• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Environment and Ecology Conference
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.1-16
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• 2009

Japan is one of the major forest-rich countries in the world with two thirds of its national territory covered with forests. The various functions of forests, including the prevention of global warming, conservation of national land, recharging of water resources, and maintenance of biotic diversity, play an important role in our safe, secure, and comfortable living. With the increasing national expectations on the role of forests to contribute to the prevention of global warming and "Accelerating forest carbon-sink measures to achieve Kyoto Protocol Commitment", it is necessary to make efforts toward a large-scale forest regeneration in order to secure an absorption of 13 million carbon tons through forest carbon sink for the achievement of the target of six percent reduction under the Kyoto Protocol. Most importantly, however, is to accelerate the measures for forests as absorption sources, including thinning and other forestry management activities. However, there is a situation, among others, where thinning is not implemented properly due to the decreased willingness of forest owners to manage forests, because of the long-term low demand for domestic lumber and lumber prices. In addition, forestry workers are aging and decreasing in number. Thus, the circumstances surrounding forestry are severe. It is necessary for the protection of our precious forests to make efforts to create and maintain forests with activities that involve citizens such as the "National Movement for Utsukushii Mori Zukuri(Fostering Beautiful Forests)".

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.109-117
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the changes of plant species and soil physicochemical properties on green roofs established at Seoul Women's University in 2005, 2006 and 2007. The plant species and soil properties were investigated in 2013. The areas of green roof sites ranged $90{\sim}100m^2$. There were floras of vascular plants of 12 families, 20 genera and 22 species in the 2005 site, 24 families, 37 genera and 38 species in the 2006 site, 14 families, 27 genera and 31 species in the 2007 site. The total number of plant species decreased in the 2005 and 2006 sites and increased in the 2007 site since established. High proportion of dispersal type was barochory in the 2005 and 2006 site, and autochory in the 2007 site. And the proportion of the compositae family was high in the introduced plants over the sites for the all study sites. Average pH and organic matter concentration of green roof soil were ranged from 5.25 to 5.96 and 7.17 to 8.96% in study sites. The organic matter concentration and pH of green roof soil were lower in 2013 than in the three establishment years. Carbon concentration of green roof soil in the three study sites were ranged from 4.16 to 5.30% and total soil carbon in 10cm depth were ranged form 1.57 to $1.98kg/m^2$.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.302-310
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• 2016

The loss and degradation in tropical forest region are some of the current global concern. Hence, these issues elevated the role of rehabilitated forests in providing ecological products and services. The information on the carbon stock is important in relation to global carbon and biomass use, but lacking from the tropical region. This paper reports the assessment of tree and soil carbon stock in a chronosequence rehabilitated tropical forest stands in Malaysia. The study site was at the UPM-Mitsubishi Forest Rehabilitation Project, UPMKB. $20{\times}20m$ plot was established each and assessed in 2009 at 1-, 10- and 19-year-old sites while an adjacent ${\pm}23-year-old$ natural regenerating secondary forest plot was established for comparison. The overall total carbon stock was in the order of 19-year-old>${\pm}23-year-old$>10-year-old>1-year-old. When forest carbon stock is low, the soil component plays an important role in the carbon storage. The forest carbon recovery is crucial to increase soil carbon stock. The variations in the carbon stock showed the different stages of the forest recovery. Species survived after 19-years of planting are potential species for carbon sequestration activities in rehabilitated forest. Human intervention in rehabilitating degraded forest areas through tree planting initiatives is crucial towards recovering the forest ecological role especially in forest carbon stock capacity.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.157-164
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• 2013

