• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.371-382
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• 2022

Carbonates are inorganic ligands that are abundant in natural groundwater. They strongly influence radionuclide mobility by forming strong complexes, thereby increasing solubility and reducing soil absorption rates. We characterized the spectroscopic properties of Am(III)-carbonate species using UV-Vis absorption and time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. The deconvoluted absorption spectra of aqueous Am(CO₃)₂^- and Am(CO₃)₃^3- species were identified at red-shifted positions with lower molar absorption coefficients compared to the absorption spectrum of aqua Am³⁺. The luminescence spectrum of Am(CO₃)₃^3- was red-shifted from 688 nm for Am³⁺ to 695 nm with enhanced intensity and an extended lifetime. Colloidal Am(III)-carbonate compounds exhibited absorption at approximately 506 nm but had non-luminescent properties. Slow formation of colloidal particles was monitored based on the absorption spectral changes over the sample aging time. The experimental results showed that the solubility of Am(III) in carbonate solutions was higher than the predicted values from the thermodynamic constants in OECD-NEA reviews. These results emphasize the importance of kinetic parameters as well as thermodynamic constants to predict radionuclide migration. The identified spectroscopic properties of Am(III)-carbonate species enable monitoring time-dependent species evolution in addition to determining the thermodynamics of Am(III) in carbonate systems.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.141-148
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• 2018

This study evaluated the performance characteristics of varied electrolyte species and amounts in a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC). Coin-type MCFCs were used at the condition of $650^{\circ}C$ and 1 atm. In order to measure the effects of varied electrolyte species and amounts, electrolytes of $(Li+K)_2CO_3$ and $(Li+Na)_2CO_3$ were selected and the amounts of 1.5 g, 2.0 g, 3.0 g, and 4.0 g were used. Insignificant performance differences were observed in the cell using different electrolytes, but the cell performance was sensitive to the amount of the electrolyte used. The pore-filling ratio (PFR), a ratio of pore filling in the components by the liquid carbonate electrolytes, was used to determine the optimum performance range. Consequently, 77% PFR demonstrated the optimum performance for both electrolytes. Thus, the MCFC had a permissible but narrow optimum performance range. The remaining amounts of electrolyte in the cells were determined using the weight reduction ratio (WRR) method after several hours of cell operation. The WRR used the relationship between the initial loaded amount of electrolyte and weight reduction of components in 10 wt% acetic acid. The relationships were linear and identical between the two electrolyte species.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.415-425
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• 2003

A single particle analysis, called low-Z electron probe X-ray microanalysis was applied to characterize the atmospheric aerosols collected during Asian Dust storm events in the year of 2000 and 2001. Most frequently encountered chemical species were the soil-originated species such as aluminosilicates, silicon dioxide, and calcium carbonate. Also various species such as carbon -rich, organics, sea salts, and some reacted calcium carbonate were identified. The observation of internally mixed particles oi calcium carbonate, calcium nitrate and/or calcium sulfate shows the occurrence of the heterogeneous reaction between Asian Dust particles and NO$_{x}$ and/or SO$_{x}$ species in the atmosphere.ere.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.1413-1417
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• 1999

Chemical poisoning of Ni/MgO catalyst was induced by hot alkali carbonate vapor in molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), and the poisoned (or contaminated) catalyst was characterized by TPR/TPO, FTIR, and XRD analysis. Carbonate electrolytes such as K and Li were transferred to the catalyst during DIR-MCFC operation at 650 ℃. The deposition of alkali species on the catalyst consequently led to physical blocking on catalytic active sites and structural deformation by chemical poisoning. TPR/TPO analysis indicated that K species enhanced the reducibility of NiO thin film over Ni as co-catalyst, and Li species lessened the reducibility of metallic Ni by chemical reaction with MgO. FTIR analysis of the poisoned catalyst did not exhibit the characteristic ${\vector}_1$$(D_{3h})$ peaks (1055 $cm^{-1},\;1085\;cm{-1})$ for pure crystalline carbonates, instead a new peak (1120 $cm^{-1})$ was observed proportionally with deformed alkali carbonates. From XRD analysis, the oxidation of metallic Ni into $Ni_xMg_{1-x}O$ was confirmed by the peak shift of MgO with shrinking of Ni particles. Conclusively, hot alkali species induced both chemical poisoning and physical deposition on Ni/MgO catalyst in DIR-MCFC at 650 ℃.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.823-832
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• 2004

Atmospheric aerosol particles collected in Seoul on four single days, each in every seasons of 2001, were characterized and classified on the basis of their chemical species using low-Z particle electron probe X-ray microanalysis (low-Z particle EPMA). Low-Z particle EPMA technique can analyze both the size and the chemical species of individual aerosol particles of micrometer size and provide detailed information on the size distribution of each chemical species. The major chemical species observed in Seoul aerosol were aluminosilicate, silicon dioxide, calcium carbonate, organic, carbon-rich, marine originated, and ammonium sulfate particles, etc. The soil originated species, such as aluminosilicate, silicon dioxide, and calcium carbonate were the most popular in the coarse fraction, meanwhile, carbonaceous and ammonium sulfate were the dominant species found in the fine fraction. Marine originated species such as sodium nitrate was frequently encountered, up to 30% of the analyzed aerosol particles.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.47-52
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• 2005

