• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.201-207
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• 2016

In LID facilities treating stormwater runoff, various kinds of plants are applied for water circulation recovery and pollutant reduction. However, rapid changes of soil moisture due to the use of porous media and spread of deicing material during winter season cause slow plant growth that detrimentally leads to many problems including death of plants. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the salt resistance of plants, its effects on pollutants removal, and water circulation recovery. Eight different kinds of plants applicable to an LID facility were selected for the experiment, which were Bridal wreath (Spiraea japonica, S.J), Azalea (Rhododendron indicum, R.I), Dawn Redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides, M.G), Sweet flag (Acorus calamus A.C), Dwarf fan-shape columbine(Aquilegia flabellata, A.F), Pink (Dianthus chinensis, D.C), Pratia pedunculata (Pratia pedunculata, P.B) and Marigold (Tagetes patula, T.P). Woody plants such as S.P, R.I, and M.G appear to have less salt resistance compared to the other herbaceous plants. Specifically, M.G achieved the highest salt resistance among the other woody plants being followed by S.P, and R.I, respectively. For herbaceous plants, T.L and D.C have the higher salt resistances than that of A.C, P.B, and A.F, respectively. Regardless of the influence of salt to most of the plants, TN and TP were reduced more than 60% and the study suggests the M.G showed high pollutant removal efficiency and provided better water circulation by means of active photosynthesis and respiration due to higher growth.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.59-64
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• 2008

Insecticidal activity of 20 plant species against adults of Myzus persicae, female adults of Tetranychus urticae, and $2^{nd}\;or\;3^{rd}$ instar larvae of Plutella xylostella was evaluated in this study. Thirteen plant extracts showed over 80% acaricidal activity to T. urticae at the concentration of 1 %, while Capsicum annuum (hot-pepper seed), Inula helenium, and Acorus calamus revealed 82.8-86.2% acaricidal activities at 0.5%. Insecticidal activities of the plant extracts to M. persicae and P. xylostella were relatively low compare to the mite. Among the plant extracts, C. anuum and Brassica juncea revealed 48.6% and 42.9% respectively insecticidal activities to the aphid at the concentration of 0.5%. Extracts of C. anuum and Jeffersonia dubia provided 55% and 50% insecticidal activity against P. xylostella at 1%. And, the highest antifeeding activity of the insect was observed in the J. dubia extract as 79.4%. Results indicated that some plant extracts including hot pepper seed could be used as potential botanical pesticides for organic farming.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.50-60
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• 2014

This study aims to sort out the plants in "Poetry of the South" what is in the written by Qu Yuan in the Kingdom of Chu and to analyze the utility and appreciation of plants. The conclusions are as follows. First, there were 80 plant names and 56 plant species were sorted out, and these results can confirm that the plants were existed in the 340-277 BC. Second, through analyzing the utility of the plants, herba lycopi, basil etc. as the garden plants; lotus, chrysanthemum etc. as the ornamental plants; galangal and cannabis sativa as the present; basil, musa basjoo, etc. as the sacrifice plants. Third, through analyzing the appreciation of the plants, golden birch, chrysanthemum etc. for gustatory appreciation; herba lycopi and pine tree etc. for tactile appreciation; bamboo for sensory appreciation. Forth, through analyzing the token of the plants, calamus and basil etc. are the symbol of personal character noble; wormwood and caltrop etc. are the symbol of villain. Based on the research of "Poetry of the South", it can help to understand the plants culture in 340-277 BC, and it will be a useful information for the plant design.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.690-706
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• 2019

