauca, Rubus coreanus, Taxus cuspidata, Cephalotaxus koreana and Abies koreana were roled as major floristic components in the Korean Region and endemized in the southern part of Korea. The natural communities such as Adonis amurensis Community, Taxus cuspidata Community, Betula ermanii Community, Hemerocalis spp. Community, Rhododendron tschnoskii Community, Rhododendron schlippenbachii Community, Disporum ovale Community, Tricyrtis dilatata Community, and present natural distribution of Abies koreana, and swamp vegetation in Tumunsan areas, as well as upland grassland at the summit of Hyangchokpong were represented for their floristic values in the area. The fifteen kinds of medicinal plants such as Gastrodia elata, seven kinds of ornamental plants such as Adonis amurensis, and thirteen kinds of edible plants such as Ligularia fischeri are faced potentially in endangered from the outrageous collections by the local peoples. The Action Plan for the conservation management of the area which enables sustainable use by the local peoples must be established in the near future.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.447-469
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• 2011

The flora of Bongamsa (Temple) area, Mungyeong were listed 552 taxa; 99 families, 303 genera, 468 species, 1 subspecies, 70 varieties and 13 forms. Based on the rare plants (IUCN), total 12 taxa; Crypsinus hastatus (Polypodiaceae), Eranthis stellata (Ranunculaceae), Cnidium tachiroei (Umbelliferae), Monotropa hypopithys (Pyrolaceae), Rhododendron micranthum (Ericaceae), Salvia chanroenica (Labiatae), Gastrodia elata (Orchidaceae), etc. Based on the endemic plants, total 11 taxa; Asarum chungbuensis, Aconitum pseudolaeve, Corydalis maculata, Lonicera subsessilis, Aster koraiensis, Saussurea seoulensis, etc. Based on the specific plants by floral region were total 48 taxa (8.7% of all 552 taxa of vascular plants); 2 taxa in class V, 5 taxa (Cimicifuga heracleifolia, Wistaria floribunda, Elsholtzia angustifolia, etc.) in class IV, 10 taxa (Betula davurica, Spiraea chinensis, Acer barbinerve, Vaccinium koreanum, Syringa reticulata var. mandshurica, etc.) in class III, 7 taxa (Potentilla dickinsii, Viola orientalis, Ostericum melanotilingia, Melica nutans, Veratrum parulum, etc.) in class II, 24 taxa (Camptosorus sibiricus, Cephalotaxus koreana, Betula schmidtii, Ilex macropoda, Tilia amurensis, Triadenum japonica, Lobelia sessilifolia, etc.) in class I. Based on the naturalized plants, total 21 taxa (Silene armeria, Oenothera lamarckiana, Symphytum officinale, Erechtites hieracifolia, etc.) and naturalization rate was 3.8% of all 552 taxa of vascular plants. The flora of importance in the Bongamsa, rare plants were Crypsinus hastatus, Eranthis stellata, Gastrodia elata, Monotropa uniflora, Monotropa hypopithys, Rhododendron micranthum and Cnidium tachiroei, Iris ensata var. spontanea in intermediate marsh and alien species classify into planted species of Bongamsa, area for investigation of afforestation and artificial forests, introduced of naturalized plants.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.310-323
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• 2024

The purpose of this study was to understand the vegetation structure and ecological characteristic of Bulgapsan(Mt.) Provincial Park by setting up and surveying 64 plots(100m²). The analysis using the TWINSPAN and DCA techniques found seven community groups: Pinus densiflora-Quercus variabilis community, P. densiflora-P. rigida-Q. serrata community, Q. variabilis-Carpinus tschonoskii community, Q. aliena-Q. variabilis-Cornus controversa community, Q. aliena-Platycarya strobilacea community, Broad-leaved miced community and Q. variabilis community. The result of vegetation community structure analysis showed that P. densiflora community and deciduous Quercus spp. community were in competition, and succession to Quercus spp. community was expected. In the case of other broad-leaved forests, the current status is expected to be maintained. But continuous monitoring is required in areas where Neolitsea sericea and Cephalotaxus appear, which grow naturally in warm temperate forest and southern temperate vegetation zone. Species diversity by communities are confirmed to be highest at 2.6654 in the actively competitive P. densiflora-P. rigida-Q. serrata community, and the lowest in the Deciduous broad-leaved forests community at 1.2548. The results of the tree rings and annual growth analysis showed that dominant trees had an average age of more than 37~87 years. Among them, N. sericea designated as a natural monument was 48~56 years old.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 1995