수용액에서 탄산계 이온종들은 알칼리도, 완충 용량, 생물학적 생산지수 등과 같은 물의 여러 화학적 성질들을 결정하는데 있어 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 이러한 화학종들은 또한 수계에서 고체, 액체, 그리고 기체 상태 등으로 변화하며 반응을 하는 특성을 지니고 있다. 고체상이 없는 상황에서 탄산계 이온종들의 총량과 각 이온종들의 상대량은 대기에서의 이산화탄소의 분압에 의해 결정되며 이는 또한 수계의 제반 성질에 직접적인 영향을 미치게 된다. 수환경에서 진행되는 정수, 혹은 폐수 처리 공정, 폐기물 처리공정, 그리고 폐기물의 재활용과 관련된 공정들에 있어 공정의 최적화를 위해서는 수환경의 특성을 파악하는 것이 매우 중요하며 이러한 수환경의 특성에 가장 크게 영향을 미치는 요소들 가운데 하나가 탄산계 이온종들이다. 대기에서의 이산화탄소의 분압과 물의 화학적 성질, 특히 pH와의 근본적인 연관성을 이해하기 위해 물과 접촉한 상태의 드라이아이스로부터 발생하는 순수한 이산화탄소의 활성 분압을 수계에서의 평형론에 근거하여 계산하였다. 탄산의 해리와 관련된 평형상수들을 van't Hoff식에 의해 결정하였으며 평형계산의 결과를 입증하기 위해 pH 에 따른 탄산계 이온종들의 분배 곡선을 작성하였다. 계산된 이산화탄소 기체의 활성 분압은 수용액에서의 탄산계 이온종들의 농도의 함수인 것으로 나타났으며 수용액에서 일어나는 반응들의 체계적 이해를 위해서는 수용액과 접해있는 이산화탄소 등과 같은 기체의 활성 분압에 대한 선행 계산이 필요한 것으로 파악되었다.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.389-399
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• 2019

동해 울릉분지의 탄산칼슘 포화상태를 1999, 2014, 2017, 2018년도 해양 조사를 통해 수집된 pH, 용존무기탄소(DIC), 총알칼리도(TA) 자료를 이용하여 계산하였다. 1999년에 비해 2010년대에 전 수심에서 탄산염 포화상태는 유의하게 감소하였다. 2018년 현재 방해석과 선석의 포화면 수심은 각각 약 500 m와 200 m로 상승하였다. 탄산칼슘 포화상태를 결정하는 주된 화학종인 탄산이온은 상층과 심층에서 다른 분포를 보였다: 상층에서는 약 $175{\mu}mol\;kg^{-1}$로 비교적 높고, 심층에서는 $50{\mu}mol\;kg^{-1}$ 이하로 아주 낮게 나타났다. 그러나 탄산이온 농도의 감소 경향은 심층보다 상층에서 두드러졌는데, 이는 2000년대에 대기에서 이산화탄소의 침투가 주로 상층에서 일어나는 것이 반영된 결과로 해석된다.

• 공업화학
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.522-526
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• 1992

반응온도 $10^{\circ}C$하에서 수산화칼슘 수용액에 $CO_2$ 가스를 흡수시켜 탄산화반응을 행하였으며 비정질탄산칼슘의 생성과 전이과정을 조사하였다. 생성된 비정질탄산칼슘은 입경 약 $0.02{\sim}0.05{\mu}m$ 정도인 구형의 초미립자로서 소량의 부착수를 포함고, $HCO^-_3$ 이온이 일부 치환된 비화학양론적인 물질이었다. 이 물질은 매우 불안정하여 반응액 내에서 쉽게 안정한 calcite로 전이하게 되는데 반응액 내의 탄산기가 $CO_3^{2-}$ 이온 지배적인 경우에는 연쇄상 calcite로 전이하였고, $HCO^-_3$ 이온 지배적인 경우에는 능면체 calcite로 전이하였다. 그러므로 비정질탄산칼슘의 전이과정을 적절히 제어함으로써 탄산칼슘 입자의 형태와 크기를 조절하는 것이 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권1호
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• pp.63-70
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• 2023

Ultrasound-assisted dissolution of U₃O₈ powder in carbonate solution was explored to determine if and how ultrasound act during the dissolution. The variation of U₃O₈ solid particles and uranyl complexes under ultrasound treatment and magnetic stirring was observed in carbonate media. The results show that the use of ultrasound can increase the solubility and dissolution rate of U₃O₈ powder than that under magnetic stirring. The crush of U₃O₈ particles and the reduction of the activation energy (Ea, kJ/mol) of U₃O₈ dissolution reaction were observed, which both play an important role in the ultrasonic-assisted dissolution of U₃O₈ in carbonate-peroxide solution. Meanwhile, there is no observation of the ultrasound effect on the distribution of uranyl species and hydrolysis of uranyl complexes during the ultrasound treatment in carbonate-peroxide solution. Although the generation of ·OH radicals under ultrasound (22 ± 2 kHz) was observed, the oxidation of ·OH had little effect on the dissolution of U₃O₈ in the carbonate-peroxide solution system.

• 한국방사성폐기물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국방사성폐기물학회 2018년도 추계학술논문요약집
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• pp.586-587
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• 2018