• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
• /
• v.1 no.2
• /
• pp.91-101
• /
• 1996

In recent years, phytoremediation, the use of plants to detoxify hydrocarbons, has been a promising new area of research, particularly in situ cleanup of large volumes of slightly contaminated soils. There is increasing need for a mathematical model that can be used as a predictive tool prior to actual field implementation of such a relatively new technique. Although a number of models exist for solute-plant interaction in the vegetated zone of soil, most of them have focused on ionic nutrients and some metals. In this study, we developed a mathematical model for simulation of bioremediation of hydrocarbons in soil, associated with plant root systems. The proposed model includes root interactions with soil-water and hydrocarbons in time and space, as well as advective and dispersive transport in unsaturated soil. The developed model considers gas phase diffusion and liquid-gas mass exchanges. For simulation of temporal and spatial changes in root behavior on soil-water and with hydrocarbons, time-specific distribution of root quantity through soil was incorporated into the simulation model. Hydrocarbon absorption and subsequent uptake into roots with water were simulated with empirical equations. In addition, microbial activity in the rhizosphere, a zone of unique interaction between roots and soil microorganisms, was modeled using a biofilm theory. This mathematical model for understanding and predicting fate and transport of compound in plant-aided remediation will assist effective application of plant-aided remediation to field contamination.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.23 no.10
• /
• pp.1299-1307
• /
• 2010

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary antioxidant and energy density on performance and antioxidative status in transition cows. Forty cows were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments in a $2{\times}2$ factorial design. High or low energy density diets (1.43 or 1.28 Mcal $NE_L$/kg DM, respectively) were formulated with or without antioxidant (AOX, a dry granular blend of ethoxyquin and tertiary-butylhydroquinone; 0 or 5 g/cow per d). These diets were fed to cows for 21 days pre-partum. During the post-partum period, all cows were fed the same lactation diets, and AOX treatment followed as for the pre-partum period. Feeding a high energy diet depressed the DMI, milk yield, and 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM) of cows. However, AOX inclusion in the diet improved the milk and 4% FCM yields. There was an interaction of energy density by AOX on milk protein, milk fat and total solids contents. Feeding a high energy diet pre-partum increased plasma glucose and ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate, whereas dietary AOX decreased plasma ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate value during the transition period. There were also interactions between time and treatment for plasma glutathione peroxidase activity and malondialdehyde content during the study. Cows fed high energy diets pre-partum had higher plasma glutathione peroxidase activity 3 days prior to parturition, compared with those on low energy diets. Inclusion of AOX in diets decreased plasma glutathione peroxidase activity in cows 3 and 10 days pre-partum. Addition of AOX significantly decreased malondialdehyde values at calving. Energy density induced marginal changes in fatty acid composition in the erythrocyte membrane 3 days post-partum, while AOX only significantly increased cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid composition. The increase in fluidity of the erythrocyte membrane was only observed in the high energy treatment. It is suggested that a diet containing high energy density pre-partum may negatively affect the anti-oxidative status, DMI and subsequent performance. Addition of AOX may improve the anti-oxidative status and reduce plasma ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate, eventually resulting in improved lactation performance; the response to AOX addition was more pronounced on the high energy diet.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.15 no.7
• /
• pp.3239-3245
• /
• 2014

Background: College students are recommended as the target groups for catch-up human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. Systematical exploration of awareness, acceptability, and decision-making factors of HPV vaccination among Chinese college students has been limited. Materials and Methods: A multi-center survey was conducted in mainland China between November 2011 and May 2012. College students aged 18-22 years were stratified by their grade, gender, and major for sampling. Socio-demographic and HPV-related information such as knowledge, perceptions, acceptability, and attitudes were collected through a questionnaire. Results: A total of 3,497 undergraduates completed the questionnaire, among which 1,686 were males. The acceptability of the HPV vaccine was high (70.8%). Undergraduates from high-level universities, at lower grade, or with greater prior knowledge of HPV vaccines showed higher acceptability of HPV vaccination ($p_{trend}$ <0.001). Additionally, undergraduates with vaccination experience outside the National Expanded Program on Immunization (OR=1.29; 95%CI: 1.10-1.51) or fear of HPV-related diseases (OR=2.79; 95%CI: 2.28-3.41) were more willing to accept HPV vaccination. General knowledge of HPV vaccine was low among undergraduates, and safety was a major concern (71.05%). The majority of students wished to pay less than 300RMB for HPV vaccine and chose the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention as the most appropriate venue for vaccination. Conclusions: Although most undergraduates demonstrate positive attitudes towards HPV vaccination, challenges pertaining to introduction exist in China. Corresponding proactive education and governmental subsidy to do so are urgently needed by this age-group population. Suggestions and potential strategies indicated may help shape the future HPV vaccination program in China.