The campus of Chittagong University in Bangladesh is rich in forest ecosystem. The campus has large area with vast tract of land planted with valuable timber tree species. The present study identifies and discovers the potential growing stock of the plantations in the campus area. This Growing stock was measured in three parameters viz. volume, biomass and organic carbon stock. Study identified thirty three economically valuable forest tree species in the plantations of Chittagong University. Out of three growing stock parameters, volume of timber was found to be low in indigenous tree species in the plantation sites other than exotic species. This might be due to their slow growth rate and low density in the plantation sites. However, biomass and organic carbon stock of trees per hactre area showed that indigenous species gather and sequester more timber and carbon respectively than introduced species. Plantations of Chittagong University campus can acquire $25.51m^3/ha$ volume of economically important tree species, where biomass and organic carbon stock is 222.33 tonne/ha and 107.48 tonne/ha respectively. This result shows a positive impression on the plantation site to be considered as good forest reserve.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.5
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• pp.673-681
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• 2010

This study examined the biomass data estimated from different allometric models and calculated the mean aboveground biomass, mean belowground biomass and root/shoot ratio values according to the forest types and age classes. These mean values and the forest inventories in 2009 were used to estimate the aboveground and total biomass carbon storage in different forest types (coniferous, deciduous and mixed forests). The aboveground and total biomass carbon storage for all forest types in Korea were 350.201 Tg C and 436.724 Tg C. Over the past 36 years, plantations by reforestation programs have accounted for more than 70% of the observed carbon storage. The carbon storage in Korean forest biomass was 436.724 Tg C, of which 175.154 Tg C for coniferous forests, 126.772 Tg C for deciduous forests and 134.518 Tg C for mixed forests, comprising approximately 1/20 of the total carbon storage of the East Asian countries. The total carbon storage for the whole forest sector in Korea was 1213.122 Tg C, of which 436.724 Tg C is stored in forest biomass if using the ratio of carbon storage in different pools examined from the United States. Such large carbon storage in Korean forests is due mainly to active plantations growth and management practices.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.193-206
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• 2013

This study was to provide the base data on the status of vegetations and soils in green roofs by analyzing the soil and vegetation characteristics of 4 green roofs in Dongguk University in September 2012. Sanglokwon(SW), Dongguk Hall(DH), University Library(UL), and Information and Culture Hall P(IC) were established in 2005, 2008, 2009, and 2010, respectively. The areas of green roofs were $700m^2$, $2,300m^2$, $1,240m^2$, and $640m^2$ in SW, DH, UL, and IC respectively. The investigated floras of vascular plants were 26 families, 55 genera, 65 species in Sanglokwon(SW), 53 families, 99 genera, 112 species in Dongguk Hall(DH), 43 families, 77 genera, 84 species in University Library(UL), and 41 families, 71 genera, 75 species in Information and Culture Hall P(IC), respectively. A positive correlation is shown between the number of plant species and planting area. Total nitrogen, organic matter, and potassium in soil have positive correlation with the number of plant species. The number of plant species was proportional to area and increased more than twice after planting. About a quarter of the invaded plants (including native and naturalized species) were naturalized plants. The total soil depths including vegetation soil and drainage soil at SW, DH, UL, and IC were 20cm, 10cm, 10cm, and 8cm, respectively. The depths of vegetation soil at SW, DH, UL, and IC were <7cm, <3cm, <2cm, and <2cm respectively. The soil pH in vegetation soil ranged from 5.22 to 5.36, and from 6.13 to 6.39 in drainage soil. Available-P concentration ranged from 10.17 to 189.77mg/kg in vegetation soil and from 6.70 to 81.17mg/kg in drainage soil. Carbon concentration in vegetation soil ranged from 2.93 to 9.70%, and 2.93 to 9.70% in drainage soil. Carbon contents in 20cm, 10cm, 10cm, and 8cm soil depths were $2.62kg/m^2$, $1.89kg/m^2$, $0.50kg/m^2$, and $0.53kg/m^2$ at SW, DH, UL, and IC, respectively.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 2024

This study attempted to derive regional characteristics from forest areas in Fukuoka Prefecture, which are traditional forestry areas in Japan, but have reached a time when new conversions are needed due to a decrease in wood prices and loss of motivation due to natural disasters such as typhoons. As a result, most of them are distributed to areas that include urbanization, rural areas, and mountain villages, and production areas of remote materials, which have the potential for forestry, but need to change policies to revitalize them due to low mountain utilization. Therefore, forest management and forestry production activities by multiple municipalities were judged to be efficient in these regions due to the promotion of forestry infrastructure, such as the expansion of forestry networks and the creation of mechanized forestry.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-30
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• 2009

