• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.318-324
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• 2017

Lime bordeaux mixture (LBM) and lime sulfur mixture (LSM) are representative environmental friendly organic materials for prevention of insect pests in South Korea. Recently, those have been widely used as an alternative for chemical pesticides in eco-friendly farms. However, South Korea has not established even recommendation of LBM and LSM considering the stability of heavy metals in soil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accumulation of hazardous heavy metals in soil and plant with long-term application of LBM and LSM. Firstly, we investigated the amount of LBM and LSM used per year in several eco-friendly farms to determine a standard application rate of both materials. The pepper plant was grown on the pot in greenhouse for 14 weeks. Both materials were applied at 0, 1, 3, and 9 times of standard application rates (2.56 and $1.28L\;ha^{-1}$ of LBM and LSM per year, respectively). Dry matter yield of pepper and heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) concentration in soil and pepper plant were measured after 14 weeks. Yield of pepper plant did not significantly chang with up to application rate of 1 times, thereafter it markedly decreased with more than 3 times. With increasing LBM and LSM application, the concentration of Cu and Zn in soil significantly increased. Especially, Zn concentration in pepper significantly increased with increasing application rates of both materials. This might resulted in significant decrease in dry matter yield of pepper. The concentrations of those heavy metals in soil did not exceed safety levels ($150mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Cu and $300mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Zn) established by the Korean Soil Environmental Conservation Act as well as concentration of heavy metals in pepper plant by Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. However, particular attention should be paid for heavy metal safety and crop productivity when using LBM and LSM in the organic farm.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.175-183
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• 2022

In this study, 46 reservoirs in South Korea were characterized based on heavy metal concentration in sediments. We analyzed the relationship between heavy metal concentrations, physicochemical water quality and hydromorphological factors in each reservoir. Study reservoirs were classified into five groups of reservoirs, by hierarchical cluster analysis based on the similarities of heavy metal concentration. Group 1 had the most severe sediment heavy metal contamination among the groups, whereas Groups 2 and 3 showed low levels of heavy metal contamination. Group 4 displayed high value of Ni, and Group 5 showed high contamination of Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Hg. Groups 1 and 5, which had high concentration of heavy metals in sediments, showed a high density of mines in the catchment of reservoirs. Heavy metal concentration was high in reservoirs with large capacity or the ones located at higher elevation, and also highly related with number of mines in the catchment of reservoir. This study can contribute to the systematic management of sediment heavy metals in reservoirs.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제22권E2호
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• pp.57-68
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• 2006

Four intensive seasonal sampling campaigns between October 1998 and October 1999 were undertaken at an urban site of Chongju, in which polyurethane foam (PUF) sampler was used to collect particulate- and vapor-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The contribution to total (particulate+vapor) PAH concentration by the vapor phase component exceeded the particulate phase contribution by factor of ${\sim}2.6$. Summed concentrations of phenanthrene (30.9%), pyrene (16.6%), naphthalene (11.3%) and fluoranthene (11.0%) account for significant amounts of the vapor-phase, while chrysene (12.5%), benzo[b]fluoranthene (11.6%), indeno[123-cd]pyrene (9.9%), benzo[ghi]perylene (9.5%), benzo[k]fluoranthene (9.4%), pyrene (8.9%), and benzo[a]pyrene (8.3%) are found to be the most common PAH compounds in the particulate phase. The results from application of principal component analysis to particulate-phase PAH data demonstrate that a combination of PAH and $PM_{2.5}$ inorganic data is a more powerful tracer of emission sources than PAH species data alone. Particulate-phase PAH species were found to be associated predominantly with emissions from diesel engine vehicles and incineration.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.300-306
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• 2000

