• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.83-99
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• 1982

In this study, thirty-two stands in Kwangnung forest located in the central part of Korea were preferentially selected. In each stand, all stems for trees and shrubs were recorded by species and their girths were measured down to 5cm. In addition, several enviromental factors such as field soil pH, field soil moisture, soil compressibility, depth of soil, thickness of litter layer, elevation and basal area were measured. Three soil cores were sampled and various physical and chemcial properties was determined. The vegetational data were subjected to three kinds of multivariate ordination(PO, PCA, RA). The results suggested that Kwangnung forest was consisted of three forest types: coniferous, mixed and broad leaved forest communities. The relation between the stand scores of ordination and several environmental factors were investigated in terms of correlation analysis in order to examine the relationships between the vegetation and certain environmental factors. As a result of this analysis, the amount of sand content in A1 horizon decreased frm the coniferous to broad leaved forest, while maximum field capacity, pore space, exchangeable cations, loss on ignition, soil pH nad the amount of total nitrogen had a tendancy to increase significantly. However, easily soluble phosphorus appeared to have little to do with the forest types. The result of species ordination of centered-standardized PCA suggested that the major successional pathway in Kwangnung forest was; Pinus densifloralongrightarrowQuercus mongolica, Q. serrata, Q. alienalongrightarrowCarpinus laxifloralongrightarrowC. erosa in sequence. This trend is in good agreement with the past studies. In three kinds of ordination (centered PCA, centered-standardized PCA and RA) based on nineteen species and twenty-five stands, the total variances accounted for the first three axes were 77%, 46% and 63% respectively. The estimated beta diversity in Kwangnung forest assumed as a coenocline, was 1.5~1.8 HC. Increasing the effect of the sampling errors on ordination perfermance, this low heterogeneity seems to cause the poor concentration of the total variance. The results from the four kinds of ordination were in good agreement with each other, especially between PO, centered-standardized PCA and RA appeared robust. It seems to be worthy of applying multivariate method for analyzing other forest communities in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.729-733
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• 2001

Objective : Antifibrinolytic treatment after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage has been shown to have no significant effect on outcome since a reduction in the rate of rebleeding was offset by an increase in the incidence of hydrocephalus and ischemic events. As the results of early aneurysm surgery and a change of strategy in the intensive medical treatment, outcome in patients with cerebral ischemia has been improved. On the other hand, rebleeding still remains as a major cause of death. A short course of tranexamic acid(TA) was tried to study its efficacy and safety in reducing the incidence of rebleeding before aneurysm surgery. Methods : A total of 507 patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysm operated within 3 days after the attack from 1990 to 1999 were included in this study. Group A consisted of 302 consecutive patients treated from 1990 through 1995 served as control. Two hundred-five patients in group B were treated with TA from 1996 through 1999. Both groups were evaluated for comparability of demographic and clinical variables including age, Hunt-Hess grade, Fisher grade, aneurysm location, hypertension, day of surgery, and initial hydrocephalus. The relationships of TA with rebleeding, ischemia, and chronic hydrocephalus were also studied. Results : There was no significant difference in patient demographics and clinical characteristics between group A and group B. Sixteen patients(5.3%) suffered a recurrent hemorrhage in group A and three(1.5%) in group B(p<0.05). Chronic hydrocephalus requiring a shunt was found in a significantly greater proportion in group B than in group A(p<0.05). The incidence of cerebral ischemia was not elevated in group B compared with group A. Conclusion : Considering the fact that the reduction of fatal rebleeding outweighed the increased incidence of hydrocephalus, the authors believe that a short course of TA is beneficial in diminishing the risk of rebleeding prior to early surgical intervention.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.509-517
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• 2016

The main purpose of this study is to verify cause-and-effect relationship between the influential level of the academic self-efficacy, the expectation for academic outcome and the adaptation to the department for students majoring in sports. To meet the purpose, the survey was conducted with a random sample 514 students who are a major in sports and analyzed. The gathered data is analyzed through the confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis and path analysis using SPSS v18.0 and AMOSS v20.0. The result are as follows; The study shows that the academic self-efficacy had a statistically-significant influence on the academic self-efficacy as well as the expectation for academic outcome and had a good influence to students on the adaptation to the department. Moreover, the relationship between the academic self-efficacy and the adaptation to the department shows that even though the academic outcome expectation had indirect effects, it turned out to have a positive influence in statistically. As the conclusion of this study, it is more important to increase the academic outcome expectation to raise the department adaptation for the students who are a major in sports.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.67-76
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• 2014