• Progress in Medical Physics
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.59-65
• /
• 2018

This paper describes the clinical use of the dose verification of multileaf collimator (MLC)-based CyberKnife plans by combining the Octavius 1000SRS detector and water-equivalent RW3 slab phantom. The slab phantom consists of 14 plates, each with a thickness of 10 mm. One plate was modified to support tracking by inserting 14 custom-made fiducials on surface holes positioned at the outer region of $10{\times}10cm^2$. The fiducial-inserted plate was placed on the 1000SRS detector and three plates were additionally stacked up to build the reference depth. Below the detector, 10 plates were placed to avoid longer delivery times caused by proximity detection program alerts. The cross-calibration factor prior to phantom delivery was obtained by performing with 200 monitor units (MU) on the field size of $95{\times}92.5mm^2$. After irradiation, the measured dose distribution of the coronal plane was compared with the dose distribution calculated by the MultiPlan treatment planning system. The results were assessed by comparing the absolute dose at the center point of 1000SRS and the 3-D Gamma (${\gamma}$) index using 220 patient-specific quality assurance (QA). The discrepancy between measured and calculated doses at the center point of 1000SRS detector ranged from -3.9% to 8.2%. In the dosimetric comparison using 3-D ${\gamma}$-function (3%/3 mm criteria), the mean passing rates with ${\gamma}$-parameter ${\leq}1$ were $97.4%{\pm}2.4%$. The combination of the 1000SRS detector and RW3 slab phantom can be utilized for dosimetry validation of patient-specific QA in the CyberKnife MLC system, which made it possible to measure absolute dose distributions regardless of tracking mode.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.61-71
• /
• 1999

This quasi-experimental study was intended to test the effect of self-help group program, which is one of the way to enhance adaptation and quality of life to mastectomy patients. Data was collected from July 14, 1998 to Oct. 31, 1998 at two Medical Center in Seoul. The subjects for this study were the patients who had undergone mastectomy and were follow-up ; 14 in experimental group and 14 in control group matched with age and treatment. The instruments for this study were adaptation in Lee(1994)'s physical symptom questionnaire, Zung's Self-rating Depression Scale(SDS, 1965), and Self-rating Anxiety Scale(SAS, 1970), quality of life in Spranger(1996)'s and No(1988)'s Quality of Life Questionnaire. The self-help group program for mastectomy patients was developed based on literature review and pilot study by the investigator. The subjects of experimental group were participated in 6 weeks self-help group program and were received arm and shoulder exercise, informational support, and interpersonal support by group members. The control group were received no intervention, Both group answered questionnaires prior to intervention and 6 weeks later. The data analyzed by frequency, $X^2$-test, Mann-Whitney U test. Wilcoxon Signed Rank test, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient and Stepwise Multiple Regression using SPSS WIN. The results are as follows ; Hypothesis 1. "The experimental group with the self-help group program will have a higher score on adaptation state than control group." was not supported. But the post test score of anxiety and depression in experimental group were declined and the depression score was reduced relatively. Hypothesis 2. "The experimental group with the self-help group program will have a higher score on quality of life than control group." was not supported. But the posttest score of quality of life in experimental group was reduced relatively. Hypothesis 3. "The higher adaptation state of mastectomy patients, the higher quality, of life." was supported(r=,80, p<.001). Additionally, the lower physical symptom, depression and anxiety, the higher quality of life And depression, which was the main predictor of quality of life, accounted for 59.5%, depression and anxiety accounted for 65.5% of the variance in quality of life. In conclusion, when the self-help group program was intervened to mastectomy patients, it was tended to increase quality of life and to reduce depression and anxiety. So self-help group program can be considered useful nursing inter vention effect on adaptation and quality of life of mastectomy patients. With discussion, I suggest repeated further re search on self-help group with appropriate sample size and longitudinal study. Also during adjuvant therapy, it is needed to develop convenient method to be supported from peer group and family, such as computer mediated support group.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.45 no.3
• /
• pp.350-355
• /
• 2013

The quality of fermented dropwort extract (FDE) and fermented dropwort vinegar (FDV) was assessed for free sugar, organic acid and free and total amino acid content. Major organic acids were lactic acid in FDE and acetic acid in FDV. Free sugars in FDE were fructose and glucose, and those in FDV were fructose, sucrose, and maltose. Aspartic acid was the major free amino acid in both FDE and FDV. Additionally, the main free amino acids in FDE were alanine and ${\gamma}$-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA), while those in FDV were arginine and valine. Moreover, to investigate the protective effects of FDE and FDV against oxidative stress induced by t-BHP and $H_2O_2$, C6 cells were treated with FDE or FDV prior to inducing the oxidative damage. FDE and FDV inhibited cell death significantly in a dose-dependent manner. These data imply that FDE and FDV may be effective in neuronal cell protection against oxidative damage.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.29-34
• /
• 2007

