• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.64 no.5
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• pp.667-679
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• 2015

The bearer of the power sector's ETS compliance cost is power consumer for the following reasons. Firstly, power companies are constrained in establishing appropriate strategies to comply with ETS regulations due to the structural differences between the domestic power market and emission trading system. In other words, because power companies do not have a right to determine price and production of electricity, they have to compete with other companies under disadvantaged conditions in the emission trading market. Secondly, because ETS compliance cost is part of power production costs as it is also clearly written in the national greenhouse gas reduction road-map and the second energy supply plan, the cost should be included in power price following the power market operation rule. Thirdly, the most effective method to reduce carbon emissions in power sector is to reduce power demand, which is efficiently achieved through raising power price to a realistic level. Low power price in Korea is the major cause of rising power demand which is also the major cause of rising GHG emission. Therefore, power sector's ETS compliance cost should be included in power price to encourage power consumers' actions on reducing power consumption. Fourthly, when externality cost occurs in the process of delivering public services, usually beneficiary pay principle is applied to identify the cost bearer. Since electricity is one representative public good, the bearer of power sector's ETS compliance cost is power consumer.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.667-694
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• 2018

We analyze the learning-by-doing effects of the allowance pricing system on the Korea's emission trading scheme. The price of allowance (Korean Allowance Unit) is influenced differently by internal market factors and economic conditions variables in the first (January 2015 to June 2016 ) and the second commitment year(January 2016 to June 2017). The prices and transaction volumes of complementary credits (KCU and KOC) as well as economic conditions variables (such as call rate, exchange rate, stock price) are statistically significant only for the second commitment year. Thus, the learning-by-doing effect makes the market participation decision on K-ETS market more efficient in the second commitment year, adopting the previous experience and knowledge in the K-ETS market. The factors estimated significantly in both commitment periods include the institutional binary variable for requiring the submission of the emissions verification reports issued both on February and March.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.61-68
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• 2019

Currently many companies are interested in reduction of the carbon emissions associated with their supply chain activities such as transportation and operations. Operational decisions, such as modifications in order quantities could an effective way in reducing carbon emissions in the supply chain. Cap-and-trade regulation, sometimes called emissions trading, is a market-based tool to limit greenhouse gas emissions. Under cap-and-trade regulation, emission credits are allocated to the firms and the firms trades emissions under cap-and-trade schemes. In this paper, we propose a single-manufacturer single-buyer two-echelon supply chain problem under the cap-and-trade mechanism incorporating the carbon emissions caused by transportation and warehousing activities where a single manufacturer produces a family of items in order to deliver a family of items to a single buyer at a fixed interval of time for effective implementation of Just-In-Time (JIT) Purchasing. An integrated multi-product lot-splitting model of facilitating multiple shipments in small lots between buyer and manufacturer is developed in a JIT Purchasing environment. Also, an iterative heuristic algorithm is developed to derive the common order interval, the number of intervals for each product and the number of shipments between the buyer and the manufacturer during the common interval. A numerical example is given to illustrate the savings in reduction of total cost and carbon emissions by the inventory model incorporating cap-and-trade mechanism compared to the classical inventory model. The proposed inventory model could be useful for the practical solution of two-echelon supply chain inventory problem under cap-and-trade mechanism.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.297-303
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• 2017

Considering Japan's Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions reduction target for Fiscal Year (FY) 2030, the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) was analyzed in order to estimate its significant contribution to Japan's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and check its availability as a new mechanism to achieve Korea's 2030 mitigation target of 11.3% using carbon credits from international market mechanisms. The total budget for JCM Model Projects (1.2 billion JPY/yr) and JCM REDD+ Model Projects (0.8 billion JPY/yr), which are expected to deliver at least 50% of issued credits to Japan, is estimated about 21.6 billion JPY by the year 2030. This budget is about one third of the purchase of carbon credits from international carbon markets. So far, JCM credits of $378tCO_2-eq$. have been allocated to Japan, which are about 77% of the total issued credit through five-JCM Model Projects implemented from the year 2014. It is expected that Japan will obtain about $0.5MtCO_2-eq$. credits more from 100-ongoing JCM Projects, which are only 1% of Japan's NDC target through JCM credits. With regard to regular issued credits from implemented projects, expected new issued credits from pipeline projects and the less budget for JCM implementation as compared to purchasing carbon credits, JCM credits can be reached a resonable level of Japan's NDC target of $50{\times}100MtCO_2-eq$. through JCM until FY 2030.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.209-232
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• 2023

This study aims to estimate the export performance factors of Korean Steel Products to the EU and the expected changes in exports according to the CBAM(Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism). the factors influencing the export performance of Korean Steel Products to the EU were analyzed using a Gravity Model, and the expected export amount in the case of a Carbon Tax was calculated assuming that the CBAM would be implemented in 2026, As a result, it was empirically analyzed that economic growth, population growth, exchange rate and manufacturing production index of each EU country have a positive effect on exports in Korea, and it was analyzed that the effects of the single market and system due to the EU's economic community were also helpful in increasing exports but the Carbon Tax is imposed in 2026, reducing Korea's steel exports by about -3.6% to -5.7%

