• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.35-45
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• 2018

Imaging technologies are applied at various geological scales including pore scale, core scale and intermediate scale in order to characterize pore space of rocks as well as to map the fluid distribution in porous media. This technical report presents experimental results using core-flooding apparatus suited with imaging technology. Three different core samples, that are homogeneous, fractured and heterogeneous cores, were used to assess the two-phase fluid migration behavior as $CO_2$ displaces resident brine. We show that imaging technology can be effective in characterizing salt-precipitation, capillary pressure and spatio-temporal variation of trapping mechanisms.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.5-9
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• 2005

Observation of intra-vascular threadlike structures in the blood vessels of rats is reported with the images by differential interference contrast microscope, and fluorescence inverted microscope of the acridine-orange stained samples. The confocal microscope image and the hematoxylin-eosin staining revealed the distinctive pattern of nuclei distribution that clearly discerned the threadlike structure from fibrin, capillary, small venule, arteriole, or lymph vessel. Physiological function of the intra-vascular thread in connection with acupuncture is discussed. Especially, this threadlike duct can be a circulation path for herb-liquid flow, which may provide the scientific mechanism for therapeutic effect of herbal acupuncture.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1987

Respiratory care with oxygen inhalation is often a necessity to maintain life, and it is one of the important therapeutic adjuncts in respiratory disease and in intensive care after surgery. However, it has been reported that oxygen toxicity occurs after prolonged exposure to 100% 0, [Smith, 1899; Kistler et al. 1967; Schaffner et al. 1967; Rowland and Newman, 1969. Subjective symptoms of oxygen toxicity include tracheal irritation, frequent cough, some burning sensation in the trachea, tachypnea, severe dyspnea, etc. [Welch, 1963; Fisher et al, 1968; Milier et al, 1970; Clark and Lambertsen, 1971; Sackner, 1975]. Pathologic findings are atelectasis, injuries to the pulmonary capillaries and hemorrhage in the alveoli in gross specimens. There can be inflammation, proliferation of fibrin, thickening of alveolar membranes, degeneration of collagen fibers and interstitial edema in the microscopic findings. [Penrod, 1956; Cedergren, 1959; Bean, 1965; Schaffner, 1967]. Dubois and colleagues [1961] found that the amount of pulmonary surfactant was decreased in oxygen toxicity and atelectasis followed by the decreased pulmonary surfactant. Many authors reported that vital capacity, inspiratory force, pulmonary compliance, pulmonary capillary blood flow and pulmonary elasticity were deceased and arteriovenous shunting increased. [Comroe et al, 1945; Fuson et al, 1965; Kistler et al, 1966; Knowles and Blenner-hassett, 1967; Barber et al, 1978]. Many human volunteers were examined after prolonged exposure in a high oxygenated chamber and there were a few reports on animals with oxygen toxicity, subjects including rabbits. Gas partial pressures of alveoli and arteries were measured in rabbits exposed to 100% $O_2$ and the alveolar-arterial gas gradients were analyzed, which is the basis for the study of oxygen toxicity. These rabbits were divided into two groups; rabbits under natural respiration, and second group under artificial respiration with a respirator. The alveolar $PO_2$ [$P]AO_2$] and $PCO_2$ [$PACO_2$], and the arterial $PO_2$ [$PaO_2$] were measured under varying $O_2$ pressures; 15% $O_2$, 21% $O_2$ and 100% $O_2$.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.100-104
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• 2015

The porous metals are known as relatively excellent characteristic such as large surface area, light, lower heat capacity, high toughness and permeability. The Fe-Cr-Al alloys have high corrosion resistance, heat resistance and chemical stability for high temperature applications. And then many researches are developed the Fe-Cr-Al porous metals for exhaust gas filter, hydrogen reformer catalyst support and chemical filter. In this study, the Fe-Cr-Al porous metals are developed with Fe-22Cr-6Al(wt) powder using powder compaction method. The mean size of Fe-22Cr-6Al(wt) powders is about $42.69{\mu}m$. In order to control pore size and porosity, Fe-Cr-Al powders are sintered at $1200{\sim}1450^{\circ}C$ and different sintering maintenance as 1~4 hours. The powders are pressed on disk shapes of 3 mm thickness using uniaxial press machine and sintered in high vacuum condition. The pore properties are evaluated using capillary flow porometer. As sintering temperature increased, relative density is increased from 73% to 96% and porosity, pore size are decreased from 27 to 3.3%, from 3.1 to $1.8{\mu}m$ respectively. When the sintering time is increased, the relative density is also increased from 76.5% to 84.7% and porosity, pore size are decreased from 23.5% to 15.3%, from 2.7 to $2.08{\mu}m$ respectively.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.55-59
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• 2015

