• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.93-96
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• 2009

The Mn-substituted M-type Ba-ferrite ($BaFe_{12-x}Mn_xO_{19}$; x = 0, 2, 4, 6) powders were prepared by the HTTD (High Temperature Thermal Decomposition) method. The effect of $Mn^{3+}$ Jahn-Teller ions on the magnetic properties has been studied by x-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry, and $M{\ddot{o}}ssbauer$ spectroscopy. With increasing Mn substitution, the lattice parameter $a_0$ increases while $c_0$ decreases. The magnetocrystalline anisotropy constants ($K_1$) were determined as 2.9, 2.2, 1.8, and, $1.3{\times}10^6\;erg/cm^3$ for x = 0, 2, 4, and 6, respectively, by the LAS method. We have studied the change of cation distribution by $M{\ddot{o}}ssbauer$ spectroscopy which is closely related to $K_1$.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.894-900
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• 2021

This paper examines sorption of Pd(II) onto illite, MX-80 bentonite, and Queenston shale in Na-Ca-Cl solutions of varying ionic strength (IS) from 0.01 to 6.0 mol/L (M) and pH_c ranging from 3 to 9 under atmospheric conditions. A 2-site protolysis non-electrostatic surface complexation and cation exchange model was applied to the Pd sorption onto illite and MX-80 using PHREEQC, and the model results were compared to the experimental ones obtained in this work. Surface complexation and cation exchange constants were estimated for both illite and MX-80 through the optimization process to bring the predicted distribution coefficients from the model into alignment with the experimentally derived values. These optimized surface complexation constants were compared to existing linear free energy relationships (LFER).

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.225-228
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• 1985

The absorptions of Fe(Ⅲ), Tb(Ⅲ), Tl(Ⅰ), Ce(Ⅲ), Th(Ⅳ), and $UO_2^{2+}$ ions into the Dowex 50W-X2, 100-200 mesh resin were investigated by spectrophotometry to understand the abnormal strong absorption behavior of cations to cation exchange resins in concentrated HClO4. The distribution coefficients increase in the order : Tl(Ⅰ) < Fe(Ⅲ) < Tb(Ⅲ)∼Ce(Ⅲ) < $UO_2^{2+}$< Th(Ⅳ) and the order is interpreted in terms of the ratio of charge-to-ionic radius. The mole ratios of increment of $ClO_4^-$ ion absorption to metal ion absorption showed the same order as the distribution coefficients, which indicates that the electrostatic association between $ClO_4^-$ ion and metal ion plays a major role in the strong absorption.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.453-456
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• 2010

The structural and energetic preferences of thiacalix[4]biscrown-5 with and without alkali metal ions ($Na^+$, $K^+$, $Rb^+$, and $Cs^+$) have been theoretically investigated for the first time using molecular dynamic (MD) simulations and density functional theory (MPWB1K/6-31G(d)//B3LYP/6-31G(d)) methods. The formation of the metal ion complex by the host is mainly driven by the electrostatic attraction between crown-5 oxygens and a cation together with the minor contribution of the cation-$\pi$ interaction between two facing phenyl rings around the cation. The computed binding energies and the atomic charge distribution analysis for the metal binding complexes indicate the selectivity toward a potassium ion. The theoretical results herein explain the experimentally observed extractability order by this host towards various alkali metal ions. The physical nature and the driving forces for cation recognition by this host are discussed in detail.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.605-616
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• 2006

A wide variety of drugs and endogenous bioactive amines are organic cations (OCs). Approximately 40% of all conventional drugs on the market are OCs. Thus, the transport of xenobiotics or endogenous OCs in the body has been a subject of considerable interest, since the discovery and cloning of a family of OC transporters, referred to as organic cation transporter (OCTs), and a new subfamily of OCTs, OCTNs, leading to the functional characterization of these transporters in various systems including oocytes and some cell lines. Organic cation transporters are critical in drug absorption, targeting, and disposition of a drug. In this review, the recent advances in the characterization of organic cation transporters and their distribution in the small intestine are discussed. The results of the in vitro transport studies of various OCs in the small intestine using techniques such as isolated brush-border membrane vesicles, Ussing chamber systems and Caco-2 cells are discussed, and in vivo knock-out animal studies are summarized. Such information is essential for predicting pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and in the design and development of new cationic drugs. An understanding of the mechanisms that control the intestinal transport of OCs will clearly aid achieving desirable clinical outcomes.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.59-63
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• 2014