Paddy fields play an important role in the biodiversity conservation of agroecosystems as man-made wetlands. This study focused on the floristic composition and characteristics of paddy fields in South Korea. The flora surveys were conducted in 33 areas in nine provinces at two times (June and August) in 2016. The results showed that the vascular plants of the paddy fields in South Korea included 389 taxa, composed of 51 families, 219 genera, 350 species, four subspecies, 30 varieties, and five forms. Among the 51 families, Gramineae was the most diverse in species (76 taxa), followed by Compositae (61 taxa), Leguminosae (32 taxa), Cyperaceae (27 taxa), Polygonaceae (15 taxa), and Scrophulariaceae (12 taxa). Based on the occurrence frequency of each species, Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel. (100%), and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. (100%) were the highest, followed by Acalypha australis L. (97.0%), Bidens frondosa L. (97.0%), Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. (97.0%), Rorippa palustris (Leyss.) Besser (93.9%), Ludwigia prostrata Roxb. (93.9%), Lemna perpusilla Torr. (93.9%), Mazus pumilus (Burm. f.) Steenis(90.9%), Rorippa palustris(Leyss.) Besser(87.9%), Eclipta prostrata(L.) L.(87.9%), Commelina communis L.(87.9%), Artemisia princeps Pamp.(84.8%), Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers.(84.8%), Cyperus microiria Steud.(84.8%), and Aneilema keisak(Hassk.) Hand.-Mazz. (81.8%). The biological type of paddy fields in South Korea was determined to be Th-R₅-D₄-t type. Rare plants were found in six taxa: Aristolochina contorta Bunge, Penthorum chinense Pursh, Sagittaria sagittifolia subsp. leucopetala (Miq.) Hartog, Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers., Pseudoraphis ukishiba Ohwi, and Acorus calamus L. Eighty taxa contained naturalized plants composed of 15 families, 54 genera, 76 species, three varieties, and one form. The urbanization and naturalization indices were 24.8% and 20.6%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.23-40
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• 2012

The vascular plants of major sites in Changwon-si were listed 456 taxa (9.3% of all 4,881 taxa of vascular plants); 112 families, 293 genera, 371 species, 2 subspecies, 66 varieties and 17 forms. The vascular plants of Changwon-cheon were listed 133 taxa, Junam reservoir were listed 90 taxa, Seongju-sa were listed 293 taxa, and Yungji park were listed 164 taxa. Divided into 456 taxa; woody plants were 160 taxa (35.1%) and herbaceous plants were 296 taxa (64.9%). Furthermore, therophytes (Th) were 111 taxa (24.3%), hemicryptophytes (H) were 75 taxa (16.4%), megaphanerophytes (MM) were 63 taxa (13.8%) showed high proportional ratio in life form. Based on the list of rare plants by the Korea Forest Service and Korea National Arboretum, 10 taxa (1.8% of all 571 taxa of rare plants); Aristolochia contorta (LC), Euryale ferox (VU), Melothrua japonica (LC), Utricularia pilosa (CR), Hydrocharis dubia (LC), Carex idzuroei (DD), Acorus calamus var. angustatus (LC), etc. Based on the list of endemic plants by the Korea National Arboretum, 10 taxa (3.0% of all 328 taxa of endemic plants); Salix pseudolasiogyne, Philadelphus incanus, Indigofera koreana, Lespedeza ${\times}$ maritima, Stewartia pseudocamellia, Weigela subsessilis, Carex okamotoi, etc. Based on the list of specific plants by floral region were total 43 taxa (4.0% of all 1,071 taxa of specific plants); 4 taxa (Euryale ferox, Hydrocharis dubia, Carex idzuroei, etc.) in class IV, 9 taxa (Ilex crenata, Acer palmatum, Stewartia pseudocamellia, Melothria japonica, Fatsia japonica, etc.) in class III, 3 taxa (Caltha palustris var. membranacea, Nymphoides indica, etc.) in class II, 26 taxa (Cyrtomium fortunei, Chloranthus japonicus, Quercus variabilis, Ulmus parvifolia, Aphananthe aspera, etc.) in class I. Based on the list of naturalized plants, 48 taxa (Rumex crispus, Chenopodium album var. album, Amaranthus patulus, Phytolacca american, Brassica juncea var. integrifolia, Potentilla paradoxa, Robinia pseudoacacia, Euphorbia maculata, Oenothera odorata, Cuscuta pentagona, Veronica persica, Plantago lanceolata, Diodia teres, Helianthus tuberosus, Dactylis glomerata, etc.), naturalization rate was 10.5% of all 456 taxa of vascular plants and urbanization index was 15.0% of all 321 taxa of naturalized plants. Ecosystem disturbing wild plants were 3 taxa (Rumex acetocella, Solanum carolinense, Ambrosia artemisiifolia).