Novel low-volume solder-on-pad (SoP) process is proposed for a fine pitch Cu pillar bump interconnection. A novel solder bumping material (SBM) has been developed for the $60{\mu}m$ pitch SoP using screen printing process. SBM, which is composed of ternary Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) solder powder and a polymer resin, is a paste material to perform a fine-pitch SoP in place of the electroplating process. By optimizing the volumetric ratio of the resin, deoxidizing agent, and SAC305 solder powder; the oxide layers on the solder powder and Cu pads are successfully removed during the bumping process without additional treatment or equipment. The Si chip and substrate with daisy-chain pattern are fabricated to develop the fine pitch SoP process and evaluate the fine-pitch interconnection. The fabricated Si substrate has 6724 under bump metallization (UBM) with a $45{\mu}m$ diameter and $60{\mu}m$ pitch. The Si chip with Cu pillar bump is flip chip bonded with the SoP formed substrate using an underfill material with fluxing features. Using the fluxing underfill material is advantageous since it eliminates the flux cleaning process and capillary flow process of underfill. The optimized interconnection process has been validated by the electrical characterization of the daisy-chain pattern. This work is the first report on a successful operation of a fine-pitch SoP and micro bump interconnection using a screen printing process.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2002.08a
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• pp.9-10
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• 2002

Human circulatory system between heart and tissue is not directly connected in normal condition but mandatory to go through the capillary system in order to fulfill its physiologic aim to deliver oxygen and nutrients, etc. to the tissue and retrieve used blood together with waste products from the tissue properly. When abnormal connection between arterial and venous system (AV fistula), these two circulatory systems respond differently to the hemodynamic impact of this abnormal connection between high pressure (artery) and low pressure (vein) system. Depending upon the location and/or degree (e.g. size and flow) of fistulous condition, each circulatory system exerts different compensatory hemodynamic response to this newly developed abnormal inter-relationship between two systems in order to minimize its hemodynamic impact to own system of different hemodynamic characteristics. Pump action of the heart can assist the failing arterial system directly to maintain arterial circulation against newly established low peripheral resistance by the AV fistula during the compensation period, while it affects venous system in negative way with increased venous loading. However, the negative impact of increased heart action to the venous system is partly compensated by the lymphatic system which is the third circulatory system to assist venous system independently with different hemodynamics. The lymphatic system with own unique Iymphodynamics based on peristaltic circulation from low resistance to high resistance condition, also increases its circulation to assist the compensation of overloaded venous system. Once these compensation mechanisms should fail to fight to newly established hemodynamic condition due to this abnormal AV connection, each system start to show different physiologic ${\underline{de}compensation}$ including heart and lymphatic system. The vicious cycle of decompensation between arterial and vein, two circulatory system affecting each other by mutually negative way steadily progresses to show series of hemodynamic change throughout entire circulation system altogether including heart. Clinical outcome of AV fistula from the compensated status to decompensated status is closely affected by various biological and mechanical factors to make the hemodynmic status more complicated. Proper understanding of these crucial biomechanical factors iii particular on hemodyanmic point of view is mandatory for the advanced assessment of biomechanical impact of AV fistula, since this new advanced concept of AY fistula based on blomechanical information will be able to improve clinical control of the complicated AV fistula, either congenital or acquired.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 2017

Background The effect of liposuction on the perforators of the lower abdominal wall has been investigated in several studies. There are controversial results in the literature that have primarily demonstrated the number and patency of the perforators. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of liposuction on the perfusion of perforator-based abdominal flaps using a combined laser-Doppler spectrophotometer (O2C, Oxygen to See, LEA Medizintechnik). Methods Nine female patients undergoing classical abdominoplasty were included in the study. Perforators and the perfusion zones of the deep inferior epigastric artery flap were marked on the patient's abdominal wall. Flap perfusion was quantitatively assessed by measuring blood flow, velocity, capillary oxygen saturation, and relative amount of hemoglobin for each zone preoperatively, after tumescent solution infiltration, following elevation of the flap on a single perforator, and after deep and superficial liposuction, respectively. Results The measurements taken after elevation of the flap were not significantly different than measurements taken after the liposuction procedures. Conclusions The liposuction procedure does not significantly alter the perfusion of perforator-based abdominal flaps in the early period. The abdominal tissue discarded in a classic abdominoplasty operation can be raised as a perforator flap and has been demonstrated to be a unique model for clinical research.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.344-346
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• 2004

