• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.290-294
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• 2023

Among various types of harmful gases, hydrogen sulfide is a strong toxic gas that is mainly generated during spillage and wastewater treatment at industrial sites. Hydrogen sulfide can irritate the conjunctiva even at low concentrations of less than 10 ppm, cause coughing, paralysis of smell and respiratory failure at a concentration of 100 ppm, and coma and permanent brain loss at concentrations above 1000 ppm. Therefore, rapid detection of hydrogen sulfide among harmful gases is extremely important for our safety, health, and comfortable living environment. Most hydrogen sulfide gas sensors that have been reported are electrical resistive metal oxide-based semiconductor gas sensors that are easy to manufacture and mass-produce and have the advantage of high sensitivity; however, they have low gas selectivity. In contrast, the electrochemical sensor measures the concentration of hydrogen sulfide using an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen sulfide, an electrode, and an electrolyte. Electrochemical sensors have various advantages, including sensitivity, selectivity, fast response time, and the ability to measure room temperature. However, most electrochemical hydrogen sulfide gas sensors depend on imports. Although domestic technologies and products exist, more research is required on their long-term stability and reliability. Therefore, this study includes the processes from electrode material synthesis to sensor fabrication and characteristic evaluation, and introduces the sensor structure design and material selection to improve the sensitivity and selectivity of the sensor. A sensor case was fabricated using a 3D printer, and an Ag reference electrode, and a Pt counter electrode were deposited and applied to a Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter using PVD. The working electrode was also deposited on a PTFE filter using vacuum filtration, and an electrochemical hydrogen sulfide gas sensor capable of measuring concentrations as low as 0.6 ppm was developed.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.347-360
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• 2017

The goal of this study is to fill this apparent gap in the area about vibration analysis of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) curved panels by providing 3-D vibration analysis results for functionally graded multiwalled carbon nanotubes (FG-MWCNTs) sandwich structure with power-law distribution of nanotube. The effective material properties of the FG-MWCNT structures are estimated using a modified Halpin-Tsai equation. Modified Halpin-Tsai equation was used to evaluate the Young's modulus of MWCNT/epoxy composite samples by the incorporation of an orientation as well as an exponential shape factor in the equation. The exponential shape factor modifies the Halpin-Tsai equation from expressing a straight line to a nonlinear one in the MWCNTs wt% range considered. Also, the mass density and Poisson's ratio of the MWCNT/phenolic composite are considered based on the rule of mixtures. Parametric studies are carried out to highlight the influence of MWCNT volume fraction in the thickness, different types of CNT distribution, boundary conditions and geometrical parameters on vibrational behavior of FG-MWCNT thick curved panels. Because of using two-dimensional generalized differential quadrature method, the present approach makes possible vibration analysis of cylindrical panels with two opposite axial edges simply supported and arbitrary boundary conditions including Free, Simply supported and Clamped at the curved edges. For an overall comprehension on 3-D vibration analysis of sandwich panel, some mode shape contour plots are reported in this research work.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.497-517
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• 2015

In this study, nonlocal nonlinear buckling analysis of embedded polymeric temperature-dependent microplates resting on an elastic matrix as orthotropic temperature-dependent elastomeric medium is investigated. The microplate is reinforced by single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in which the equivalent material properties nanocomposite are estimated based on the rule of mixture. For the carbon-nanotube reinforced composite (CNTRC) plate, both cases of uniform distribution (UD) and functionally graded (FG) distribution patterns of SWCNT reinforcements are considered. The small size effects of microplate are considered based on Eringen's nonlocal theory. Based on orthotropic Mindlin plate theory along with von K$\acute{a}$rm$\acute{a}$n geometric nonlinearity and Hamilton's principle, the governing equations are derived. Generalized differential quadrature method (GDQM) is applied for obtaining the buckling load of system. The effects of different parameters such as nonlocal parameters, volume fractions of SWCNTs, distribution type of SWCNTs in polymer, elastomeric medium, aspect ratio, boundary condition, orientation of foundation orthtotropy direction and temperature are considered on the nonlinear buckling of the microplate. Results indicate that CNT distribution close to top and bottom are more efficient than those distributed nearby the mid-plane for increasing the buckling load.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.799-804
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• 2016

