• 의학교육논단
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.173-188
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• 2020

Medical humanities education (MHE) is as essential as basic medical sciences and clinical medicine education. Despite the importance of MHE, MHE curriculum development (CD) has proven to be challenging. This critical review examines the MHE CD at one medical school. The critical review methodology was developed based on Kern's six step CD model to systematically examine the CD of "Doctoring and Medical Humanities (DMH)" at the Yonsei University College of Medicine. Five review questions were developed related to (1) necessity, (2) direction and purpose, (3) design, (4) operation, and (5) evaluation of CD based on Kern's model. The review showed that the process of DMH CD mapped to components of Kern's model. The DMH curriculum content selected was closely related to medical practice and aimed to combine the acquisition of understanding and skills by designing a student-participatory curriculum based on clinical cases. Assessment methods that emphasized students' reflections were actively introduced in the evaluation section. Since the regular committee for DMH continued the work of the special ad hoc committees for DMH CD, the CD was effectively completed. However, the planning and evaluation functions and responsibilities of the DMH committee need to be strengthened. Despite the apparent limitations, the fact that students showed a high satisfaction rate and preferred small group discussions based on clinical cases has significant implications in the instructional design of MHE, where changes in self-awareness and attitude are more important than the acquisition of information. It is necessary to systematically review and study students' reflection results produced by the changed assessment methods and to develop assessment indicators for MHE that reflect the achievements of the MHE competencies of students.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.1-18
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was carried out to understand the immune responses of the Changchuldointanggami-bang(after referred to CDIT) on antioxidants, THP-1 cell and rheumatoid arthritis in Collagen-induced Arthritis(CIA) mice. Methods : The antioxidative effect of CDIT on DPPH free radical and SOD-like activity was measured. CDIT was administered to THP-1 cell, cytokine and mRNA associated with inflammation were measured. CDIT was orally administered to mice with arthritis by collagen II and then cytokine, PBMC in the serum were measured. Results : 1. The scavenging activity of CDIT on DPPH free radical was dose-dependent. 2. The effect of CDIT on SOD-like activity was dose-dependent. 3. The production of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$ was decreased significantly in THP-1 cell. 4. The expression of $IL-1{\beta}$ mRNA, IL-6 mRNA, $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA were decreased significantly in THP-1 cell. 5. $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$ were decreased significantly in the serum of CIA mice. 6. CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ were increased significantly, but CD3+/CD69+, CD3+/CD49b+, B220+/CD23+ were decreased significantly in PBMC of CIA mice. Conclusions : Taking all these observations into account, CDIT is considered to be effective in rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore we have to survey continuously in looking for the effective substance and mechanism in the future.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.57-62
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• 2001

The study was conducted to measure the heavy metal pollution of soils at the playground for children and to investigate the characteristics of heavy metals distribution I city. The studied area was divided into two: the residential area and the industrial area. The samples of the sands and soils were collected from both areas. The results were obtained as follows. All average concentration of 6 different heavy metals was found to be lower than the standard of soil pollution. Zn, Pb and cu concentrations were higher than other species of heavy metals. The contents of heavy metals in the soil were higher than the sands. The average contents of Zn, Pb, Cu, As, Hg and Cd in soil were 38.36, 9.53, 7.31, 0.03, 0.18 and 0.09 mg/kg respectively. Comparing with the residential area, heavy metal concentrations of the industrial area were 4.60, 1.49, 2.60 and 4.29 times for Zn, Pb, Hg and Cd in soils, respectively.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.1125-1128
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• 2011

Let R be a commutative Noetherian ring, a an ideal of R, and M a minimax R-module. We prove that the local cohomology modules $H^j_a(M)$ are a-cominimax; that is, $Ext^i_R$(R/a, $H^j_a(M)$) is minimax for all i and j in the following cases: (a) dim R/a = 1; (b) cd(a) = 1, where cd is the cohomological dimension of a in R; (c) dim $R{\leq}2$. In these cases we also prove that the Bass numbers and the Betti numbers of $H^j_a(M)$ are finite.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.851-859
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• 1997

