• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1455-1461
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• 2010

Three rumen-cannulated Holstein steers were fed three diets, each with a different synchrony index (SI) (LS: 0.77, MS: 0.81, and HS: 0.83), in order to examine the effect of diet on rumen fermentation, nitrogen balance, and microbial protein synthesis. Synchrony index was calculated based on the carbohydrate and crude protein fractions of each ingredient and their degradation rates. Feeding the steers diets with different SIs did not influence dry matter, crude protein, NDF, or ADF digestibility. The concentrations of total and individual VFA in the rumens of steers that were fed the two higher-SI diets were higher than in those fed the low-SI diet (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two higher-SI diets. One hour after feeding, steers on the LS diet had lower ruminal pHs than did those fed the MS or HS diets (p<0.05), and animals on the LS diet generally showed higher ruminal $NH_3$-N levels than did animals on the other diets, with the 4-h post-feeding difference being significant (p<0.05). Steers receiving the LS diet excreted more nitrogen (N) in their urine than did those on the two higher-SI diets (p<0.05), and the total N excretion of those on the LS diet was also higher (p<0.05). Microbial N levels calculated from the concentration of urinary purine derivatives were generally higher when the SI was higher, with the highest microbial protein synthesis being produced by steers on the HS diet (p<0.05). In conclusion, in the current study, ingestion of a synchronous diet by Holstein steers improved microbial protein synthesis and VFA production and decreased total N output.

• ALGAE
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.343-350
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• 2011

Fermentation and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) improve nutritional and functional properties of foods by increasing the extraction of active compounds, ingestion rates, and body absorption. In this study, we investigated whether applying the EAE process improves the extraction and isolation efficiency of a polysaccharide from fermented Ecklonia cava (FE), which inhibited NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells. The results showed that the FE using the fungi Candida utilis and two different bacteria, namely Lactobacillus brevis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased protein and carbohydrate contents in comparison with those in non-fermented E. cava (NE). Aqueous extracts of fermented E. cava increased extraction yields and carbohydrate content, compared with the aqueous extract of NE. In addition, treating LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells with aqueous extracts resulted in reduced NO production compared to that in LPS-treated cells. Ten EAEs of L. brevis-fermented E. cava (LFE) improved NO inhibitory effects in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells and the Viscozyme extract (VLFE) from the resulting extracts showed the highest NO inhibitory effect. We found that the >30 kDa fraction of VLFE led to markedly high inhibition of LPS-induced NO production as compared to that in the <30 kDa fraction. The crude polysaccharide isolated from >30 kDa fraction (VLFEP) consisted of fucose and markedly decreased NO production induced by LPS stimulation. VLFEP could be useful as an anti-inflammatory agent to suppress macrophage activation.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.241-246
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• 2008

A nutritional supplement was developed aiming at correcting the most common nutrient and caloric deficiencies encountered in elderly people (${\geq}60$ years old). The protein source was a mixture of whey protein isolates (WPI) and bovine collagen hydrolysate (BCH) with high nutritional and functional qualities making up 12% of the formulation. The carbohydrate fraction was composed of sucrose, inulin (soluble fiber), and fructo-oligosaccharide (prebiotic). The most commonly deficient essential minerals and vitamins were also included. Acceptance of the product was good according to both an elderly panel and a laboratory panel composing of both sexes and various ages. The stability of the formulations was evaluated and the estimated shelf life at room temperature (ca. $27^{\circ}C$) was approximately 4 months.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.450-456
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• 1999

A high molecular-weight water-soluble fraction(PO) obtained by the ethanol precipitation of 0.1 N NaOH extracts of the mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus showed 82% anti-complementary activity for complement consumption hemolysis. The PO consisted of 42% carbohydrate (w/w), 50% protein (w/w), and 3% uronic acid (w/w). Fifty-eight percent of the anti-complementary activity decreased by periodate oxidation and 22% by protease digestion, suggesting that the sugar and protein moieties are essential for this activity. Two polysaccharide fractions, PO-IIIa-1 and PO-IIIa-2, with anti-complementary activity were isolated from the PO using DEAE-Sepharose FF followed by Sephadex G-75 and Sepharose CL-6B gel permeation chromatographies. The PO-IIIa-2 was found by HPLC to be nearly homogeneous, with the molecular mass of 531 kDa, and showed 96% $ITCH_{50}$ (inhibition against the total complement hemolysis of deionized water as the control) at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. This fraction contained galactose, mannose, fucose, and glucose with molar ratios of 1.75:1:0.65 and 0.59, respectively. The majority of galactose and mannose units in the PO-IIIa-2 were composed of TGalp1 ->, ->6Galp1->, ->2,6Galp1->, and ->Manp1->. The PO-IIIa-1 (molecular mass of 2000 kDa), exhibiting higher activity than the PO-IIIa-2, was further purified into two fractions, unbound proteoglycan (PO-IIIa-1A) and bound glucomannan (PO-IIIa-lB), by affinity chromatography using ConA-Sepharose CL-4B. The anti-complementary activity of each affinity purified fraction decreased as compared to that of the native PO-IIIa-1 fraction, indicating that the formation of complex between both polysaccharide fractions was necessary for full anti-complementary activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.562-566
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• 2003

A $\beta$-mannanase of Bacillus sp. was purified by DEAE Sephacel ion exchange column chromatography. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was 17.41 units/mg protein, representing an 84.74-folds purification of the original crude extract. For the separation of two types of hydrolysates by the action of purified $\beta$-mannanase, carbon column chromatography, sephadex G-25 column chromatography and thin layer chromatography were accomplished. Main hydrolysates were D.P value 5 and 7 containing of low D.P values. By the method of FACE (Fluorophore Assisted Carbohydrate Electrophoresis), two types of hydrolysates were identified to homo type.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.266-274
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• 2001