A miniature X-ray tube based on a carbon-nanotube electron emitter has been employed for the application to a dental radiography. The miniature X-ray tube has an outer diameter of 7 mm and a length of 47 mm. The miniature X-ray tube is operated in a negative high-voltage mode in which the X-ray target is electrically grounded. In addition, X-rays are generated only to the teeth directions using a collimator while X-rays generated to other directions are shielded. Hence, the X-ray tube can be safely inserted into a human mouth. Using the intra-oral X-ray tube, a dental radiography is demonstrated where the positions of an X-ray source and a sensor are reversed compared with a conventional dental radiography system. X-ray images of five neighboring teeth are obtained and, furthermore, both left and right molar images are achieved by a single X-ray shot of the miniature X-ray tube.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.55.1-55.1
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• 2010

차세대 디스플레이용 전극 재료는 투명하면서도 낮은 저항값을 가져야 하는 투명 전극 재료로 금속, 금속산화물, 전도성 고분자, 탄소재료 등을 들 수 있다. 금속재료는 전도도는 우수하지만, 낮은 투과도로 투명전극 재료로 적절하지 않고, 대표적인 금속산화물 재료인 indium tin oxide (ITO)의 경우, 우수한 투과성과 낮은 면저항을 기반으로 차세대 디스플레이용 전극으로 현재 사용되고 있다. 하지만 ITO 박막은 휘거나 접을 때 기계적 안정성이 취약한 문제점을 나타내고 있다. 이러한 문제점을 극복하기 위해 전도성과 탄성계수가 높고, 저온에서 대면적 공정이 가능한 CNT을 투명 박막 전극 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 하지만 투명전극 제조시, 탄소 나노튜브 간의 van der waals 인력에 의한 응집 현상으로 인한 분산의 불안정성과 분산제 사용으로 인하여 탄소 나노튜브 박막전극의 전기적, 광학적 특성이 저하를 야기한다. 이에 본 실험에서는 아크 방전 공정으로 합성한 SWCNT 분산액을 사용하여 spray coating 방법으로 glass 위에 박막을 형성하였다. SWCNT 투명 박막 전극 위에 DC sputtering을 이용하여 얇은Ni를 도포한 후, $450{\sim}500^{\circ}C$, ethylene gas 분위기의 thermal CVD방법으로 Carbon NanoFibers (CNFs)를 생성시킴과 동시에 분산제를 burning out하였다. CNF 성장 전후의 투명 박막의 전기적 특성은 four point probe를 이용하여 면저항과 UV-vis 장비를 이용하여 가시광선 영역에서의 광학적 투과도를 측정 비교하였다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.713-733
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• 2015

In this paper, viscous fluid induced nonlinear free vibration and instability analysis of a functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composite (CNTRC) cylindrical shell integrated with two uniformly distributed piezoelectric layers on the top and bottom surfaces of the cylindrical shell are presented. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are selected as reinforcement and effective material properties of FG-CNTRC cylindrical shell are assumed to be graded through the thickness direction and are estimated through the rule of mixture. The elastic foundation is modeled by temperature-dependent orthotropic Pasternak medium. Considering coupling of mechanical and electrical fields, Mindlin shell theory and Hamilton's principle, the motion equations are derived. Nonlinear frequency and critical fluid velocity of sandwich structure are calculated based on differential quadrature method (DQM). The effects of different parameters such as distribution type of SWCNTs, volume fractions of SWCNTs, elastic medium and temperature gradient are discussed on the vibration and instability behavior of the sandwich structure. Results indicate that considering elastic foundation increases frequency and critical fluid velocity of system.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.727-740
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• 2017

The present paper studies the stability analysis of the continuously graded CNT-Reinforced Composite (CNTRC) panel stiffened by rings and stringers. The Stiffened Panel (SP) subjected to axial and lateral loads is reinforced by agglomerated CNTs smoothly graded through the thickness. A two-parameter Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka (EMT) model is adopted to derive the effective material moduli of the CNTRC. The stability equations of the CNRTC SP are obtained by means of the adjacent equilibrium criterion. Notwithstanding most available literature in which the stiffener effects were smeared out over the respective stiffener spacing, in the present work, the stiffeners are modeled as Euler-Bernoulli beams. The Generalized Differential Quadrature Method (GDQM) is employed to discretize the stability equations. A numerical study is performed to investigate the influences of different types of parameters involved on the critical buckling of the SP reinforced by agglomerated CNTs. The results achieved reveal that continuously distributing of CNTs adjacent to the inner and outer panel's surface results in improving the stiffness of the SP and, as a consequence, inclining the critical buckling load. Furthermore, it has been concluded that the decline rate of buckling load intensity factor owing to the increase of the panel angle is significantly more sensible for the smaller values of panel angle.

• Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
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• v.68
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• pp.387-392
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• 2018

Various technical approaches and concepts have been proposed to develop conductive super-hydrophobic (SH) surfaces. However, most of these approaches are not usable in practical applications because of insufficient adhesion and cost issues. Additionally, durability and uniformity issues are still in need of improvement. The goal of this research is to produce a large-area conductive SH surface with improved adhesion performance and uniformity. To this end, carbon nanotubes (CNT) with a high aspect ratio and elastomeric polymer were utilized as a conductive filler and matrix, respectively, to form a coating layer. Additionally, nanoscale silica particles were utilized for stable implementation of the conductive SH surface. To improve the adhesion properties between the SH coating layer and substrate, pretreatment of the substrate was conducted by utilizing both wet and dry etching processes to create specific organic functional groups on the substrate. Following pretreatment of the surface, a zirco-aluminate coupling agent was utilized to enhance adhesion properties between the substrate and the SH coating layer. Raman spectroscopy revealed that adhesion was greatly improved by the formation of a chemical bond between the substrate and the SH coating layer at an optimal coupling agent concentration. The developed conductive SH coating attained a high electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness, which is advantageous in self-cleaning EMI shielding applications.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.551-565
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• 2023

Coupled porous curved beams, due to their low weight and high flexibility, have many applications in engineering. This study investigates the vibration behavior of coupled porous curved beams in different boundary conditions. The system consists of two curved beams connected by a mid-layer of elastic springs. These beams are made of various materials, such as homogenous steel foam, and composite materials with PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) and SWCNT (single-walled carbon nanotube) used as the matrix and nanofillers, respectively. To obtain equivalent material properties, the role of mixture (RoM) was employed, followed by the implementation of the porosity function. The system's governing equations were obtained by employing FSDT and Hamilton's law. To investigate thermal vibration, temperature was implemented as a load in the governing equations. The GDQ method was used to solve these equations. To demonstrate the applicability of the GDQ method in calculating the frequencies of the system and the correctness of the developed program, a validation study was conducted. After validation, numerous examples were presented to investigate the behavior of single and coupled curved beams in various material properties and boundary conditions. The results indicate that the frequencies of the curved beams and the system depend highly on the amount of porosity (n) and the distribution pattern. The system frequencies decreased with an increase in the porosity coefficient. The stiffness of the springs had no effect on the first mode frequency but increased frequencies of other modes in a specific range. The frequencies of the system decreased with an increase in environmental temperature.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.179-183
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• 2015

In this study, we propose a catalyst structure including enzyme and metal nano rod for glucose sensing. In the catalyst structure, glucose oxidase (GOx) and gold nano rod (GNR) are alternatingly immobilized on the surface of carbon nanotube (CNT), while poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) is inserted in between the GOx and GNR to fortify their bonding and give them opposite polarization ($[GOx/GNR]_nPEI/CNT$). To investigate the impact of $[GOx/GNR]_nPEI/CNT$ on glucose sensing, some electrochemical measurements are carried out. Initially, their optimal layer is determined by using cyclic voltammogram and as a result of that, it is proved that $[GOx/GNR/PEI]_2/CNT$ is the best layer. Its glucose sensitivity is $13.315{\mu}AmM^{-1}cm^{-2}$. When it comes to the redox reaction mechanism of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) within $[GOx/GNR/PEI]_2/CNT$, (i) oxygen plays a mediator role in moving electrons and protons generated by glucose oxidation reaction to those for the reduction reaction of FAD and (ii) glucose does not affect the redox reaction of FAD. It is also recognized that the $[GOx/GNR/PEI]_3/CNT$ is limited to the surface reaction and the reaction is quasi-reversible.