This study was perfomed to investigate the contamination level of harmful heavy metals and the level of trace elements in 15 kinds of fish collected at the western coast in Korea from July to December in 1996. The levels of total lead, cadmium, mercury, iron, copper and zinc were determined and the results were summarized as follows: The minimum and maximum values(ppm) of fish, mean value bracketed, were ; Pb : 0.02~4.80(2.26), Cd: 0.001~0.54(0.04), Hg: 0.007~1.08(0.52), Fe: 7.76~66.39(25.70), Cu; 0.37~121.6(1.90), Zn:12.01~112.10(54.78). The results show that mean contents of Pb, Cd and Hg in 15 species fish were not yet dangerous levels enough to cause a health problem. But the contents of Pb and Hg tend to increase.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.657-666
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 caprylic acid와 cyclodextrin과의 complex(CA-CD complex)의 첨가수준이 in vitro 반추위 발효 성상과 메탄 생성에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. CA-CD complex 무첨가구를 대조구로 설정 하였으며, 처리구로는 CA 20mg 단독 첨가구(T1), CD 830mg 단독 첨가구(T2), CA-CD complex 425mg 첨가구(T3, CA 함량 10mg), CA-CD complex 850mg 첨가구(T4, CA 함량 20mg), CA-CD complex 1700 mg 첨가구(T5, CA 함량 40mg)이며, 3반복으로 4, 8, 12시간의 배양 실험을 수행하였다. 모든 시험구에서 배양 12시간까지 pH가 지속적으로 감소하였다. 특히, 배양 8시간 후부터 T2, T3, T4, T5 처리구에서 대조구보다 유의적으로 감소하였다(P<0.05). Total VFA 농도는 대조구에 비해 T2, T3, T4, T5구들이 8시간과 12시간에서 유의적(P<0.05)으로 감소하였다. Propionate 농도는 배양 8시간에서만 다른 처리구보다 T4, T5 처리구가 유의적(P<0.05)으로 높게 나타났다. Acetate:Propionate(A/P) 비율은 모든 배양시간에서 처리구간 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 암모니아 농도는 대조구에 비해 T2, T3, T4, T5 처리구에서 배양 4시간부터 대조구보다 암모니아 농도가 유의적(P<0.05)으로 감소하였다. Total gas는 T1구에서 대조구보다 유의적(P< 0.05)인 감소가 있었으나, T2, T3, T4, T5 처리구에서는 대조구에 비하여 12시간에서 유의적(P<0.05)으로 증가하였다. Total gas 발생량에 대한 메탄 비율(%)은 12시간 배양시간에서 대조구는 3.4%이었지만, 메탄 발생량이 가장 적었던 T1구는 2.8%, 메탄 발생량이 가장 많았던 T2구는 5.1%, 그리고 T3, T4, T5구는 평균 2.7%로 T1구와 통계적 차이가 없었다. 따라서 CA-CD complex를 이용하면, 반추위내 발효에 부정적 영향 없이 메탄을 감소시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.96-102
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• 2003

Background: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene-transduced tumor cell vaccines induce very potent systemic anti-tumor immunity in preclinical and clinical models. Our previous phase I clinical trial in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has demonstrated both immune cell infiltration at vaccine sites and T cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to whole tumor cell vaccines. Methods: To investigate the immune responses to autologous genetically- modified tumor cell vaccines, tumor-specific $CD8^+$ T cell lines were generated from peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of a RCC patient 1.24 by repeated in vitro stimulation with either B7.1-transduced autologous RCC tumor cells or B7.1-transduced autologous tumor cells treated with interferon gamma ($IFN{\gamma}$), and cloned by limiting dilution. Results: Among several RCC-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), a $CD4^+/CD8^+$ double positive T cell clone (17/A2) appeared to recognize $IFN{\gamma}$-treated autologous RCC restricted by HLA-B39. The 17/A2 also recognized other HLA-B39 positive RCC tumor cells after $IFN{\gamma}$ treatment. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that autologous RCC vaccination successfully generates the tumor-specific CTL 17/A2, and suggest that the presentation and recognition of the tumor antigen by the 17/A2 might be upregulated by $IFN{\gamma}$.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권22호
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• pp.9667-9672
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• 2014