Purpose - PB (Private Brand) refers to the product for which the distribution company plans the production independently, consigns the production to the manufacturer, or attaches the self-developed trademark and sells it. To reinforce competitiveness in such a market environment, diverse products development, systematic management activities, and marketing efforts to analyze and understand the consumers' behavior regarding PB products are emphasized. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the relationships among PB product attributes, consumption emotion, brand attitude, and brand loyalty in general supermarkets. First, PB product attributes were defined using the five categories of perceived price, store image, familiarity, perceived service, and perceived quality, based on preceding studies. This study examined the influence of PB product attributes on consumption. Further, this study examined the relation among consumption emotion, brand attitude, and brand loyalty. This study provides more detailed and concentrated strategic implications. Research design, data, and methodology - In this study, the research model was designed to examine the relation among PB product attributes, consumption emotion, brand attitude, and brand loyalty. For the data collection method, the questionnaire survey comprised multiple items for each component and the direct interview method was employed. To collect data, the questionnaire survey was conducted for customers who personally visited the general supermarket after verifying the PB product purchase experience. The questionnaire survey was performed for one month, May 2014. A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed and 240 questionnaires were used for the analysis, excluding the unanswered and insincere questionnaires. The data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 20.0. Results - First, PB product attributes had a significantly positive effect on consumption emotion. The PB product attributes perceived by the customer at the point of service contact are important to form the positive consumption emotion. Second, consumption emotion had a significantly positive effect on brand attitude. Third, the consumption emotion had a significantly positive effect on brand loyalty. Such consumption emotion is an important factor in causing the positive evaluation on the brand attitude perceived by the customer. Fourth, brand attitude had a significantly positive effect on brand loyalty. The consumption emotion was positively represented to invoke the relational continuance behavior. The relational continuance behavior accompanies the repetition of purchase, word of mouth, and recommendation activities, and influences trust regarding the brand, for which the customer maintains the transaction continuously. Conclusions - The PB product attributes perceived by the customer at the point of service contact are important factors to form the positive consumption emotion. Based on this result, the discount store service provider would prepare the measures that can make the customer recognize the positive value, and make more detailed efforts. Consumption emotion is an important factor to cause the positive evaluation on the brand attitude perceived by the customer. Based on this result, the general supermarket must make efforts to provide fun or convenience in the purchase process for consumers.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.231-250
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• 2014

Due to the recent development of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), the amount of research publications has increased exponentially. In response to this rapid growth, the demand of automated text processing methods has risen to deal with massive amount of text data. Biomedical text mining discovering hidden biological meanings and treatments from biomedical literatures becomes a pivotal methodology and it helps medical disciplines reduce the time and cost. Many researchers have conducted literature-based discovery studies to generate new hypotheses. However, existing approaches either require intensive manual process of during the procedures or a semi-automatic procedure to find and select biomedical entities. In addition, they had limitations of showing one dimension that is, the cause-and-effect relationship between two concepts. Thus;this study proposed a novel approach to discover various relationships among source and target concepts and their intermediate concepts by expanding intermediate concepts to multi-levels. This study provided distinct perspectives for literature-based discovery by not only discovering the meaningful relationship among concepts in biomedical literature through graph-based path interference but also being able to generate feasible new hypotheses.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.72-82
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• 2016

Various studies have been done in medical service area but they have just focused on the examination of the relationships between cause and effect variables. This study, thus, empirically analyzed qualitative data regarding medical service problems using word cloud technique. The major results of the paper are as follows. The data reveal ten sources in medical service - forced treatment, excess inspection, misdiagnosis, carelessness, inexperienced service, waiting for emergency, reservation problem, unkindness, process problem, and inconvenience. Major words in the category of irrecoverable service failure are misdiagnosis, careless treatment, and inexperienced service whereas those in recoverable service failure are unkind attitude and negative experience in reservation system. Those who experienced a medical service problem are usually engaged in a public act and they make public protests and legal action against very severe problems. The conclusion of this study also suggests a summary, implication, and agenda of the research.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.595-600
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• 2015

