• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.14-18
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• 2011

Esterification of methacrylic acid with ethylene glycol was carried out over Heteropolyacids [HPA: $H_4SiW_{12}O_{40}$ (STA) and $H_3PW_{12}O_{40}$ (PTA)] supported on ZSM-5. For comparison, the same reaction was carried out over unsupported HPA, $H_2SO_4$, $BF_3$ and PTSA. Among the catalysts studied, HPA showed better activity compared to $H_2SO_4$, $BF_3$ and PTSA. Catalytic activity was compared with HPA supported ZSM-5 catalysts. Typical results indicated that 30 wt% PTA supported on ZSM-5 showed nearly the same activity as that of bulk PTA. It was found that the reaction follows first order kinetics with respect to methacrylic acid. The reaction products were identified by $^1H$-NMR and FT-IR.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.88-93
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• 2017

The story of "A Tale of the Conquest over a Big Enemy from an Underground Nation" is a story that is distributed all over the world. This familiar narrative structure can be accepted without great objection even in places with different cultures. In case of storytelling with the elements extracted from the narrative according to the previous research, storytelling of the picture book was carried out using the element and structure of the narrative. One of the ways to content the story is called a re-writing. In this paper, we divided the components of picture book into literary subjects, plots, characters, and backgrounds. "A Tale of the Conquest over a Big Enemy from an Underground Nation" is analyzed in the same way. And presented storytelling of the picture book.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.705-713
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• 2003

In mid-August 2002, under clear summer pressure patterns, we carried out an intensive meteorological observation to examine the warming effects due to artificial constructions in a large housing complex. We set an automatic weather system(AWS) at two places in a bare soil surface within a limited development district and an asphalt surface within a large apartment residence area, respectively. As a result of observation, it became clear that the difference of the surface air(ground) temperature between the bare soil surface and its peripheral asphalt area reached about 4$^{\circ}C$(13$^{\circ}C$) at the maximum from diurnal variation of surface temperatures on AWS data. Through the heat balance analysis using measurement data, it became clear that the thermal conditions at two places are dependent on the properties of surface material. The latent heat flux over the bare soil surface reached to about 300 W/㎡, which is more than a half of net radiation during the daytime. On the other hand, it was nearly zero over the asphalt surface. Hence, the sensible heat flux over the asphalt surface was far more than that of the bare soil surface. The sensible heat flux over the asphalt surface showed about 20∼30 W/㎡ during the night. It was released from asphalt surface which have far more heat capacity than that of bare soil surface.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.6 no.7
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• pp.1756-1776
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• 2012

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are likely to be more prevalent as their cost-effectiveness improves. The spectrum of applications for WSNs spans multiple domains. In environmental sciences, in particular, they are on the way to become an essential technology for monitoring the natural environment and the dynamic behavior of transient physical phenomena over space. Existing sensor network query processors (SNQPs) have also demonstrated that in-network processing is an effective and efficient means of interaction with WSNs for performing queries over live data. Inspired by these findings, this paper investigates the question as to whether spatio-temporal and historical analysis can be carried over WSNs using distributed query-processing techniques. The emphasis of this work is on the spatial, temporal and historical aspects of sensed data, which are not adequately addressed in existing SNQPs. This paper surveys the novel approaches of storing the data and execution of spatio-temporal and historical queries. We introduce the challenges and opportunities of research in the field of in-network storage and in-network spatio-temporal query processing as well as illustrate the current status of research in this field. We also present new areas where the spatio-temporal and historical query processing can be of significant importance.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.172-180
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• 2011

The transfer of microorganisms is important process for ecosystems. Microorganisms in dryland can transport itself to wetland through atmospheric diffusion, but only few papers reported about the atmospheric bioaerosol present over dryland. We carried out the direct sampling using a tethered balloon over Dunhuang City, China's northwestern dryland. Bioaerosols were collected using a tethered balloon with a bioaerosol collector at 820 m above the ground (1,960 m above the sea level) around noon on August 17, 2007. The bioaerosols were cultured after the collection at Dunhuang Meteorological observatory. Two strains of molds were isolated using the Nutrient agar medium. About 400-bp 18S rRNA partial sequences were amplified by PCR and determined afterwards. The results of a homology search by 18S rRNA sequences of isolates in DNA databases (GenBank, DDBJ, and EMBL) and an observation of the form revealed that two bioaerosols in the convective mixed layer over Dunhuang City were Cladosporium sp. and Aspergillus sp.