The chemical properties and physiological activities of the freeze-dried stromata of Cordyceps militaris were examined. A proximate analysis exhibited that the stromata consisted mainly of crude carbohydrate (74.3%), crude protein (11.5%), and moisture content (8.7%), with a low content of crude ash (4.%) and fat (1.3%). The carbohydrate was mostly composed of glucose (88.6%). A large quantity of essential fatty acids, including linolenic acid (33.8%) was also observed. An analysis of the component amino acid showed a relatively high ratio of the essential amino acids, lysine (101.2 mg/g), methionine (62.7 mg/g), and acidic amino acids of glutamic aicd (57.5 mg/g) and aspartic acid (43.9 mg/g), whereas a low of tyrosine content (4.7 mg/g). An examination of the cordycepin content indicated tht the stromata and mycelium-embedded media (silkworm pupae) contained 0.2% and 0.5%, respectively. From the examination of the physiological activities, based on methanol extract (M), ethylacetate extract (EA), and hot-water extract (HW) fractions of the stromata, the hot-water extract (HW) fraction showed the most potent intestinal immune modulating activity, anticoagulant activity, and anticomplementary activity, whereas the ethylacetate extract (EA) fraction exhihited a radical scavenging activity. Therefore, the results from the present study indicate that the stromata of C. militaris contain various healthy chemical ingredients, and that especially boiled water extract of whole body would apprear to provide beneficial physiological activities.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.855-866
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• 2021

Objective: Performance and physiological responses of dairy calves may change by using extruded soybean meal (ESBM) instead of common soybean meal (SBM) in starter feed. The aims of the current study were i) to determine the effect of extrusion processing of SBM on protein electrophoretic size, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) structures and Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) protein subfractions and ii) to determine the effect of substitution of SBM with ESBM in starter feed of Holstein heifer calves during pre and post-weaning on performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood metabolites. Methods: The SBM was substituted with ESBM at the level of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% (dry matter [DM] basis). Fifty heifer calves (initial body weight 40.3±0.63 kg) were used for the study. After birth, animals were fed colostrum for 3 days and then they were fed whole milk until weaning. Animals had free access to starter feed and water during the study. Results: Extrusion of SBM decreased electrophoretic protein size and increased rapidly degradable true protein fraction, changed FTIR protein and amide II region. With increasing level of ESBM in the diet, starter intake increased quadratically during the pre-weaning period (p<0.05) and body weight, DM intake and average daily gain increased linearly during the post-weaning and the whole study period (p<0.05). Tbe DM and crude protein digestibilities at week 14 and blood glucose and beta hydroxybutyric acid increased linearly in calves as the level of ESBM increased in the diet (p<0.05). Conclusion: Dairy calves performance and physiological responses were sensitive to SBM protein characteristics including electrophoretic size, FTIR structures and CNCPS protein fractions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.965-971
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• 1997

Antimutagenic effects of kale juice on the mutagenicity induced by $B_{1}(AFB_{1})$ N-methyl-N'-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG) in Salmonella assay system were studied. The freeze dried kale juice significantly reduced the mutagenicity induced by $AFB_{1}$ in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA98. However, the kale juice exhibited less inhigbitory effect on the mutagenicity induced by MNNG as the concentrations of the juice sample increased. Also, kale juice after dialysis (>12,000, Mw) appeared to have 42.3∼89.5% of inhibitory effects against $AFB_{1}$, however, the dialyzate did not show any inhibitory effect against MNNG. To separate and identify the antimutagenic compounds from the kale juice, the dialyzates were further fractioned by using Sepharose CL-6B-200 gel filtration. Fraction number 13 showed the strong antimutagenic activity against $AFB_{1}$, and the fraction exhibited positive results of a characterized colour reactions of protein, carbohydrate and phenolic compound. Therefore, one of the possible active compounds from the kale juice was supposed to a glycoprotein(Mw. 270,000) which seemed unstable with heating.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 1988

For the development of a general mathermatical model to predict the density of liquid foods based on temperature and composition of each major component, the major components of liquid foods considered in this study were water, protein, fat, carbohydrate, fiber and ash. These samples were subdivided into sixteen pure components. The density of each sample was measured by a volumetric pycnometer at the temperature range of $0^{\circ}C\;to\;100^{\circ}C$ for three different solid content suspensions, The density values of pure component solids were calculated from the assumed model at given temperature, using the experimental values of three different solid content suspensions with known water fraction and density model of water. Using these calculated density data at the temperature range of $0^{\circ}C\;to\;100^{\circ}C$, the coefficients of ther density model for each pure component were determined by the OPT Subroutine Program. The density model developed in this study can be used to predict the density values of liquid foods at given temperature and composition.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.667-671
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• 2009

Extract of water-soluble polysaccharide (CFWx), showing inhibiting activity on ${\alpha}-glucosidase$, was prepared from the fruiting bodies of Cordyceps militaris by hot-water extraction, and ethanol precipitation. Chemical characteristics of CFWx were as follows: carbohydrate content 30% including 16% of uronic acid; 51% protein content; monosaccharide composition, Man:Glu:Gal (30:43:27); molecular weight $3-5{\times}10^4$. CFWx was further purified by ion-exchange, gel-permeation, and affinity chromatography and $CFWx-AH-{\alpha}$ fraction was isolated. Fundamental structure of $CFWx-AH-{\alpha}$ was deduced as ${\alpha}-(1{\to}4$)-D-glucan with ${\alpha}-(1{\to}3$)- and/or ${\alpha}-(1{\to}6$)-D-glycosidic side chains based on methylation analysis.