• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.21-36
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• 2018

The incidence of collision damage models on oil tanker and bulk carrier reliability is investigated considering the IACS deterministic model against GOALDS/IMO database statistics for collision events, substantiating the probabilistic model. Statistical properties of hull girder residual strength are determined by Monte Carlo simulation, based on random generation of damage dimensions and a modified form of incremental-iterative method, to account for neutral axis rotation and equilibrium of horizontal bending moment, due to cross-section asymmetry after collision events. Reliability analysis is performed, to investigate the incidence of collision penetration depth and height statistical properties on hull girder sagging/hogging failure probabilities. Besides, the incidence of corrosion on hull girder residual strength and reliability is also discussed, focussing on gross, hull girder net and local net scantlings, respectively. The ISSC double hull oil tanker and single side bulk carrier, assumed as test cases in the ISSC 2012 report, are taken as reference ships.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.147-170
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• 2014

This paper focuses on the study of the most recent ultra-filtration techniques, based on porous polymer membranes, used for the treatment of wastewater from oil, mine and hydrometallurgical industries. The performance of porous membranes used in separation and recovery of oil and heavy metals from wastewater, was evaluated by the polymer composition and by the membrane characteristics, as it follows: hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity, porosity, carrier (composition and concentration), selectivity, fouling, durability, separation efficiency and operating conditions. The oil/water efficient separation was observed on ultra-filtration (UF) techniques, with porous membranes, whereas heavy metals recovery from wastewater was observed using porous membranes with carrier. It can be concluded, that in the ultra-filtration wastewater treatments, a hybrid system, with porous polymer membranes with or without carrier, can be used for these two applications: oil/water separation and heavy metals recovery.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.30-34
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• 2016

A simple and rapid method based on proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was developed for determination of trans-anethole content in fennel essential oil. Spectra of pure trans-anethole, of the pure essential oil of fennel, and of the pure oil of fennel with thymol internal standard were recorded. The signal of $H-1^/$ was used for quantification of trans-anethole. This proton signal is well separated in the proton magnetic resonance spectrum of the compound. No reference compound is needed and cheap internal standard was used. The results obtained from spectroscopic analysis were compared with those obtained by gas chromatography. Additionally, the developed method was used for determination of the type of vegetable oil used as a carrier in commercial products, which cannot be quantified as such by gas chromatography. This study demonstrates the application of proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a quality control method for estimation of essential oil components.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.201-208
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• 2022

Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) is a prominent technique for the separation of heavy metal ions from wastewater due to the fast extraction and is a single-stage operation of stripping-extraction. The selection of the components (Surfactant and Carrier) of ELM is a very significant step for its preparation. In the ELM technique, the primary water- in-oil (W/O) emulsion is emulsified in water to produce water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion. The water in oil emulsion was prepared by mixing the membrane phase and internal phase. To prepare the membrane phase, the extractant D2EHPA (di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid) was used as a mobile carrier, Span-80 as a surfactant, and Paraffin as a diluent. Moreover, the internal (receiving) phase was prepared by dissolving sulphuric acid in water. Di-(2- ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid such as surfactant concentration, carrier concentration, sulphuric acid concentration in the receiving (internal) phase, agitation time (emulsion phase and feed phase), the volume ratio of the membrane phase to the receiving phase, the volume ratio of the external feed phase to the primary water-in-oil emulsion and pH of feed were studied on the percentage extraction of metal ions at 20℃. The results show that it is possible to remove 78% for As(V), 98% for Cd(II), and 99% for Pb(II). Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) is a well-known technique for separating heavy metal ions from wastewater due to the fast extraction and is a single-stage operation of stripping-extraction. The selection of ELM components (Surfactant and Carrier) is a very significant step in its preparation. In the ELM technique, the primary water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion is emulsified to produce water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion. The water in the oil emulsion was prepared by mixing the membrane and internal phases. The extractant D2EHPA (di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid) was used as a mobile carrier, Span-80 as a surfactant, and Paraffin as a diluent. Moreover, the internal (receiving) phase was prepared by dissolving sulphuric acid in water. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid such as surfactant concentration, carrier concentration, sulphuric acid concentration in the receiving (internal) phase, agitation time (emulsion phase and feed phase), the volume ratio of the membrane phase to the receiving phase, the volume ratio of the external feed phase to the primary water-in-oil emulsion and pH of feed were studied on the percentage extraction of metal ions at 20℃. The results show that it is possible to remove 78% for As(V), 98% for Cd(II), and 99% for Pb(II).

• 한국항해학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.63-76
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• 1999

This paper aims at developing an integrated fleet management support system for industrial carriers who usually control the vessels of their own or on a time charter to minimize the cost of shipping their cargoes. The work is mainly concerned with the operational management problem of the fleet owned by a major oil company, a typical industrial carrier. The optimal fleet management problem for the major oil company can be divided into two phase problem. The front end corresponds to the production operation problem of the transportation of crude oil, the refinery operation, and the distribution of product oil to comply with the demand of the market. The back end is to tackle the fleet scheduling problem to meet the seaborne transportation demand derived from the front end. Relevant optimization models for each phase are proposed and described briefly. Then a user-friendly integrated fleet management support system is built based on the proposed optimization models for both ends under Windows environment. A case study reflecting the practices of fleet management problem for the major oil company is carried out by using the system.