Emission trading schemes, exemplified by the EU Emission Trading Scheme, have been playing active roles in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions since the Kyoto Protocol employed an emission trading as one of the cost-effective mechanisms. The objective of this study is to investigate potential integration of forestry offsets in designing an emission trading scheme in South Korea. First, the study found feasible scopes in which forestry sectors can take part by analyzing five emission trading schemes: EU Emission Trading Scheme, Chicago Climate Exchange, New South Wales Greenhouse Gas Abatement Scheme, New Zealand Emission Trading Scheme, and Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. The rationale of including forestry offsets in a domestic emission trading scheme was derived from the fact that forestry offset credits can provide cost-effective ways for market participants to commit their emission targets and expand abatement activities through reducing greenhouse gases in other geographical locations as well as other industrial sectors. Even though forestry offset credits have risks induced by their technical complexities in terms of accounting, additionality, and leakage, the integration of forestry offset credits into an emission trading scheme would be able to provide positive opportunities both to forestry sectors and other industrial sectors. In addition, there are technical questions which need to be answered in order to maintain these opportunities.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.128-138
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• 2018

Background: This study investigated the variation of soil organic carbon in four land cover types: natural and mixed forest, cultivated land, Eucalyptus plantation and open bush land. The study was conducted in the Birr watershed of the upper Blue Nile ('Abbay') river basin. Methods: The data was subjected to a two-way of ANOVA analysis using the general linear model (GLM) procedures of SAS. Pairwise comparison method was also used to assess the mean difference of the land uses and depth levels depending on soil properties. Total of 148 soil samples were collected from two depth layers: 0-10 and 10-20 cm. Results: The results showed that overall mean soil organic carbon stock was higher under natural and mixed forest land use compared with other land use types and at all depths ($29.62{\pm}1.95Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}$), which was 36.14, 28.36, and 27.63% more than in cultivated land, open bush land, and Eucalyptus plantation, respectively. This could be due to greater inputs of vegetation and reduced decomposition of organic matter. On the other hand, the lowest soil organic carbon stock under cultivated land could be due to reduced inputs of organic matter and frequent tillage which encouraged oxidation of organic matter. Conclusions: Hence, carbon concentrations and stocks under natural and mixed forest and Eucalyptus plantation were higher than other land use types suggesting that two management strategies for improving soil conditions in the watershed: to maintain and preserve the forest in order to maintain carbon storage in the future and to recover abandoned crop land and degraded lands by establishing tree plantations to avoid overharvesting in natural forests.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.209-223
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• 2018

We investigated tree composition, stand characteristics, biomass allocation pattern and carbon storage variability in Sal forests (Shorea robusta Garten.) under two forest management regimes (Sal forest and Sal plantation) in Tripura, Northeast India. The results revealed higher species richness (29 species), stand density of $1060.00{\pm}11.12stems\;ha^{-1}$ and diversity index ($1.90{\pm}0.08$) in Sal forest. and lower species richness (4 species), stand density of $ 230.00{\pm}37.22stems\;ha^{-1}$ and diversity index ($0.38{\pm}0.15$) in Sal plantation. The total basal cover $33.02{\pm}4.87m^2ha^{-1}$) and dominance ($0.76{\pm}0.08$) were found higher in Sal plantation than the Sal forest ($22.53{\pm}0.38m^2ha^{-1}$ and $0.23{\pm}0.02$ respectively). The total vegetation carbon density was recorded higher in Sal plantation ($219.68{\pm}19.65Mg\;ha^{-1}$) than the Sal forest ($167.64{\pm}16.73Mg\;ha^{-1}$). The carbon density estimates acquired in this study suggest that Sal plantation in Tripura has the potentiality to store a large amount of atmospheric carbon inspite of a very low species diversity. However, Sal forests has also an impending sink of carbon due to presence of large number of young trees.