One of the oldest fossil of conifers and taxads in the Korean peninsula includes Elatocladus, Ullmannia, Walchia and dates back to the Permian period of the Palaeozoic era. The only conifer which successfully survived since the Cretaceous period is Pinus and still thrives in Korea. The extinction of Miocene conifers, such as Sciadopitys, Taxodiaceae, Metasequoia and Cryptomeria may due to the climatic deteriorations during the late Pleistocene period. However, the cryophilous conifers and taxads, e.g..Pinus, Juniperus, Abies, Picea, Cupressaceae, Larix and Taxus continued to exist from the Miocene to the late Pleistocene and became major vegetational elements in the mountainous areas of Korea. As the temperature ameliorates in the late Holocene period, thermophilous Pinus (Diploxylon) gradually had increased in numbers and became a dominant vegetation in the lowland and montane areas since 2,000 years B.P. in korea. Out of various Korean conifers and taxads, Pinus which surviving since the Cretaceous period of Mesozoic era, ranges spatially from southern coastal area to northern alpine belt of the Korean peninsula. Pinus which contains largest species number in conifers is one of the most well-adapted genus to the Korean environment. The next important conifer Juniperus dates back to the Miocene period of Cenozoic era and continuously maintains speciation and expansion of distributional range. Other major conifers and taxads of Korea include Picea, Abies, Lorix and Taxus. The restriction of distributional range of Cephralotaxus and Tsuga may due to the climatic deterioration during the Pleistocene period of Cenozoic era. The patterns of the temporal and spatial distribution of Korean conifers and taxads may provide invaluable informations for the better understanding of present-day distributional range and ecology.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.445-468
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of vascular plants growing at the Mt. Daedun provincial park area in the boundary between Nonsan-si, Geumsan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do and Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea. We collected the vascular plants 9 times from May 2016 to July 2017. The flora of Mt. Daedun was classified as a total of 434 taxa comprising of 95 families, 278 genera, 388 species, 3 subspecies, 38 varieties and 5 forma. Among them, the endemic plants in Korea that the investigation found were 11 taxa including Broussonetia kazinoki Siebold, Clematis trichotoma Nakai, Thalictrum actaefolium var. brevistylum Nakai, etc. It also found rare plant species, as designated by the Korea Forest Service were 6 taxa including 5 grade LC taxa such as Eranthis stellata Maxim., Viola albida Palib., and Scopolia japonica Maxim. and 1 grade DD taxa, Scrophularia koraiensis Nakai. The special floristic plants were a total of 35 taxa such as 9 taxa in degree III (Eranthis stellata Maxim., Stewartia pseudocamellia Maxim., Acer palmatum Thunb., etc.), 7 taxa in degree II (Equisetum hyemale L., Potentilla dickinsii Franch.&Sav., Viola orientalis (Maxim.) W. Becker, etc.) and 19 taxa in degree I (Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai, Cephalotaxus koreana Nakai, Ulmus parvifolia Jacq., etc.) to provide basic data. No taxa in grade V or IV were found. The naturalized plants were 34 taxa including Rumex acetosella L., Phytolacca americana L. and Chenopodium album L., and the percentage of urbanization index was 10.6% while the naturalized plant index was 7.7%.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.117-127
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• 2008

The vascular plants in the Eco-Arboretum site, Mt. Gumwon appeared to be 369 taxa; 84 families, 217 genera, 319 species, 43 varieties and 7 forms. Based on the list of the rare plants, 2 taxa existed in the studied areas; Abies koreana (Preservation priority order; No. 73), Paeonia obovata (No. 97) and based on the list of Korean endemic plants, 12 families, 14 genera, 11 species, 3 varieties, 1 hybrid, 15 taxa existed; Cephalotaxus koreana, Abies koreana (Planted species), Carex okamotoi, Salix hallaisanensis, Salix purpurea var. japonica, Clematis trichotoma, Thalictrum actaefolium, Lespedeza ${\times}$ tomentella, Vicia nipponica, Stewartia koreana, Hypericum attenuatum var. confertissimum, Paulownia coreana (Planted species), Weigela subsessilis, Aster koraiensis (Planted species). Specific plant species by floral region were total 38 taxa; Paeonia obovata in class V , 13 taxa (Lilium leichtlinii var. tigrinum, Betula costata, Betula davurica, Ulmus davidiana, Spiraea frutschiana, Prunus maackii, Syringa reticulata var. mandshurica, Cynanchum inamoenum, Lonicera subhispida, Cacalia firma, etc.) in class III , 5 taxa (Heloniopsis orientalis, Chrysosplenium pilosum, Acer triflorm, Viola tokubuchiana var. takedana, Teucrium veronicoides, etc.) in Class II . 19 taxa (Dryopteris erythrosora, Arisaema ringens, Veratrum versicolor, Polygonatum inflatum, Salix glandulosa, Betula schmidtii, Alnus hirsuta, Quercus variabilis, Aconitum japuense, Dicentra spectabilis, Chrysosplenium flagelliferum, Impatiens noli-tangere, Ilex macropoda, Tilia amurensis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Trigonotis icumae, etc.)in class I . The naturalized plants in this site were 5 families, 13 genera, 15 taxa (Rumex acetocella, Rumex obtusifolius, Trifolium repens, Oenothera odorata, Erigeron annuus, Erigeron philadelphicus, Bidens frondosa, Taraxacum officinale, etc.) and naturalization rate was 4.1% of all 369 taxa vascular plants.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.617-627
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• 2006

The wild plants of the studied area in the Gosan recreational forest was listed 327 taxa: 99 families, 252 genera, 289 species,1 subspecies, 34 varieties and 3 forms. Based on the list of the rare plants by the Forest Research Institute, 2 taxa were recorded in the studied areas; Lilium distichum (Presevation priority order: No. 159), Aristolochia contorta (No. 151) and based on the list of Korean endemic plants, 4 taxa were recorded; Cephalotaxus koreana, Carex okamotoi, Salix purpurea var. japonica, Weigela subsessilis. Specific plant species by floral region were total 21 taxa; 2 taxa (Asperula lasiantha, Lonicera subhispida) in class III, 4 taxa (Lilium distichum, Potentilla dickinsii, Caryopteris incana, Ligularia fischeri) in class II, 15 taxa (Hosta capitata, Alnus hirsuta, Ribes mandshuricum, Cayratia japonica, Vaccinium oldhami, etc.) in class I. The naturalized plants in this site were 12 families, 28 genera, 31 species, 1 varieties, 32 taxa and naturalization rate was 9.8%. So, wild plants disturbing ecosystem like Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior have been increasing and it needs continuing control and conservation measures on the plant ecosystem.