• 대한조선학회 특별논문집
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• 대한조선학회 2005년도 특별논문집
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• pp.69-75
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• 2005

Recently it was reported that the vibration problems on the oil pipe support structure of the crude oil carrier were occurred. in order to investigate the vibration characteristics and the causes of the vibration occasionally. the vibration measurements and impact tests for the oil Pipe structure were carried out. From the measurement results severe vibration was caused by the resonance between the transversal natural frequency of the structure and $6^{th}$ order excitation force of the main engine. Providing the proper countermeasures a series of the vibration analyses were carried out based on the measurement results. From the analysis results, it was concluded that the vibration characteristics of the oil pipe structure were affected by the oil pipes, support structure itself, upper deck structure and the installation spaces and the standard design was established for the crude oil carriers.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.1027-1035
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• 2008

Essentail oils and carrier oils are generally used for Aromatherapy. Therefore the toxicity, possibilities of irritations and sensitive reactions and injury of essential oils must be considered for clients and therapists. So that, in this studies a toxicity of jojoba and 4 species essential oils (fennel, mandarine, tea tree and cedarwood) were investigated by the measurement of MTT-assay and sirius red staining. Liver, kidney and brain tell were chosen for the cell viability assay and observation of morphological change. In the result, no cytotoxicity was observed on live., kidney and brain cell at concentration of 0.01 $\mu\el/m\el$ jojoba oil. And lysis and nucleus breaking were not observed at same concentration of jojoba oil on live., kidney and brain cell. fennel oil was showed 50% of cell viability and inhibited cell growth on liver, kidney and brain cell at relatively high concentration compared with the other oils. 50% of liver, kidney and brain cell viability and delayed cell growth of tea tree and mandarine oil were revealed at lower concentration than fennel oil. In cedarwood oil, 50% of liver cell viability at concentration of 0.00067 $\mu\el/m\el$ was showed, but cell viability and cell growth of kidney and beam cell were effected at the lowest concentration compared with other oils. So that, jojoba oil as using of carrier oil may be not harmful. And 3 essential oils from the fennel, tea tree and mamdarine may have very low toxicity, but cedarwood may be used carefully for inhalation. And over dosage of concentrated cedarwood oil should be not directly touched and exposured, and absolute essential oils must be diluted with carrier oils for topical and systematic massage.

• 한국인쇄학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.41-53
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• 2011

For manufacturing the tape for repairing archival documents, we tested ten carrier candidates for selecting best material. The tensile strength, transmissivity, stability of deterioration, and processability were determined. Physical-chemical characteristics and stability of deterioration was best to the Hanji. Tensile strength and transmissivity was best in tracing paper, but was low in oil paper, white sketch paper, lyon coat paper. Synthetic carrier to tensile strength showed higher than paper carrier and to the transmissivity showed 2-8 times higher than paper carriers. The tracing paper to the transmissivity was 10 times higher than others. To determine characteristic of conservation to the selected carriers, stability of deterioration was examined at conditions of $90^{\circ}C$ for 15 days. Oil paper and white sketch paper turned strongly yellowish. Cellulopane, Felt, and Cpp film showed stable stability of deterioration, but deformation like wrinkles. PET film and Syntheletic film showed excellent conservation characteristics without any change of exterior. Test of adhesive uniform between carriers and adhesive processability was performed. PET film > Syntheletic film > Tracing Paper in order were determined. Ununiformal adhesive characteristics appeared to Hangi. Accordingly, we thought that Hanji as carrier material might be unsuitable because of low adhesive processability.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.15-24
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• 1989

The transport of Chromium(Vl) ion from waste water throughl the liquid surfactant membrane containing tri-n-octylamine as a carrier, was analyzed by a slab model and was investigated through experiments. For the experiment of membrane stability, concentrations of surfactant and liquid parafnn oil were analyzed. Extraction euperiments were carried out to observe the effect of system variables, such as stirring speed, concentration of carrier, and NaOH in internal aqueous phase, and concentrations of H$_2$SO$_4$and initial chromium(VI) ion in external aqueous phase at $25^{\circ}C$. It is concluded that the most stable formation of liquid membrane emulsion was obtained when surfactant concentration is above 3 wt. ％ and liquid parafnn oil concentration is 50 vol. ％. The transport of chromium(VI) ion in bacth extractor increased with increasing carrier concentration, the volume ratio of emulsion to external aqueous phases, and initial concentration of chromium(VI) ion under the optimum stirring speed of chromium(VI) ion below 2 ppm. The theoretical equation on the transport of chromium(Vl) ion agreed well with the experimental results.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.279-289
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• 2009

For a Product Oil Carrier, longitudinal bulkhead as well as transverse one is corrugated shape in general and intersection part of bulkheads is utilized for a pipe trunk. Since lower and upper stools are to be connected with all of longitudinal and transverse bulkheads, they have a uniform height respectively. The purpose of this study is the development of design system for the minimization of total weight of longitudinal and transverse bulkheads at the initial design stage. In this study, the beam element models for longitudinal and transverse corrugated bulkheads are established and they are applied to the structural analysis. For the practical design, the selection and the position of an additional pipe trunk are considered in this study. In addition the required minimum distance between the bracket installed along the web of corrugation at lower stool and the diaphragm is taken into consideration during optimization process. Evolution strategy(ES) is adopted as an optimization technique.