• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.337-348
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• 2015

This research introduces the Financial Effect Measurement (FEM) models which measures both the improvement and the innovation performance of Quality Control Circle (QCC) and activities of Six Sigma. Concepts and principle of Comprehensive Income Statement (CIS), Balanced Scorecard (BSC), Time-Driven Activity Based-Costing (TDABC) and Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) are applied in order to develop the 4 FEM models presented in this paper. First of all, FEM using CIS depicts the improvement effects of production capacity and yield using relationships between demand and supply, and line balancing efficiency between bottleneck process and non-bottleneck processes. Secondly, cause-and-effect relation of Key Performance Indicator (KPI) is used to present Critical Success Factor (CSF) effects for QC Story 15 steps of QCC and DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control) of Six Sigma. The next is FEM model for service management innovation activities that uses TDABC to calculate the time-driven effect for improving the indirect activities according to the cost object. Lastly, FEM model for TPM activities presents the interpretation of improvement effect model of TPM Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) and Operating Expenditure (OPEX) maintenance using profit, cash and Economic Added Value (EVA) as metrics of enterprise values. To better understand and further investigate FEMs, recent cases on National Quality Circle Contest are used to evaluate new financial effect measurement developed in this paper.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.61-83
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• 2012

A knowledge map describes the network of related knowledge into the form of a diagram, and therefore underpins the structure of knowledge categorizing and archiving by defining the relationship of the referential navigation between knowledge. The referential navigation between knowledge means the relationship of cross-referencing exhibited when a piece of knowledge is utilized by a user. To understand the contents of the knowledge, a user usually requires additionally information or knowledge related with each other in the relation of cause and effect. This relation can be expanded as the effective connection between knowledge increases, and finally forms the network of knowledge. A network display of knowledge using nodes and links to arrange and to represent the relationship between concepts can provide a more complex knowledge structure than a hierarchical display. Moreover, it can facilitate a user to infer through the links shown on the network. For this reason, building a knowledge map based on the ontology technology has been emphasized to formally as well as objectively describe the knowledge and its relationships. As the necessity to build a knowledge map based on the structure of the ontology has been emphasized, not a few researches have been proposed to fulfill the needs. However, most of those researches to apply the ontology to build the knowledge map just focused on formally expressing knowledge and its relationships with other knowledge to promote the possibility of knowledge reuse. Although many types of knowledge maps based on the structure of the ontology were proposed, no researches have tried to design and implement the referential navigation-enabled knowledge map. This paper addresses a methodology to build the ontology-based knowledge map enabling the referential navigation between knowledge. The ontology-based knowledge map resulted from the proposed methodology can not only express the referential navigation between knowledge but also infer additional relationships among knowledge based on the referential relationships. The most highlighted benefits that can be delivered by applying the ontology technology to the knowledge map include; formal expression about knowledge and its relationships with others, automatic identification of the knowledge network based on the function of self-inference on the referential relationships, and automatic expansion of the knowledge-base designed to categorize and store knowledge according to the network between knowledge. To enable the referential navigation between knowledge included in the knowledge map, and therefore to form the knowledge map in the format of a network, the ontology must describe knowledge according to the relation with the process and task. A process is composed of component tasks, while a task is activated after any required knowledge is inputted. Since the relation of cause and effect between knowledge can be inherently determined by the sequence of tasks, the referential relationship between knowledge can be circuitously implemented if the knowledge is modeled to be one of input or output of each task. To describe the knowledge with respect to related process and task, the Protege-OWL, an editor that enables users to build ontologies for the Semantic Web, is used. An OWL ontology-based knowledge map includes descriptions of classes (process, task, and knowledge), properties (relationships between process and task, task and knowledge), and their instances. Given such an ontology, the OWL formal semantics specifies how to derive its logical consequences, i.e. facts not literally present in the ontology, but entailed by the semantics. Therefore a knowledge network can be automatically formulated based on the defined relationships, and the referential navigation between knowledge is enabled. To verify the validity of the proposed concepts, two real business process-oriented knowledge maps are exemplified: the knowledge map of the process of 'Business Trip Application' and 'Purchase Management'. By applying the 'DL-Query' provided by the Protege-OWL as a plug-in module, the performance of the implemented ontology-based knowledge map has been examined. Two kinds of queries to check whether the knowledge is networked with respect to the referential relations as well as the ontology-based knowledge network can infer further facts that are not literally described were tested. The test results show that not only the referential navigation between knowledge has been correctly realized, but also the additional inference has been accurately performed.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.22 no.2 s.92
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• pp.213-221
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• 2006

