• Fibers and Polymers
• /
• v.1 no.2
• /
• pp.97-102
• /
• 2000

Pitch precursors were synthesized from coal tar(CT) and pyrolysis fuel oil(PFO, petroleum residue oil) at relatively low temperature of $250^{\circ}$, in the presence of horontrifluorideidiethyletherate complex(BFDE) as a catalyst and nitrobenzene(NB) as a co-catalyst. The softening point, nitrogen content and carbon yield increased with an increase of concentration of NB. The pitch precursors with good spinnability were prepared by removing the volatile components through $N_2$ blowing. The precursor pitches were spun through a circular nozzle, stabilized at $310^{\circ}$ and finally carbonized at $1000^{\circ}$. The optically anisotropic structure formed at the absence of NB was changed into isotropic structure, showing a decrease in size of the flow domain. The hollow carbon fiber could be prepared in the process of stabilization. The results proposed that the morphology of carbon materials could be controlled by changing the concentration of catalyst and/or co-catalyst and/or stabilization condition that affect on the mobility of molecules during carbonization.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.26 no.9
• /
• pp.1321-1330
• /
• 2005

The use of ionic liquids as reaction media can confer many advantages upon catalytic reactions over reactions in organic solvents. In ionic liquids, catalysts having polar or ionic character can easily be immobilized without additional structural modification and thus the ionic solutions containing the catalyst can easily be separated from the reagents and reaction products, and then, be reused. More interestingly, switching from an organic solvent to an ionic liquid often results in a significant improvement in catalytic performance (e.g., rate acceleration, (enantio)selectivity improvement and an increase in catalyst stability). In this review, some recent interesting results which can nicely demonstrate these positive “ionic liquid effect” on catalysis are discussed.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.28 no.7
• /
• pp.1119-1126
• /
• 2007

Hydrogen gas and carbon nanotubes along with nanocarbon were produced from commercial natural gas using fixed bed catalyst reactor system. The maximum amount of carbon (491 g/g of catalyst) formation was achieved on 25% Ni, 3% Cu supported catalyst without formation of CO/CO2. Pure carbon nanotubes with length of 308 nm having balloon and horn type shapes were also formed at 673 K. Three sets of catalysts were prepared by varying the concentration of Ni in the first set, Cu concentration in the second set and doping with K in the third set to investigate the effect on stabilization of the catalyst and production of carbon nanotubes and hydrogen by copper and potassium doping. Particle size analysis revealed that most of the catalyst particles are in the range of 20-35 nm. All the catalysts were characterized using powder XRD, SEM/EDX, TPR, CHN, BET and CO-chemisorption. These studies indicate that surface geometry is modified electronically with the formation of different Ni, Cu and K phases, consequently, increasing the surface reactivity of the catalyst and in turn the Carbon nanotubes/H2 production. The addition of Cu and K enhances the catalyst dispersion with the increase in Ni loadings and maximum dispersion is achieved on 25% Ni: 3% Cu/Al catalyst. Clearly, the effect of particle size coupled with specific surface geometry on the production of hydrogen gas and carbon nanotubes prevails. Addition of K increases the catalyst stability with decrease in carbon formation, due to its interaction with Cu and Ni, masking Ni and Ni:Cu active sites.

• Carbon letters
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.38-40
• /
• 2010

Carbon supported electrocatalysts are commonly used as electrode materials for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs). These kinds of electrocatalysts provide large surface area and sufficient electrical conductivity. The support of typical PEM fuel cell catalysts has been a traditional conductive type of carbon black. However, even though the carbon particles conduct electrons, there is still significant portion of Pt that is isolated from the external circuit and the PEM, resulting in a low Pt utilization. Herein, new types of carbon materials to effectively utilize the Pt catalyst are being evaluated. Carbon nanofiber/activated carbon fiber (CNF/ACF) composite with multifunctional surfaces were prepared through catalytic growth of CNFs on ACFs. Nickel nitrate was used as a precursor of the catalyst to synthesize carbon nanofibers(CNFs). CNFs were synthesized by pyrolysising $CH_4$ using catalysts dispersed in acetone and ACF(activated carbon fiber). The as-prepared samples were characterized with transmission electron microscopy(TEM), scanning electron microscopy(SEM). In TEM image, carbon nanofibers were synthesized on the ACF to form a three-dimensional network. Pt/CNF/ACF was employed as a catalyst for PEMFC. As the ratio of prepared catalyst to commercial catalyst was changed from 0 to 50%, the performance of the mixture of 30 wt% of Pt/CNF/ACF and 70wt% of Pt/C commercial catalyst showed better perfromance than that of 100% commercial catalyst. The unique structure of CNF can supply the significant site for the stabilization of Pt particles. CNF/ACF is expected to be promising support to improve the performance in PEMFC.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.152-160
• /
• 1979