The rate of apparent nitric oxide (NO) release, as measured in the exhaust gas of green alga, Scenedesmus obliquus, depended on the light intensity and pH. It doubled after lowering the temperature from $25^{\circ}C{\;}to{\;}15^{\circ}C$ and strongly decreased from $35^{\circ}C{\;}to{\;}42^{\circ}C$. The Scenedesmus cells, deficient in nitrogen or phosphorus, demonstrated a significant increase in NO production following their transfer to nitrate- and phosphate-rich media. The addition of herbicides (DCMU and glyphosate) or toxic concentrations of $Cu^{2+}{\;}or{\;}Fe^{3+}$ produced strong NO peaks, resembling those that occurred after sudden darkening. An increase in the $Ni^{2+}$ concentration to 20 ppm resulted in a gradual increase of NO release from the initial ~1.5 ppbv to>20 ppbv, whereas $Cd^{2+}$ instantaneously suppressed the NO by the cultures of Scenedesmus was not altered by L-NNA, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), or by its substrate, L-arginine. This seems to exclude the role of NOS in the NO formation under study. Accordingly, it can be assumed that the rate of NO formation is mainly a function of dynamic nitrite pool sizes and environmental factors significantly affect the NO production in algae.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.229-234
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• 2004

All the applications of natural zeolites make use of one or more of their physical and chemical properties: adsorption, ion-exchange and related molecular sieve properties, dehydration and rehydration, and siliceous composition. Accordingly, the applications of zeolite have been carried out in the various aspects because of its large cation exchange capacity and adsorption properties. In this paper, the adsorption effect of heavy metal ions in wastewater on zeolite mineral by batch adsorption process is studied. The amounts of adsorbed ions were variable by original pH and ionic concentration, especially original pH of solution had an important effect on the adsorption. In case of low pH solution, e.g. below 3.0, clinoptilolite adsorbed $Pb^{2+}$ ,$ Cd ^{2+ }$ , $Cu^{2+}$ and $Zn^{ 2+}$ , but mordenite almost did not adsorb except $Pb^{2+}$ . Under the same conditions, these ions were more adsorbed on clinoptilolite than on mordenite mineral. The velocity of adsorption was relatively fast and it was confirmed by shaking test that the equilibrium of adsorption could be attained in about one hour. The species of exchangeable cation of zeolite had an effect on its removing ability and zeolite of the sodium-exchanged type was the best.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.163-169
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• 1998

Fluoride (F), over a narrow concentration range, increases bone formation. Aluminum (Ai) too is biphasic in its action on bone, being mitogenic at very low levels and inhibitory at higher levels. Both F and Al are present in finished drinking water where the chemical interaction of these two agents is well characterized. F and AI, given individually, accumulate preferentially in bone. In addition. in vivo studies have shown that F causes the co-accumulation of Al in bone. Thus, it was necessary to determine the interactive effect of these two agents on bone mitogenesis. Calvaria were obtained from neonatal CD-1 mice and cultured with various concentrations of F (0.05~19 ppm) as NaF, Al (2 ppb~2 ppm) as $AlCl_3$ , or F and Al for 3 days at $37^{\circ}C$ on a rotating roller drum. Alkaline phosphatase activity in calvaria and $\beta$-glucuronidase activity in culture medium were determined as a measures of bone turnover. Alkaline phosphatase activity in calvaria was significantly increased by F (0.05~2 ppm) treatment and $\beta$-glucuronidase activity was slightly increased in the culture medium of calvaria treated with 0.3 ppm Al. The combination of 19 ppm F and 0.3 ppm Al increased alkaline phosphatase activity in calvaria, but did not affect $\beta$-glucuronidase activity, suggesting the interactive effect of fluoride and aluminum on bone turnover.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.217-227
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• 2015

Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to identify bioactive compounds in Dangnyo-hwan, a Korean herbal medicine, through instrumental analysis using LC-MS/MS and ICP, and investigate its potential use in diabetes treatment. Methods: The extract of Dangnyo-hwan has 12 medicinal herbs; these were compared with 18 marker substances selected from literature survey. Results: LC-MS/MS analysis could detect 9 of the 18 bioactive compounds: citruline, catalpol, berberine, ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rg1, oleanolic acid, β-sitosterol, mangiferin, and schizandrin. While harmful heavy metals such as As, Pb, Cd, Hg, Ni, and Cu were not present in high concentrations, Zn concentration was 4.2 mg in 100 g Dangnyo-hwan. Conclusions: Instrumental analysis such as LC-MS/MS and ICP was successfully used to identify bioactive compounds in Dangnyo-hwan. Detection of 9 bioactive substances and Zn from the herb medicine is a valuable finding, and suggests that Dangnyo-hwan is a candidate medicine for diabetes. Further investigations like in vitro assay, percent GPR 119 activity, and percent human DGAT-1 inhibition are underway.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.231-237
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• 2007

Exposure to DNA-damaging agents can elicit a variety of stress-related responses that may alter the expression of genes associated with numerous biological pathways. We used 19 k whole human genome chip to detect gene expression profiles and potential signature genes in human normal hepatocytes (THLE-3) by treatment of five direct acting mutagens, furylfuramide (AF-2), N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU), methylmethanesulfonate (MMS), 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4-NQO) and 2-nitrofluorene (2NF) of the $IC_{20}$ concentration for 3 h. Fifty one up-regulated common genes and 45 down-regulated common genes above 1.5-fold by five direct-acting mutagens were identified by clustering analysis. Many of these changed genes have some association with apoptosis, control of cell cycle, regulation of transcription and signal transduction. Genes related to these functions, as TP73L, E2F5, MST016, SOX5, MAFB, LIF, SII3, TFIIS, EMR1, CYTL1, CX3CR1 and RHOH are up-regulated. Down-regulated genes are ALOX15B, xs155, IFITM1, BATF, VAV2, CD79A, DCDC2, TNFSF8 and KOX8. We suggest that gene expression profiling on mutagens by toxicogenomic analysis affords promising opportunities to reveal potential new mechanistic markers of genotoxicity.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.102-113
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• 1991

This study aimed to find out the effect of freeze-drying leek against cadmium poisoning on the cholesterol and enzyme activities in serum and superoxide radical, SOD and catalase in liver and kidney of the male rats during the administrered period. In this experiment, male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain were used. The rats were divided into 3 groups which were fed differently either for 5 weeks or for 10 weeks:basal diet, basal diet and cadmium in water and 3 % leek added diet and cadmium in water. Cadmium was administered ad libiturn 100 ppm CdCl$_{2}$ in water. The followings are the results of this experiment. 1. Leek reduced the cholesterol and the activities of GPT increase resulted from cadmium treatment. 2. Leek reduced the rate of cadmium in liver and kidney. 3. Leek reduced the activities of SOR and catalase in liver and kidney, while it enhanced the activities of SOD. 4. Leek reduced the necrosis and swelling in liver and kidney casused by cadmium treatment. This experiment showed that leek-addition group had protective effect against cadmium poisoning and increased ALPase activities in serum. Leek alleviated GPT activities in serum and cadmium concentration, necrosis, and swelling in liver and kidney. Therefore, this experiment concluded that leek has defensive power against cadmium poisoning.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.213-220
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• 1993

The problem of disposing of huge quantities of used tires is of growing concern to every country. As an economical solid waste management, a gasification followed by incineration process was applied to scrap tires to recover heat and to reduce waste volume for final landfill disposal. The gasification temperature, combustible and non-combustible gasified products and possibly produced air pollutants were predicted by changing equivalent mole ratios of carbon to oxygen by a chemical equilibrium model. For a risk assessment of ash toxic pollutants including heavy metals and toxic organics were thoroughly analyzed. Gasification bottom ash contained much more toxic organic compounds than fly ash, whereas fly ash contained higher concentration of heavy metals such as Pb and Cd. Pretreatment or secure landfill technology is suggested for a safe management of ash produced from the gasification incinerators.