Although motivation and information search have both been studied continuously and separately as important marketing strategies, the relation between cause and effect has received little research attention. Therefore the objective of this study was to research the causal relationships between motivation and information search method. Frequency analysis and reliability analysis, factor analysis, and SEM(Structure Equation Model) were adopted to analyze the data. Motivation was divided into 5 factors which significantly influenced information search method. Factor 1, 'Reception and congratulation', influenced information search positively through 'newspaper, magazine', and 'word of mouth' but negatively through 'TV-advertising' and 'Flyer, Press copy'. Factor 2, 'Change of dietary life', influenced positively 'TV-advertising'. Factor 3, 'Economic saving', influenced positively 'newspaper, magazine', and 'the e-mail's advertising' Factor 4, 'Preference motivation', influenced negatively 'word of mouth' Factor 5, 'Advertisement and companion's need', influenced positively 'newspaper, magazine', and 'the e-mail's advertising' but negatively 'TV-advertising' As a result, customers appeared to choose various information search methods according to their eating-out motivation. 'The e-mail's advertising', and 'word of mouth' are popular among customers' information search methods. Therefore, food-service corporations need to try eliminating negative images of various advertisements and activate positive word of mouth marketing, promotion through internet.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.145-156
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• 2020

The 24 January 2020 (Mw=6.8) earthquake with epicentre in Elazığ (Sivrice) on the East Anatolian Fault Zone caused loss of life and property. The information was given about the seismotectonic setting and regional seismicity along this fault zone and aftershock activity and ground motion data of this earthquake. Earthquake parameters were obtained for five different earthquake stations which were closer to the epicentre. Horizontal and vertical design spectra were obtained for the geographic locations for each earthquake station. The obtained spectra for the earthquake epicentre were compared with selected appropriate attenuation relationships. The damages after earthquake were evaluated via geotechnical and structural aspects. This study also aims to investigate the cause-effect relationships between structural damage in reinforced-concrete and masonry structures, respectively. The lack of engineering services was effective on the amount of damage in masonry structures. Insufficient reinforcement and concrete strength, dimensions and inadequate detailing increased the amount of damage in reinforced-concrete structures. Importance should be given to negative parameters that may weaken the defence mechanisms of structures for earthquake-resistant structural design.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.341-365
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• 2013

This study attempts to examine the moderating effect of religiosity in the relationship between religion and secular giving behavior (absolute amount and philanthropic effort). For the analysis, this study utilizes 'Giving Korea 2012' by the Beautiful Foundation and employs Tobit regression model. Focusing on giving amount, major findings are that (1) Protestants and Catholics give greater amounts for secular cause than those with no religious affiliation; and (2) interaction between Protestants and religiosity and interaction between Catholics and religiosity have significant relationships with citizens' secular giving amount in a positive direction. Focusing on philanthropic effort (giving amount divided by family income), major findings are that (1) there is no significant relationship between religion types and citizens' philanthropic effort and (2) interaction between Protestants and religiosity and interaction between Catholics and religiosity have significant relationships with citizens'philanthropic effort in a positive direction. This study provides new knowledge foundation on citizens' secular giving behavior and contributes to developing effective fundraising strategies of nonprofit organizations on religion-related donor markets.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1073-1081
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• 2018

In this study, an operational data set was analysed by establishing a path model to figure out the actual cause-effect relationship of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP); in particular, for the effluent concentrations of T-N and T-P. To develop the path models, data sets of operational records including effluent concentrations and operational factors were obtained from a field scale WWTP of $680,000m^3$ of treatment capacity. The models showed that the relationship networks with the correlation coefficients between variables for objective expressions indicated the strength of each relationship. The suggested path models were verified according to whether the analyzation results matched known theories well, but sophisticated minute theoric relationships could not be cropped out distinctly. This indicates that only a few paths with strong theoric casual relationships were represented as measured data due to the high non-linearity of the mechanism of the removal process in a biological wastewater treatment.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• autumn
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• pp.373-378
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• 2003