Nano-sized nickel substituted cobalt ferrite powders, $Ni_xCo_{1-x}Fe_2O_4$ ($0.0{\leq}x{\leq}1.0$), were fabricated by the sol-gel method, and their crystallographic and magnetic properties were studied. All the ferrite powders showed a single spinel structure, and behaved ferrimagnetically. When the nickel substitution was increased, the lattice constants and the sizes of particles of the ferrite powders decreased. The M$\ddot{o}$ssbauer absorption spectra of $Ni_xCo_{1-x}Fe_2O_4$ ferrite powders could be fitted with two six-line subspectra, which were assigned to a tetrahedral A-site and octahedral B-sites of a typical spinel crystal structure. The increase in values of the magnetic hyperfine fields indicated that the superexchange interaction was stronger, with the increased nickel concentration in $Ni_xCo_{1-x}Fe_2O_4$. This could be explained using the cation distribution, which can be written as, $(Co_{0.28-0.28x}Fe_{0.72+0.28x})[Ni_xCo_{0.72-0.72x}Fe_{1.28-0.28x}]O_4$. The two values of the saturation magnetization and the coercivity decreased, as the rate of nickel substitution was increased. These decreases could be explained using the cation distribution, the magnetic moment, and the magneto crystalline anisotropy constant of the substituted ions.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.361-369
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• 2018

A manufacturing method has been devised to prepare novel heterogeneous cation exchange membranes by mixing ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers with a commercial cation exchange resin. Optimum material characteristics, mixture ratios and manufacturing conditions have been worked out for achieving favorable membrane performance. Ion exchange capacity, electrical resistance, water uptake, swelling ratio and tensile strength properties were measured. SEM analysis was used to monitor morphology. Effects of vinyl acetate (VA) content, melt index (MI) and ion exchange resin content on properties of heterogeneous cation exchange membranes have been discussed. An application test was carried out by mounting a selected membrane in a membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) system to investigate its desalination capability. 0.92 meq/g of ion exchange capacity, $8.7{\Omega}.cm^2$ of electrical resistance, $40kgf/cm^2$ of tensile strength, 19% of swelling ratio, 42% of water uptake, and 56.4% salt removal rate were achieved at best. VA content plays a leading role on the extent of physical properties and performance; however, MI is important for having uniform distribution of resin grains and achieving better ionic conductivity. Overall, manufacturing cost has been suppressed to 5-10% of that of homogeneous ion exchange membranes.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.116-127
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• 2021