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.301-323
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• 2013

The government of the UK since the 1990, especially under the new Labour Party, has pursued sustainable development or carbon control as a core strategy for its national development. The seemingly prominent environmental policy for 'greening the government' of the UK as well as considerable achievements in energy and environment indices have attracted much attentions of policy makers and researchers for the 'low carbon green growth' in Korea. This paper tries to see the character of carbon control and environmental policy in the UK not merely as the integrating or mainstreaming policy but a new strategy for national development, that is, for the 'ecologically modernized' state, eco-state, or green state. It defines the environmental policy for carbon control in the UK as the strategy for the green state which has provided it as a principal guide for integrating national policies as a whole, and which has pursued it through market-dependent neoliberal measures. From this point of view, this paper introduces the development process of carbon control and environmental policy mainly under the new Labour Party government in the UK, and gives a reappraisal of both its policy and of energy-environment indices.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.83-90
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• 2016

Despite the ability of biochar to enhance soil fertility and to mitigate greenhouse gas, its carbon sequestration and profit analysis with arable land application have been a few evaluated. This study was conducted to estimate carbon sequestration and to evaluate profit of greenhouse gas mitigation during corn cultivation periods. For the experiment, the biochar application rates were consisted of pig compost(non application), 2,600(0.2%), 13,000(1%), and 26,000(2%) kg/ha based on pig compost application. For predicting soil carbon sequestration of biochar application, it was appeared to be linear model of Y = 0.5523X - 742.57 ($r^2=0.939^{**}$). Based on this equation, soil carbon sequestration by 0.2, 1 and 2% biochar application was estimated to be 1,235, 3,978, and 14,794 kg/ha, and their mitigations of $CO_2$-eq. emissions were estimated to be 4.5, 14.6, and 54.2 ton/ha, respectively. Their profits were estimated at $14.6 for lowest and $452 for highest. In Korea Climate Exchange, it was estimated that the market price of $CO_2$ in corn cultivation periods with 0.2, 1 and 2% biochar application was $35.6, $115.3 and $428.2 per hectare, respectively. For the plant growth response, it was observed that plant height and fresh ear yield were not significantly different among the treatments. Therefore, these experimental results might be fundamental data for assuming a carbon trading mechanism exists for biochar soil application in agricultural practices.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.165.1-165.1
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• 2010

In the past, drivers bought a fuel additives to treat a combustion chambers or injector nozzles for carbon or gum deposit at market. But, nowadays, as raised cost of fuel for a vehicle the consumers also start focusing on a function of fuel additives that increases fuel economy of one. Some fuel additive manufacturers and agents advertise that their goods make a car it's initial state. This paper shows data for 3 years that were acquired during test for registration of an additive in domestic. The data were sorted according to kind of vehicle, kind of fuel, test mode, CO, HC, NOx, PM, total emission, fuel economy and accumulated mileage. And than by using simple linear regression analysis changes according to accumulated mileage was displayed. Normal distribution and histogram of rate of increase and decrease were displayed. the analyzed data indicated that a fuel additive maintain and make a car the first state of one but can't make a car be batter than initial the one.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.75-107
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• 2014

For the purpose of carbon mitigation, Korea needs to introduce stronger market-based economic incentives to promote environmentally-friendly behaviors of consumers. In particular, the government could consider introducing tax benefits on income taxation for green consumption, as well as public education and campaign, to stimulate environmentally-friendly consumption behaviors. In this respect, using an analysis of Input-Output and Household Income and Expenditure Survey in Korea, this paper designs four major scenarios related to income tax benefits for green consumption, and then explores the economy-wide effects of those proposed policies.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2006

Building materials are trending toward environmental materials nowadays and the market share of those is growing. So those researches and developments for environmental property are proceeding now. The main properties of environmental products are far infrared emission, negative ion emission, electro magnetic wave shielding, and anti fungus, these products are used with shape of mortar, and spray on the finish material. But There are not much researches for the concrete, main material in construction field, with those functional properties. So in this research we evaluated slump, compressive strength and air content as basic properties for concrete using functional materials of sericite, wood pattern sand stone, carbon black and nanometric silver solution and functional properties like far infrared emission, negative ion emission, electro magnetic wave shielding, and anti fungus. The results were as follows. The most useful material in the functional materials was carbon black. Sericite and nanometric silver solution had a little effect on functional property, so it was difficult to apply to concrete, and wood pattern sand stone had a high functional property but low compressive strength, can be applied to a factory product. Anti fungus of the concrete using nanometric silver solution was not clear but if those specimens were aged in $CO_2$ gas for a long time it might apparent.