• Advances in materials Research
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.337-359
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• 2019

Shape Memory Polymer Composites (SMPC) have gained popularity over the last few decades due to its flexible shape memory behaviour over wide range of strains and temperatures. In this paper, non-linear bending analysis has been carried out for SMPC beam under the application of uniformly distributed transverse load (UDL). Simplified C⁰ continuity Finite Element Method (FEM) based on Higher Order Shear Deformation Theory (HSDT) has been adopted for flexural analysis of SMPC. The numerical solutions are obtained by iterative Newton Raphson method. Material properties of SMPC with Shape Memory Polymer (SMP) as matrix and carbon fibre as reinforcements, have been calculated by theory of volume averaging. Effect of temperature on SMPC has been evaluated for numerous parameters for instance number of layers, aspect ratio, boundary conditions, volume fraction of carbon fiber and laminate stacking orientation. Moreover, deflection profile over unit length and behavior of stresses across thickness are also presented to elaborate the effect of glass transition temperature (T_g). Present study provides detailed explanation on effect of different parameters on the bending of SMPC beam for large strain over a broad span of temperature from 273-373K, which encompasses glass transition region of SMPC.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to clarify the effect of mountain-valley wind on heat island formed in urban area which is located around valley mouth. The meteorological observations were carried out over the Dalbi-valley under a clear summer pressure patterns, and some consideration were tried from the results. In order to make clear the climatological characteristics and air-mass modification process of the mountain-valley wind over the valley, the meteorological observations were done simultaneously at two points. The observational points were located at the breast and valley mouth parts, respectively. The results were as follows: First, it was found that the valley wind was observed through the daytime, and it was replaced by a mountain wind after sunset. Second, the heat budget is also investigated with observation data. The sensible heat flux over the breast of Dalbi-valley reached to about $200 W/m^2$ during daytime, which is a little more than one third of net radiation. On the other hand, the sensible heat flux represented negative values during nighttime. But the sensible heat flux over the valley mouth covered by asphalt showed plus value(about $20{\sim}30 W/m^2$) during the nighttime.

• BMB Reports
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2013

Heat shock proteins play an important role in plant stress tolerance and are mainly regulated by heat shock transcription factors (Hsfs). In this study, we generated transgenic rice over-expressing OsHsfA7 and carried out morphological observation and stress tolerance assays. Transgenic plants exhibited less, shorter lateral roots and root hair. Under salt treatment, over-expressing OsHsfA7 rice showed alleviative appearance of damage symptoms and higher survival rate, leaf electrical conductivity and malondialdehyde content of transgenic plants were lower than those of wild type plants. Meanwhile, transgenic rice seedlings restored normal growth but wild type plants could not be rescued after drought and re-watering treatment. These findings indicate that over-expression of OsHsfA7 gene can increase tolerance to salt and drought stresses in rice seedlings.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.219-232
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• 2014

The characteristics of turbulent boundary layers over hilly terrain depend strongly on the hill slope and upstream condition, especially inflow turbulence. Numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the neutrally stratified turbulent boundary layer over two-dimensional hills. Two kinds of hill shape, a steep one with stable separation and a low one without stable separation, two kinds of inflow condition, laminar turbulent, are considered. An auxiliary simulation, based on the local differential quadrature method and recycling technique, is performed to simulate the inflow turbulence be imposed at inlet boundary of the turbulent inflow, which preserves very well in the computational domain. A large separation bubble is established on the leeside of the steep hill with laminar inflow, while reattachment point moves upstream under turbulent inflow condition. There is stable separation on the side of low hill with laminar inflow, whilw not turbulent inflow. Besides increase of turbulence intensity, inflow can efficiently enhance the speedup around hills. So in practice, it is unreasonable to study wind flow over hilly terrain without considering inflow turbulence.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2015

Coking accumulations via dry methane reforming (DMR) over 10NAM monolithic catalyst and pelletized catalyst was investigated. 10NAM catalyst was synthesized and coated on a wall of monolithic reactor. Pelletized catalyst of 10NAM was also prepared for the comparison. Consequently, catalyst was characterized by BET, $H_2-TPR$ and $H_2-TPD$. The catalytic reaction was undergone at $600^{\circ}C$ under atmospheric pressure and $CH_4$ to $CO_2$ reactant ratio of 1:2. The coking formation over spent catalyst was then carried out in the hydrogen flow using temperature programmed technique (TPH). According to the results, DMR over 10NAM monolithic catalyst exhibits a minimized coking formation comparing to the use of pelletized catalyst. This could be attributed to a prominent heat transfer efficiency of the monolithic catalyst.