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 1999

To develope wild flower collected from Chollabuk-do area resource plant species were investigated from May 1996 to April 1997. This study was focussed to make the basic data for better quality of breeding species from wild flower species and to keep proper gene pool for development with competitive power internationally in future. There was 131 species blooming in spring season(34.7%), 219 species in summer(58.1%), 25 species in autumn(6.6%) and 2 species in winter(0.5%), respectively. Flower color of all the plants was 26 kinds in diverse, among them, white flowers were occupied dominantly of 28.9%, yellow flowers, 20.7%, violet flowers, 16.4% and red purple flowers, 7.9%, respectively. Transplanted wild flower plants at the garden in the study area frequently were Chelidonium majus var. asiaticum, Hemerocallis fulva, Iris nertschinskia, Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Pulsatilla koreana, Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum, Taraxacum platycarpum, Chrysanthemum boreale, Liriope platyphylla and Lycoris radiata. Twenty-six species of wild flowers such as Cymbidium goeringii, H. fulva, L. radiata, C. zawadskii var. latilobum, etc. were collected from their habitat and being selling at the market or road side. Total 343 taxa of wild flowers to prevent carrying out to foreign countries and to improve better quality were selected and recommended in this study, for example, they were 41 taxa of Compositae plant, 25 of Rosaceae, 20 of Liliaceae and 18 of Ranunculaceae in order. Acorus calamus var. angustatus, Cypripedium japonicum, C. macranthum, Calanthe discolor, Dicentra spectabilis, Ilex cornuta, Stewartia koreana, Abeliophyllum distichum, Forsythia saxatilis and Campanula glomerata var. dahurica should be protected as wild flowers because their numbers are decreasing remarkably, belong to rare species, being at a crisis to extinct species and important plants for research materials.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.19-38
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• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate the flora, vegetation and soil properties of serpentine area in Andong, Korea. The vascular plants identified during the seven-round field surveys were a total of 359 taxa: 88 families, 239 genera, 311 species, 6 subspecies, 33 varieties, 6 forms and 3 hybrids. 249 taxa were newly discovered in this region. The plant composition of serpentine area is the deciduous broad-leaved and conifer-mixed forest which is the common one in the middle part of the Korean peninsula. Four taxa of Korean endemic plants such as Clematis brachyura, Populus ${\times}$ tomentiglandulosa, Paulownia coreana and Aster koraiensis were collected. The vascular plants on the red list according to IUCN evaluation basis were found to be seven taxa: Near Threatened (NT) species of Hypericum attenuatum, Polygala tenuifolia and Senecio argunensis, Least Concern (LC) species of Penthorum chinense, Potentilla discolor and Acorus calamus, and Not Evaluate (NE) species of Scorzonera austriaca ssp. glabra. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 19 taxa comprising two taxa of grade IV, five taxa of grade III, four taxa of grade II, and nine taxa of grade I. The naturalized plants were identified as 34 taxa and the percentage of naturalized index (NI) was 9.5 %, and urbanization index (UI) was 10.6 %. Forest soils contained high content of nickel and cadmium. The soil layer consists of loam and silt loam from the surface to a depth of 20 cm and loam and silt clay from a depth of 20 cm to 40 cm.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.134-147
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is, focusing on the ancient paintings and literatures, by examining Flowering Plants and drawing their cultivating methods, to provide a ground of utilizing them on the modern landscaping. In the scope and method of this study, 766 pieces of ancient paintings(6 garden paintings and 760 folk paintings) which were available and had value as literatures, and 8 of ancient literatures were intensively examined. Main results extracted from them are as follows. First, the most frequently used Flowering Plants in Joseon Dynasty were Prunus mume, pbyllostachys, Nelumbo nucifera, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Musa basjoo, Rosa spp., Rhododendron mucronulatum, Paeonia lactiflora, which appeared 11 times to 16 times in total. Next frequently(4 times to 8 times) used Flowering Plants were Gardenia jasminoides, Punica granatum(8 times), Dianthus chinensis, Vitis vinifera(7 times), Orchidaceae, Syringa velutina, Impatiens balsamina, Hemerocallis fulva, Celosia cristata, Hibiscus Syriacus, Rhododendron indicum(6 times), Rhododendron, Rhododendron obutusum, Acorus calamus, Althaea rosea, Kerria japonica, Citrus junos(5 times), Hibiscus mutabilis, Lychnis cognata, Calendula officnalis, Begonia rex., Helianthus annuus, Papaver spp., Narcissus tazetta, Daphne odora, Hosta plantaginea(4 times). Second, usage of the Flowering Plants in Joseon Dynasty can be divided into character building and horticulture for pleasure through positive, scientific approach attempt. It suggests that there might have been classes in the use of them and we can estimate which plants were particularly preferred. Third, in the symbolicity of the usage of Flowering Plants, it can be divided into three parts: The case of representing integrity, gentleman, honesty and nobility and the thought of loyalty and filial piety under the influence of Confucianism. The case of representing Taoism's thought of hermit and perennial youth and long life. The case of representing wish on wealth and prosperity. So if we make a good use of it, we may draw a meaning of cultivation of Flowering Plants from it. This is your target audience or the good luck to all he plants is aimed at, you can see the occurred. Fourth, the Joseon Dynasty was the use of flowering plants are the line of rain wanted to be more consistent with the spirit world. This is shown as a symbol of their ancestors. Joseon Dynasty was used, resulting in a kind of flowering plant and is not a subjective judgement criteria A psychological approach to the side when interpreting the Joseon Dynasty flowering plants to take advantage of the landscape of the area will widen in scope.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.107-118
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• 2004