Pain is subjective and greatly influenced by prior experiences, but it is real. Pain associated with an organic(objective) pathology is more easily explained and treated. However, atypical or unexplainable pain is usually a source of greater confusion and frustration. Pain may be divided into four general diagnostic categories. 1) pain with anatomic features and objective findings 2) pain with anatomic features and without objective findings 3) pain with non-anatomic features associated with stress and somatization 4) pain with non-anatomic features associated with perceived physical injury. There is a well-established relationship between emotional, physical and/or sexual abuse history and development of chronic pain. It has been suggested that the link between somatization and abuse involves a paradoxical pattern of hiding feelings and reality, while seeking acknowledgment of suffering. History of abuse may physiologically and developmentally increase a person's susceptability to pain and organic changes can be associated with psychogenic disease. Patients with chronic pain should be treated with multidisciplinary approaches including exercise, meditation, cognitive therapy, medications, and biofeedback. Cognitive therapy alters patient's cognition and management of pain and alleviates pain, especially associated with stress. Antidepressants are the most commonly used medications and pain control effects have no relation with mood changes. Biofeedback with relaxation training, exercise and meditation may also be effective in pain control.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.323-337
• /
• 2006

This thesis aims to study Change of the Land Use in Yanji city since the reformation and opening of China in the Connection with Urbanization Process. This study is based on Landsat image and maps and data related to topography, urban planning basic, the cadastral map were employed. Softwares such as Arcview3.3, ArcGis8.0 were used. The result of the research is as follows. It clearly appears that there have decreased in the ratio of agricultural areas since the increase in other urban usage of land. There has greatly increased in residential, commercial and industrial areas. Such as the capitalist and market economic city the highest point of city land price emerged in downtown of the old city center. In addition spatial pattern of land price is unusually quite different from the western city in its pattern of land price surface declining tendency between the highest land price and the lowest land price. The land price surface shows irregular patterns with increase of distance from downtown due to various urban developments. According to the land price distribution map, it is possible to guess spatial development of the city that the north-eastern part of Yanji was developed prior to south-western area. The center of the city, or downtown expanded to eastward, and the city expanded to south-westward out skirt. Along the main road, Xin-xing areas developed toward east and west ward.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.1-17
• /
• 1997

Geographic Information Systems(GIS) are very useful for spatial analysis and policy in local government administration. Recognizing the value of GIS, Chungnam province authorities put a spur on the introduction and development of it. But they have some difficulty in this process because of technical restraint, expertise shortage and budget limit. This study has surveyed current achievement and conditions for GIS development and presented general framework and subordinate tasks to build up GIS. First of all, there are a few prior conditions to guarantee the success of GIS: First, we should set up reasonable long-term plan and follow systematic procedures according to the plan. Second, it is essential to clarify what initiatively manage to whole business and so we should make up GIS-Board as an institutional center for this job. Third, we must research how to take advantage of already existing NGIS(National Geographic Information System), so that we may eliminate redundancy of investment. We can save a lot of finance and human resources through it. Fourth, we must focus on the importance of accurate mapping by utilizing new technology like GPS(Global Positioning System). Fifth, we should arrange efficient training program to constantly produce excellent human resources for GIS.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.127-134
• /
• 2012

This study analyzed the present status of services by fire-suppression mobilization time of fire station where is located in Jinju city, by using network analysis of GIS targeting fire station(five 119 safety centers, one 119 division) in Jinju city area. As a result, it was indicated to be 15.9% in the ratio with less than 5 minutes of mobilization time, 34.7% in the ratio with less than 8 minutes, 94% in the ratio with less than 20 minutes out of the whole fire service area in Jinju city. Even districts with more than 20 minutes were analyzed to reach 6%. Especially, to solve vulnerability to approach the fire service in uptown districts(Jinseong, Jisu, Sabong, Ilbanseong, the whole area of Ibanseong), the 119 division is installed more to be operated. However, accessibility is still remaining in low level. Also, in case of 119 safety center of Cheonjeon, the national industrial complex and the general industrial complex are being formed on a large scale. However, analyzing the fire service level in the corresponding area, the districts with more than 8 minutes and less than 20 minutes were existing broadly. In consequence of analyzing the fire service area in Jinju city with the fire-suppression mobilization time as the above, the fire service level is failing to escape largely from the status prior to the urban-rural consolidation compared to what the jurisdictional area was largely expanded by which the administrative districts were integrated by the urban-rural consolidation in locally small-and medium-sized city. Thus, there is a need of a measure for improving this.