Background: Accumulating evidence suggests that metformin possesses anticarcinogenic properties, and its use is associated with favorable outcomes in several cancers. However, it remains unclear whether metformin influences prognosis in prostate cancer (PCa) with concurrent type 2 diabetes (T2D). Materials and Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library from database inception to April 16, 2014 without language restrictions to identify studies investigating the effect of metformin treatment on outcomes of PCa with concurrent T2D. We conducted a meta-analysis to quantify the risk of recurrence, progression, cancer-specific mortality, and all-cause mortality. Summary relative risks (RRs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Publication bias was assessed by Begg's rank correlation test. Results: A total of eight studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. We found that diabetic PCa patients who did not use metformin were at increased risk of cancer recurrence (RR, 1.20; 95%CI, 1.00-1.44), compared with those who used metformin. A similar trend was observed for other outcomes, but their relationships did not reach statistical significance. Funnel plot asymmetry was not observed among studies reporting recurrence (p=0.086). Conclusions: Our results suggest that metformin may improve outcomes in PCa patients with concurrent T2D. Well-designed large studies and collaborative basic research are warranted.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.28-37
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• 2004

Background: Lumbar joint dysfunction is reported to be the main cause of lower back pain (LBP). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of joint dysfunction on the postural balance of the lower hack and pelvis in different normal activities such as walking or stair management. Also it was studied whether the status of LBP (intensity and duration of LBP, length of treatment) contributes to die pelvic height difference (PHD) in various postures. Subjects: 28 patients with LBP and 32 normal adult volunteers, 60 years of age or younger, who came to the Community Health Center and orthopedic clinics in Incheon, South Korea. Methods: In order to determine the accuracy of the manual angulometer method in measuring the PHD, it was compared to the pelvic x-ray method in selected subjects. In the manual angulometer method, the arm of the angulometer was placed on the top of both iliac crests. The PHD was measured in static upright stance, then one-legged stance, on the affected leg or unaffected leg each time. Information regarding the disease status was obtained through interviews. Visual assessment scale was used to grade the intensity of LBP. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 10.0/PC program. Homogeneity between the two groups was tested by 2-test and t-test. To compare the PHD of the subgroups, we used t-test, F-test and two-way ANOVA. Relationships among dependent variables were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. Conclusion: In patients with LBP, lumbar joint dysfunction causes lumbar and pelvic postural asymmetry during normal activities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.36-41
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• 2012

Electrical Connections often cause fires due to poor contact. Occurrence rate of these fires tends to increase annually. The reason why poor contacts occur is often because it is the low mechanical pressure at the contact points. A typical connection method using mechanical pressure is a screw terminal type. This study reviewed these poor contact cases in the screw terminals. In order to get reproduction of such cases, two types of experiments were conducted. the first one was conducted under the normal contact condition, and the other one was conducted under the poor contact condition that screw terminal of breaker was loosen and did not meet the requirements of toque value. In both types of experiments, compulsory vibration was adopted as a variable to aggravate poor contacts. Each of various current values(4.5A, 9.0A, 13.5A) is input. In these experiments, relationships of a contact, electrical signal such as current and electric pulse by ZCT and thermal characteristics according to vibration effect are analyzed. The suggested data and results in this study provide the useful resources helping to investigate fires due to poor contact, and they develop the detector for poor contact and finally reduce the electrical fire occurrence rate.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.53-67
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• 2022

Objectives: This study aimed to identify the characteristics of the heart rate variability (HRV) index in patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and to evaluate the predictive value of HRV for Korean medical treatment responsiveness to tongue pain in BMS. Methods: Among BMS patients who visited the Oral Diseases Clinic of Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital from January 1, 2018, to May 31, 2021, we reviewed the clinical records of 217 women aged 50 years and over. HRV and unstimulated saliva flow rate (USFR) measurements were carried out, and all patients were asked to indicate their degree of tongue pain using the visual analog scale (VAS). The subjects were classified into subgroups according to the presence or absence of hyposalivation and VAS improvement, and each subgroup was compared using the HRV index. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to confirm whether cause-effect relationships were present between statistically significant values. Results: BMS patients had lower LF and HF than healthy people. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that there were some statistically significant differences in the HRV index according to salivation rate and degree of pain. In addition, as the LF/HF ratio increased, the pain improvement rate decreased after treatment. Conclusion: The autonomic nerve activity of BMS patients was lower than that of healthy people; however, autonomic balance was not impaired. In addition, tongue pain in BMS patients responded more favorably to Korean medical treatment when patients fell within a normal range of the LF/HF ratio, suggesting that autonomic imbalance could be used as one of the predictable factors in clinical practice.