• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.1-12
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• 2008

The study suggests an answer to the question of what determines category diversification of Internet portals in Korea. First, as external factors, competition intensity and market growth are hypothesized to have influence on the degree of category diversification. Second, an internal factor, user loyalty to portals, is hypothesized to influence negatively category diversification. The study performed empirical analysis based on weekly portal-specific panel data of eighteen internet portals in Korea during the period between 2001 and 2004. The result shows that category diversification increases as competition intensity increases, and that category diversification decreases as user loyalty increases. There was no effect of market-level growth rate on category diversification.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.159-176
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• 2006

Collaborative filtering is one of the popular techniques for personalized recommendation in e-commerce. In collaborative filtering, user profiles are usually managed per product category in order to reduce data sparsity. Product diversification of Internet storefronts and multiple product category sales of e-commerce portals require cross-product category usage of user profiles in order to overcome the cold start problem of collaborative filtering. In this paper, we study the feasibility of cross-product category usage of user profiles, and suggest a method to improve recommendation performance of cross-product category user profiling. First, we investigate whether user profiles on a product category can be used to recommend products in other product categories. Furthermore, a way of utilizing user profiles selectively is suggested to increase recommendation performance of cross-product category user profiling. The feasibility of cross-product category user profiling and the usefulness of the proposed method are tested with real click stream data of an Internet storefront which sells multiple product categories including books, music CDs, and DVDs. The experiment results show that user profiles on a product category can be used to recommend products in other product categories. Also, the selective usage of user profiles based on correlations between subcategories of two product categories provides better performance than the whole usage of user profiles.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.792-799
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• 2023

Non-reactor nuclear facilities are increasing remarkably in Korea combined with advanced technologies such as life and space engineering, and the diversification of the nuclear industry. However, the absence of a basic classification guideline related to the design of non-reactor nuclear facilities has created confusion whenever related projects are carried out. In this paper, related domestic and international technical guidelines are reviewed to present the classification criteria of non-reactor nuclear facilities in Korea. Based on these criteria, the classification of structures, systems and components (SSCs) for safety controls is presented. Using the presented classification criteria, classification of a hot cell facility, a representative non-reactor nuclear facility, was performed. As a result of the classification, the hot cell facility is classified as the hazard category 3, accordingly, the safety class was classified as non-nuclear safety, the seismic category as non-seismic (RW-IIb), and the quality class as manufacturers' standards (S).

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.75-87
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• 2019

Securing manpower in rural areas is critical to improving the productive potential and overcome challenges caused by changes in the demographic structure and the need for diversification of the rural economy. This underpins the importance of nurturing young farmers in order to enhance the agricultural competitiveness in the rural areas. On the other hand, 42.3% of young farmers under the age of 40, which is the target age of the government-sponsored program to foster young farmers, grow rice. Meanwhile, 42.3% of the farmers are under 40 years of age which is a category of farmers targeted under the government sponsored program to advance rice production. In this study, a bivariate probit model is used to conduct substantive analysis on the potential political interventions that would persuade young farmers in the rural areas to participate in rice production in the 6th industry. In summary, most important factors identified as to influence participation of young farmers in the diversification of crop production are the utilization of information device, land, ownership of agricultural machinery, and the leasing of the cultivating land.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1-32
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• 2014

The purpose of this paper is to investigate upon a diversification strategy through market creation of CJ Group, which has contributed in positioning of the firm as one of the leading conglomerates in South Korea. With such objective, the background of CJ Group, followed by its business diversification strategies were explored, with reference to several case studies. The history of CJ Group began with establishment of CheilJedang Industrial Corporation in 1953, as the first domestic sugar producer and exporter of South Korea. The corporation gradually expanded its business ever since at both national and global level, to include the fields of food production, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and life chemicals. Later, CheilJedang (CJ) Group was established as an affiliate of CheilJedang Industrial Corporation. With such independence, extension of business has been witnessed across the industries of media, entertainment, finance, information technology and distribution. Thus, the current CJ Group pursues to define itself as a progressive global living culture company with four major business categories from food and food service, biotechnology, entertainment and media, and logistics. Despite its success in today's market, CJ Group underwent hardships in its business diversification in 1990s due to indiscreet management, along with the Asian financial crisis. Here, many firms overcame the financial difficulties by taking advantage of the exchange rate for overseas expansion. Though, CJ Group tried to differentiate itself by focusing on the domestic market by creating something out of nothing. Hence, CJ Group takes a unique position among many cases of business diversification and their categorization. In an effort to identify and classify the types of growth experienced by the top 30 companies in South Korea, the firms were categorized into four groups according to their diversification strategies adapted after the Asian financial crisis. Based on the mode and time of entry, corporations were identified either as the 'Explorer', 'Invader', 'Venture Capitalist', or 'Assimilator'. Here, the majority of the firms showed the qualities of Invader, entering mature markets through large-scaled mergers and acquisitions. However, CJ Group was the only firm that was categorized as an Explorer, for its focus on the newly emerging service sector in culture-contents industry. This diversification strategy through market creation is worth examining, due to its contribution in generating simultaneous growth between the market and the company itself. Diverse brands of CJ Group have been referred to as case studies in this regard, from 'Hatban', 'Cine de Chef', 'VIPS' to 'CJ GLS'. These four businesses, each to represent processed food, film, restaurant service, and logistics industries respectively, show CJ Group's effectiveness in creating a whole new category of goods and services that are innovative. In fact, such businesses not only contributed in advancement of consumers' wellbeing, but toward generating additional value and employment. It is true that the diversification strategy of CJ Group requires long-term capital investment with high risk, compared to the other strategies mentioned in the paper. However, this model does create high employment and additional values that are positive to both the society and the firm itself. Therefore, the paper comes to a conclusion that the diversification strategy through market creation conveys the most positive impact relative to the others.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.1-20
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• 2019