The flora of the vascular hydrophytes and hygrophytes and the change of flora according to the fluctuation of the water level before and after flooding were investigated from September 2002 to October 2003 in Woopo Wetland and Topyeong Stream, Changnyeong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. The flora of the Woopo, Mokpo, Sajipo, Jokjibyeol, Topyeongcheon Upstream, and Topyeongcheon Downstream were composed of 256, 242, 265, 177, 201, and 180 taxa, respectively. The flora of total study area was 86 families, 232 genera, 302 species, 42 varieties, 6 form, or total 350 taxa. Among them, hydrophytes, hygrophytes, and others were 36, 96, and 218 taxa, respectively. The life form of the vascular hydrophytes was classified as 19 taxa of emergent plants, 6 taxa of floating-leaved plants, 4 taxa of free-floating plants, and 7 taxa of submersed plants. The specified wild plants designated by the Korean Association for Conservation of Nature, Ministry of Forest, and Ministry of Environment were Euryale ferox, Hydrocharis dubia, Persicaria amphibia, Acorus calamus var. angustatus. And Aristolochia contorta was distributed in the study area. The floras of the naturalized plants of the Woopo, Mokpo, Sajipo, Jokjibyeol, Topyeongcheon Upstream, and Topyeongcheon Downstream were composed of 27, 25, 35, 21, 26 and 24 taxa, respectively. The flora of the naturalized plants of total study area was 43 taxa, this equalled 12.3% of total vascular plants in the study area. And 165~244 taxa were surveyed in the each study area before flooding, total 299 taxa, and 86~212 taxa after flooding, total 299 taxa. Among them, hydrophytes, hygrophytes, and others were 33 and 29, 93 and 83, 183 and 187 taxa before and after flooding, respectively. Before and after flooding, the species number of emergent plants, floating-leaved plants, free-floating plants, and submersed plants was nearly the same. It was guessed that vascular hydrophytes and hygrophytes adapted to fluctuation of the water level in the study area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.4
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• pp.493-512
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to provide the basic data necessary for establishing a vegetation management plan for the Yeongcheon River area by presenting a better understanding of the distribution and characteristics of naturalized plants through an investigation of the flora present in the Yeongcheon riverside, in Jinju, South Korea. Vascular plants were investigated for a total of 470 taxa, including 90 families, 282 genera, 425 species, one sub-species, 38 varieties, and six forms. Together, these accounted for 9.62% of the vascular plants (4,881 species) in Korea. Gramineae was the most abundant at 77 taxa (16.38%), followed by Cyperaceae at 56 taxa (11.91%), Leguminosae at 33 taxa (7.02%), Cyperaceae at 25 taxa (5.32%), and Rosaceae at 22 taxa (4.86%). Thirty species of indicator plants were surveyed and, among them, annual plants and hemicryptophytes accounted for a significantpercentage. Among ground plants, trees, shrubs, and sub-shrubs were surveyed to include 23 (4.89%), 17 (3.61%), and 14 taxa (2.97%), respectively. Furthermore, 36 aquatic plant taxa were found. Six rare plant taxa were surveyed including Penthorum chinense, Melothria japonica, Aristolochia contorta, Acorus calamus, Millettia japonica, and Magnolia kobus. Floristic special plants comprised 35 taxa,including 26 families, 34 genera, 34 species, and one variety. Plants endemic to Korea included six species. Naturalized plant species comprised 71 taxa, including 18 families, 53 genera, 68 species, and three varieties. The naturalization rate and urbanization index were 15.1% and 22.1%, respectively. Ecological disturbance species in Korea comprised nine taxa, including four families, eight genera, eight species, and one variety. These groups accounted for 64% of the ecological disturbance species in Korea. Ecological disturbance species in Korea tended to increase toward the downstream of Yeongcheon River. In particular, Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Sicyos angulatus, which cause human allergies and disrupt the habitats of plants and animals, must be removed artificially.