A 69-year-old woman was presented with progressed dysphagia, gastric soreness and weight loss during 2 months. She was performed abdomen x-ray, EGDS and abdomen CT. Abdomen x-ray demonstrated punctuate calcification on LUQ. EGDS showed an ulceroinfiltrative mass with bleeding on cardia to antrum of stomach. And CT showed diffuse gastric wall thickness with multiple calcifications. Biopsy of the stomach and esophagus during EGDS examination revealed an adenocarcinoma, with signet ring cell type, infiltrating the wall of the stomach and the distal esophagus. Then acne scan was performed a few days later. It revealed intense uptake in LUQ, corresponding to the calcium containing neoplasm seen on the abdomen x-ray, EGDS and abdomen CT. And there was no evidence of any metastatic lesion and thyroid uptake on the bone scan. There are many reports about accumulation of the tracer in extraosseous lesion, but only a few literatures were reported about gastric calcification in stomach cancer. More over, no reports showed CT images. We are performed many diagnostic examinations and found well correlation between them. The reason of gastric calcification is considered with calcium deposition within extracellular space due to hemorrhage or necrosis. Other possibility offered to explain gastric calcification have been increased blood flow and/or increased neovascularity with capillary leaks of tracer, and specific enzymatic (phosphatases) receptor binding of tracer. So, it was happened ion exchange between intracellular calcium and phosphate groups of tracer.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.645-649
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• 2009

Liquid desiccant cooling technology can supply cooling by using waste heat and solar heat which are hard to use effectively. For compact and efficient design of a dehumidifier, it is important to sustain sufficient heat and mass transfer surface area for water vapor diffusion from air to liquid desiccant on heat exchanger. In this study, the plate type heat exchanger is adopted which has extended surface, and hydrophilic coating and porous layer coating are adopted to enhance surface wettedness. PP(polypropylene) plate is coated by porous layer and PET(polyethylene terephthalate) non-woven fabric is coated by hydrophilic polymer. These coated surfaces have porous structure, so that falling liquid film spreads widely on the coated surface foaming thin liquid film by capillary force. The temperature of liquid desiccant increases during dehumidification process by latent heat absorption, which leads to loss of dehumidification capacity. Liquid desiccant is cooled by cooling water flowing in plate heat exchanger. On the plate side, the liquid desiccant can be cooled by internal cooling. However the liquid desiccant on extended surface should be moved and cooled at heat exchanger surface. Optimal mixing and distribution of liquid desiccant between extended surface and plate heat exchanger surface is essential design parameter. The experiment has been conducted to verify effective surface treatment and distribution characteristics by measuring wall side flow rate and visualization test. It is observed that hydrophilic and porous layer coating have excellent wettedness, and the distribution can be regulated by adopting holes on extended surface.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.197-204
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• 1992

A gas chromatographic method using nitrogen phosphorous selective detection was developed for simultaneous determination of haloperidol and its metabolite, reduced haloperidol, in human plasma. Combelen was used as internal standard, The method involved extraction and trimethylsilylation followed by the injection of $2-4\;{\mu}l$ of benzene layer, which was used to dissolve the trimethylsilylated derivatives of haloperidol and reduced haloperidol, onto SE-54 column [5% phenyl methyl silica fused capillary column, $16m{\times}0.22\;mm$ $(I.D.){\times}0.33\;{\mu}m$ (coated thickness)]. The temperature of column oven was programmed from $200^{\circ}C\;to\;300^{\circ}C$ at the increase rate of $10^{\circ}C/min and also the temperatures of injector and detector were set at $300^{\circ}C$. Helium was used as carrier gas and its flow rate was maintained at 30 ml/min. The detection was conducted with nitrogen phosphorous selective detector. The retention times for combelen, reduced haloperidol and haloperidol were found to be 9.14, 9.75 and 9.99 min, respectively. The detection limits for haloperidol and reduced haloperidol in human plasma were both 0.2 ng/ml. The coefficients of variation of the intra-assay were generally low (below 9.8%). The mean absolute recoveries of added haloperidol and reduced haloperidol from plasma were 72% and 84%, respectively. No interferences from endogenous substances were found.