Korea's overseas construction industry has been rather depressed by the weakened profitability as well as the sharp decrease of the market shares due to the lack of international competitiveness and the declined international market following the outbreak of Iraq war. There exist a lot of various risks in performing the overseas construction, and especially EPC projects, which entail complicated process from different parts, also require a sophisticated procurement and management skill. Subsequently, to survive in the competitive international market, we need to establish strategies to select potentially profitable projects at the initial stage of bidding process and to mitigate the high degree of risk exposures through contract negotiation and its adjustment. This research provides the profitability evaluation bases, with which overseas construction participants can forecast and analyze the risk more systematically, by eliciting profit-influencing factors from real overseas construction projects and structuring their cause-and-effect relationships. The profitability causal hierarchy structure describes the profitability factors' hierarchy in details and their interrelationships. It also enables us to find out critical factors directly related to profitability aggravation through a qualitative analysis. Ultimately, with this hierarchy structure as the base, the research will suggest how to develop the quantitative profitability forecasting model.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.2
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• pp.181-186
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• 2008

Even small changes in phosphorus concentrations in stream water could cause eutrophication because of very low level of phosphorus concentrations in natural waters. I investigated the impact of strip cut and clear cut on phosphorus concentrations in stream water at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest and investigated stream water phosphorus concentrations as a function of flow rate and season (as well as cutting history). Mean phosphate concentrations in the control (undisturbed forest) increased $1.9{\mu}g\;L^{-1}\;to\;2.6{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, while strip cut treatment increased phosphate concentrations in stream water $2.2{\mu}g\;L^{-1}\;to\;3.7{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ during the same period. There was no significant effect of clear cut treatment on phosphate concentrations in stream water. No relationships were found between discharge rate and phosphate concentrations, but the magnitude of fluctuation were increased during two decades in undisturbed forest: $1-5{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ from 1963 to 1975 and $1-12{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ from 1983 to 1995. Based on this study, forest harvests with buffer zone will not make a problem by imported phosphate to cause eutrophication in natural water.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.30 no.1 s.108
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• pp.45-55
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• 2005

Knowledge of the relationship between crop yield and yield-limiting factors is essential for precision farming. However, developing this knowledge is not easy because these yield-limiting factors are interrelated and affect crop yield in different ways. In this study, data for grain yield and yield-limiting factors, including crop chlorophyll content, soil chemical properties, and topography were collected for a small (0.3 ha) rice paddy field in Korea and a large (36 ha) upland corn field in the USA, and relationships were investigated with path analysis. Using this approach, the effects of limiting factors on crop yield could be separated into direct effects and indirect effects acting through other factors. Path analysis provided more insight into these complex relationships than did simple correlation or multiple linear regression analysis. Results of correlation analysis for the rice paddy field showed that EC, Ca, and $SiO_2$ had significant (P<0.1) correlations with rice yield, while pH, Ca, Mg, Na, $SiO_2,\;and\;P_2O_5$ had significant correlations with the SPAD chlorophyll reading. Path analysis provided additional information about the importance and contribution paths of soil variables to rice yield and growth. Ca had the highest direct effect (0.52) and indirect effect via Mg (-0.37) on rice yield. The indirect effect of Mg through Ca (0.51) was higher than the direct effect (-0.38). Path analysis also enabled more appropriate selection of important factors limiting crop yield by considering cause-and-effect relationships among predictor and response variables. For example, although pH showed a positive correlation (r=0.35) with SPAD readings, the correlation was mainly due to the indirect positive effects acting through Mg and $SiO_2$, while pH not only showed negative direct effects, but also negatively impacted indirect effects of other variables on SPAD readings. For the large upland Missouri corn field, two topographic factors, elevation and slope, had significant (P<0.1) direct effects on yield and highly significant (P<0.01) correlations with other limiting factors. Based on the correlation analysis alone, P and K were determined to be nutrients that would increase corn yield for this field. With the help of path analysis, however, increases in Mg could also be expected to increase corn yield in this case. In general, path analysis results were consistent with published optimum ranges of nutrients for rice and com production. We conclude that path analysis can be a useful tool to investigate interrelationships between crop yield and yield limiting factors on a site-specific basis.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.64-72
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to develop a system dynamics model for the assessment of the organizational and human factors in a nuclear power plant which contribute to nuclear safety. Previous studies can be classified into two major approaches. One is the engineering approach using tools such as ergonomics and Probability Safety Assessment (PSA). The other is the socio-psychology approach. Both have contributed to find organizational and human factors and to present guidelines to lessen human error in plants. However, since these approaches assume that the relationship among factors is independent they do not explain the interactions among the factors or variables in Nuclear Power Plants. To overcome these restrictions, a system dynamics model, which can show cause and effect relationships among factors and quantify the organizational and human factors, has been developed. Handling variables such as the degree of leadership, the number of employees, and workload in each department, users can simulate various situations in nuclear power plant organization. Through simulation, users can get insights to improve safety in plants and to find managerial tools in both organizational and human factors.