Background: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a malignant gastrointestinal cancer with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite severe side effects of chemotherapy, the use of immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy has emerged as a common clinical treatment. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of the combined doxorubicin and interferon-${\alpha}$ (IFN-${\alpha}$) therapy on murine pancreatic cancer Panc02 cells in vitro and in vivo and underlying mechanisms. Materials and Methods: A Panc02-bearing mouse model was established to determine whether doxorubicin and interferon-${\alpha}$ (IFN-${\alpha}$) could effectively inhibit tumor growth in vivo. Cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) was evaluated using a standard LDH release assay. To evaluate the relevance of NK cells and CD8 T cells to the combination therapy-mediated anti-tumor effects, they were depleted in tumor-bearing mice by injecting anti-asialo-GM-1 antibodies or anti-CD8 antibodies, respectively. Finally, the influence of doxorubicin+interferon-${\alpha}$ (IFN-${\alpha}$) on the ligands of NK and T cells was assessed by flow cytometry. Results: The combination therapy group demonstrated a significant inhibition of growth of Panc02 in vivo, resulting from activated cytotoxicity of NK cells and CTLs. Depleting CD8 T cells or NK cells reduced the anticancer effects mediated by immunochemotherapy. Furthermore, the doxorubicin+IFN-a treatment increased the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) and NKG2D ligands on Panc02 cells, suggesting that the combined therapy may be a potential strategy for enhancing immunogenicity of tumors. All these data indicate that the combination therapy using doxorubicin and interferon-${\alpha}$ (IFN-${\alpha}$) may be a potential strategy for treating pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2002년도 하계학술대회 논문집 C
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• pp.1575-1577
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• 2002

In this study, multi layer type OLED(Organic Light Emitting Diode) has been fabricated using $Snq_2$, $Snq_4$, and $Alq_3$ for development of high efficiency, electrical and optical properties of multi layer type OLED investigated. The HTL(Hole Transfer Layer) and EML(Emitting Material Layer) were fabricated by using vacuum evaporation on ITO electrode, and its thickness controlled using thickness monitor. Al was used as a cathode. The electrical and optical properties such as J-V, brightness-V and EL spectrum of OLED device was measured using I.V.L.T system. The result, brightness of $Alq_3$, $Snq_2$ and $Snq_4$ were $3900cd/m^2$, $63cd/m^2$ and $23cd/m^2$ respectively.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.202-209
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• 1974

물 아닌 용매 아세토니트릴에서 구리와 카드뮴의 2,2´-비피리딘(bipy.)과 에틸렌디아민(en.) 착물의 성질의 직류와 교류폴라로그래프로 조사한 결과 각 착물의 전극과정은 아래와 같이 생각된다. $Cu(II)-bipy. \;complex\;{\longrightarrow^{e^-}_{E_{1/2}\risingdotseq+0.1V}}\;Cu(I)-bipy.\;complex\;{\longrightarrow^{e^-}_{E_{1/2}=-0.43V}}\;Cu(Hg)$$Cu(II)-en.\;complex\;{\longrightarrow^{e^-}}\;Cu(I)-en.\;complex\;{times}\;{\longrightarrow^{e^-}_{E_{1/2}=-0.56V}}\;Cu(Hg)$$Cu(II)-bipy. \;complex\;{\longrightarrow^{e^-}_{E_{1/2}=-0.57V}}\;Cu(I)-bipy.\;complex\;{\longrightarrow^{2e^-}_{E_{1/2}=-0.97V}}\;Cd(I)-bipy\;complex$$Cu(II)-en.\;complex\;{\longrightarrow^{e^-}_{E_{1/2}=+0.05V}\;Cu(I)-en.\;complex{\longrightarrow^{e^-}_{E_{1/2}=-0.92V}}\;Cu(Hg)$이상의 모든 파는 학산에만 의존한다. 또 Cu(Ⅰ)-bipy. 착물의 리간드의 수는 2이며, 착물해리상수 $K_d=(1.5{\pm}0.1){\times}10^{-7}$이었다.