The promoting effect of Ba or Sr addition was investigated for furfural hydrogenation reaction over copper-chromium oxide catalysts. X-ray diffraction patterns showed the appearance of $BaCrO_4$ and $SrCrO_4$ phases in Ba, and Sr promoted copper-chromium oxide catalysts. For both Ba and Sr promoted catalysts, the activity decline with reaction time was much smaller compared to that of unpromoted catalyst and copper-chromium oxide catalyst dispersed on silica, reproducible EPR signals of Cr(V) were observed when CO was adsorbed. The promoting effect of Ba addition can be interpreted in terms of active sites dispersion and stabilization.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.35 no.12
• /
• pp.3627-3631
• /
• 2014

In this study we examined two ester-containing cross-links, hex-2-enyl acetate and hex-2-enyl propionate, as new cross-linking systems for helix stabilization of short peptides. We demonstrated that these hexenyl ester cross-links can be readily installed via a ruthenium-mediated ring-closing metathesis reaction of L-aspartic acid 4-allyl ester or L-glutamic acid 5-allyl ester at position i and (S)-2-(4'-pentenyl)alanine at position i+4 using second generation Hoveyda-Grubbs catalyst at $60^{\circ}C$. Between these two cross-links, we found that the hex-2-enyl propionate significantly stabilizes the ${\alpha}$-helical conformations of short model peptides. The helix-stabilizing effects of the hex-2-enyl propionate tether appear to be as powerful as Verdine's i,i+4 all-hydrocarbon stapling system, which is one of the most widely used and the most potent helix-stabilizing cross-linking systems. Furthermore, the hex-2-enyl propionate bridge is reasonably robust against non-enzymatic hydrolytic cleavage at a physiological pH. While extended studies for probing its chemical scopes and biological applications are needed, we believe that this new helix-stabilizing system could serve as a useful chemical tool for understanding protein folding and designing conformationally-constrained peptide drugs.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.249-253
• /
• 2014

Palladium on carbon catalysts for hexafluoropropylene hydrogenation were prepared using imidazolium hexafluorophosphate with various cation parts. The morphology of palladium was relatively affected by the cation parts of the ionic liquid. With increasing alkyl chains of the ionic liquid cation, the shape of palladium particle changed from spherical to cylindrical due to the effect of steric stabilization. After calcination at $500^{\circ}C$, all catalysts possessed the comparable crystal structure. Under the identical reaction conditions, the catalyst prepared using the ionic liquid with hexyl chain in cation parts showed the most effective reactivity.

• The Journal of Engineering Research
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.215-222
• /
• 1998

The effect of La and Si addition of the thermal stabilization of $\gamma-alumina$ powers have been studied. Reagent grade $La(NO_3)_3{\cdot}6H_2O$ and $Si(OC_2H_5)_4$ were used as starting materials. These additives were introduced by wet impregnation method. Both La and Si additives suppressed the sintering of alumina and were found to be good thermal stabilizers of $\gamma-alumina$. Especially, Si drastically suppressed the phase transition of alumina at high temperatures. The major mechanisms for the thermal stabilization of alumina were seemed to be new phase formation and retardation of surface diffusion by addition of La or Si into alumina matrix.

• The Journal of Engineering Research
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.139-145
• /
• 1997

The effect of Ba addition on the thermal stabilization of $\gamma$-$Al_2O_3$ powders were studied. Ba additive was introduced into $\gamma$-$Al_2O_3$ powders by wet impregnation of $Ba(No_3)_3$.$6H_2O$. Ba additive was proved to be effective on the thermal stabilization of $\gamma$-$Al_2O_3$ powders by suppression of sintering. The optimum content of Ba was determined by 5 mol%, through the calcinations temperature range. It is suggested that the main reason of thermal stabilizaton is the substitution effect of large $Ba^{2+}$ ions into the $\Al^{3+}$ sites, which suppressed the surface diffusion of $\Al^{3+}$ ions.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.55-59
• /
• 2012

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fibers have been widely used due to their unique chemical, electrical, and mechanical properties. Electron beam irradiation has been extensively employed as means of altering properties of polymeric materials. Electron beam irradiation can induce chemical reactions in materials without any catalyst. Electron beam irradiation may be useful in accelerating the thermal compression stabilization of PAN nanofibers. To investigate the irradiation effect on PAN fibers, PAN nanofibers were irradiated by electron beam at 1,000~5,000 kGy. Irradiated and non-irradiated PAN nanofibers were heated at 180 and $220^{\circ}C$ without applying pressure for 15 min. Then 1 metric ton has been applied for 5 min. SEM images have been found that the fiber kept its morphological behavior after the hot pressing up to electron beam irradiated 1,000 kGy. DSC thermograms showed that the peak temperatures of the exothermic reactions were found to decrease with increasing electron beam irradiation doses and temperature. FT-IR spectra have been found to decrease $C{\equiv}N$ stretch band with increasing the electron beam irradiation dose. These results indicate that the modification of PAN via reactions such as cyclization is significantly enhanced by electron beam irradiation and thermal compression technique.