Predicting carbon distribution of soil aggregates is difficult due to complexity in organo-mineral formation. This limits global warming mitigation through soil carbon sequestration. Therefore, knowledge of land use effect on carbon stabilization requires quantification of soil mineral cations. The study was conducted to quantify carbon and base cations on soil mineral fractions in Natural Forest, Plantation Forest and Farm Land. Five 0.09 ha were demarcated alternately along 500 m long transect with an interval of 50 m in Natural Forest (NF), Plantation Forest (PF) and Farm Land (FL). Soil samples were collected with soil cores at 0-15, 15-30 and 30-45 cm depths in each plot. Soil core samples were oven-dried at 105℃ and soil bulk densities were computed. Sample (100 g) of each soil core was separated into >2.0, 2.0-1.0, 1.0-0.5, 0.5-0.05 and <0.05 mm aggregates using dry sieve procedure and proportion determined. Carbon concentration of soil aggregates was determined using Loss-on-ignition method. Mineral fractions of soil depths were obtained using dispersion, sequential extraction and sedimentation methods of composite soil samples and sieved into <0.05 and >0.05 mm fractions. Cation exchange capacity of two mineral fractions was measured using spectrophotometry method. Data collected were analysed using descriptive and ANOVA at α_0.05. Silt and sand particle size decreased while clay increased with increase in soil depth in NF and PF. Subsoil depth contained highest carbon stock in the PF. Carbon concentration increased with decrease in aggregate size in soil depths of NF and FL. Micro- (1-0.5, 0.5-0.05 and <0.05 mm) and macro-aggregates (>2.0 and 2-1.0 mm) were saturated with soil carbon in NF and FL, respectively. Cation exchange capacity of <0.05 mm was higher than >0.05 mm in soil depths of PF and FL. Fine silt (<0.05 mm) determine the cation exchange capacity in soil depths. Land use and mineral size influence the carbon and cation exchange capacity of Gambari Forest Reserve.

• 광물과 암석
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.345-353
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• 2022

본 연구는 합성 모데나이트(Na_6.6Al_6.6Si_41.4O₉₆·20.4H₂O, Na-MOR)를 이용한 다양한 중금속의 포획 연구를 하기 위한 기초 단계로, 고분해능 X-선 분말 회절을 이용하여 치환체의 격자상수 및 부피 변화를 이해하기 위한 목적으로 실험을 진행하였다. 열중량 분석법(Thermogravimetric analysis, TGA)으로 측정한 결과, 1가 양이온 치환체(Cs-MOR, Na-MOR)는 단위포 당 19.4, 20.4개의 물분자가 존재하였으며, 2가 양이온 치환체(Pb-MOR, Sr-MOR, Cd-MOR)는 단위포 당 21, 23.1, 23.2개가 존재하는 것을 확인하였다. 측정한 모든 물질은 사방정계에 속하는 Cmcm의 공간군을 가지는 것으로 확인할 수 있었다. 치환 전 물질인 Na-MOR과 비교했을 때, 치환체의 (110)면과 (200)면의 회절강도가 명확하게 변화하였으나, 전체적인 피크의 위치는 거의 유사하게 나타나는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 Na-MOR에서는 확인이 되지 않았던 (220)면의 피크가 Pb-, Cd-, Sr-MOR에서 뚜렷하게 관찰되었다. 이를 통해서 양이온 치환에 따른 원자들의 분포 변화가 주로 ab-평면상에서 나타나지만, 격자상수의 변화는 미세할 것으로 짐작할 수 있었다. Whole profile fitting 방법을 사용하여 치환된 모데나이트의 미세한 격자상수의 변화를 관찰하였다. 치환체의 격자상수 및 격자부피의 변화는 치환된 양이온의 반경 및 전하수에 따라 서로 다른 경향성을 보였다. 1가 양이온의 경우, 이온반경이 증가할수록 a-축의 길이는 증가하지만, 반면에 b- 및 c-축의 길이는 감소하였다. 2가 양이온의 경우, 이온반경이 증가할수록 대체적으로 a-축의 길이가 감소하고, b- 및 c-축의 길이는 증가하였다. 격자부피는 1가 또는 2가 양이온 치환체들이 각각 독립된 경향성을 가지며, 이온반경에 따라 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.64-67
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• 2014

$Ni_{0.6}Zn_{0.4}Fe_2O_4$ prepared using solid state reaction and sol-gel methods were compared for their structural and magnetic properties. Due to the much higher annealing temperature used in solid state reaction, the crystalline size was much larger than that of the nanoparticles prepared by sol-gel. The saturation magnetization of sol-gel nanoparticles was higher, and the coercivity was about 2 times larger, compared to the solid state reaction sample. By analyzing the integration intensity of x-ray diffraction peaks (220) and (222), we proposed that the difference in the saturation magnetization might be due to the inversion of cation distribution caused by the different preparation techniques used.