The present study investigates how consumers' construal level affects their variety seeking behavior when choosing multiple items simultaneously. Especially the authors focus on the perceptual level at which variety seeking takes place and propose that variety seeking can take place not only at brand level but also at category or subcategory level. Categorical variety seeking refers to diversification of one's choices over multiple brands not within the same category but across multiple categories. Building on construal level theory, the authors expected that people engaging in higher-level construals tend to subcategorize the choice set and distribute their choices across more subcategories and designed four experiments to test the related hypotheses. The experimental results showed that consumers' construal level can affect the level at which variety seeking takes place and those with higher construal level tend to choose options seemingly more dissimilar to each other.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.61-74
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to provide a direction for domestic engineering education research by analyzing the research trends of JEE(Journal of Engineering Education). The results of analyzing research trends regarding research topics, research objects and research methods are as follows. First, by research topic, 'Diffusion of Educational Innovation' was found to have the highest proportion with 52 articles(21%). Second, by research objects, 'university students' showed the highest proportion with 148 articles(53.6%). Third, by research method (large category), 'quantitative research' had the highest proportion with 132 articles(53.2%). By research method (medium category), 'survey research' had the highest proportion with 129 articles(33.5%). Based on the results of this study, future engineering education research should be conducted to contribute to holistic development through diversification of research topics, methods, and objects.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2023

Occupational safety and health management expenses in the construction industry are statutory and separately included in the cost statement to prevent occupational accidents and health problems. The expenses are determined by multiplying the standard amount by the rate decided according to construction types and scales. However, the current expense appropriation method does not properly reflect the recent changes in the construction industry such as industry size, industry diversification, and social atmosphere about safety reinforcement. This study surveyed 1579 questionnaires in total and analyzed expense execution rate and proportion of each expense category. The expense execution rate was relative higher in complex construction (e.g., heavy construction = 126%, civil engineering = 125%) and long-period project (equal to or over 48 months construction = 133%) compared to general construction (98~116%) and short-period project (less than 48 months construction = 115%). The proportion of spending expenses was higher in the category of safety manager labor costs (25~52%), safety facility costs (22~40%), and personal protective equipment costs (10~25%). The analysis results of the study can be utilized in revising the standard expense appropriation method by reflecting the current usages of the occupational safety and health management expenses in the construction industry.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.6 s.107
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• pp.68-81
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• 2005

The styles of contemporary landscape design have diversified since the emergence of Postmodernism in landscape architecture. The diversification was mostly influenced by contemporary fine arts and architecture. This study examines the pluralistic development of Postmodern landscape design through the investigation of the influences from those sister arts. In this point of view, the main approaches of Postmodern landscape design are thought to be classified into three categories;'the formal abstract approach', 'the figurative approach' and 'the new picturesque approach'. The first category of the formal abstract approach was formulated with the concepts and vocabulary of Minimal Art and Installation Art. Its representative icons such as 'point grids' and 'stripes', and the main concepts such as the sense of 'flahess', 'expansion' and 'materiality' are mostly thought to be originated from these art forms. The second category of the figurative approach is characterised by the concepts and vocabulary of Pop Art and New Image Paintings. Its representative icons such as 'map' or 'figurative forms' and main concepts like the sense of 'reality', 'context' and 'symbolism' are mostly thought to be originated from these art forms. The third category of the new picturesque approach was formulated with the concepts and vocabulary of Land Art and Late Deconstructive Architecture. Its representative icons such as 'hybrid', 'layer' and 'fold', and the main concepts such as the sense of 'complexity', 'continuity' and 'reversibility' are thought to be originated from these art forms. The research shows that the main stream of contemporary landscape design seems to be gradually moving toward the second and third approach above, in step with the cultural orientation and the dynamism of contemporary urban life. Therefore, the study focused especially on the new picturesque approach which would be in greater need for coping with the hybrid culture today.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.18-36
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• 1991

The developmental self-knowledge from preschool to early adolescence was studied from a cognitive-structural perspective. Responses of the subjects to the question "Who am I?" were analyzed by means of a 29-category scoring system. The question was administered to 250 boys and 229 girls from kindergartens, elementary schools and middle schools in Seoul. One way-ANOVA and Duncan test were utilized for the statistical analysis. The major findings of the present study showed that with increasing age there was (1) a significant increase and diversification of self-knowledge. (2) an individual's self-knowledge became more abstract and less concrete, and (3) self-descriptions shifted from the physical to the psychological self.