• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.318-326
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• 2006

Soy sauce was prepared with the addition of Gorosoe and Kojesu saps instead of tap water to make ordinary soy sauce, respectively. The changes of free sugar, organic acid, mineral, amino acid and nucleotides and other compounds during the fermentation of soy sauce were assessed. The free sugar were found to be fructose, glucose, galactose and sucrose in soy sauce of saps but sucrose was not detected in ordinary soy sauce. Galactose contents were dominant free sugar in all samples. The contents of butyric acid were dominant among 7 kinds of organic acid while fumaric acid was trace amount during the fermentation of soy sauce. The contents of potassium and phosphorus among 13 kinds of minerals were dominant during the fermentation of soy sauce. In the amino acid composition of soy sauce, dominant amino acid was glutamic acid(185.6${\pm}$1.0 mg/100 ml above), but proline and arginine were not detected. AMP detected above 7.5${\pm}$O.2 ${\mu}$mol/100 ml was dominant while inosine was not detected during the fermentation of soy sauce. The results of sensory evaluation in the fermented soy sauce of Gorosoe was 'liked more' than that of soy sauce of Kojesu and control.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.421-427
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• 2012

To improve the lubricity of ultra low sulfur diesel, vegetable oil-based alkanol amide derivatives were prepared and their lubricity properties were studied. To synthesize the alkanol amides, we conducted the amidation reaction of diethaolamine High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) and the fatty acid methyl esters, obtained by the continuous transesterification of methanol and several vegetable oil, such as soybean oil, palm oil and coconut oil. The synthesized amides were soluble in ultra low sulfur diesel in the concentration range of ca. 1 wt%; the lubricating properties of ultra low sulfur diesel containing 120 ppm of amides were measured using an HFRR method. It was found that the wear scar diameter in the pure ultra low sulfur diesel decreased significantly from 581 ${\mu}m$ to 305~323 ${\mu}m$ upon the addition of the amides, indicating that lubricating properties of the diesel were improved. On the other hand, the types of vegetable oils did not affect the wear scar diameters, implying that lubricating properties of the diesel did not depend strongly on the structures of alkyl groups of alkanol amide derivatives. When we measured the lubricating properties of the one type of diesels containing various amounts of alkanol amide, we observed that the wear scar diameter decreased drastically with increasing the amide concentration, meaning that the lubricity improved with the amide concentration.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.241-248
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• 2017

Yield of potato is largely influenced by drought stress. This study was conducted in Gangneung and Cheongju during the spring cropping of potato. Potatoes in the Gangneung area were affected by drought but there was no damage due to drought in Cheongju. During the early-growth stage, the contents of inorganic components like available phosphate and growth characteristics of the potato leaf in Cheongju were significantly higher than those in Gangneung but there was no difference after the flowering stage. It was considered that the potato plants cultivated in Cheongju could vigorously grow than that of Gangneung under drought stress. In addition, the content of calcium (Ca), which is a secondary messenger related to aging, was found to be higher in potato plants grown in Cheongju than in Gangneung and accumulated more quickly in potato plants of Cheongju. Because magnesium (Mg) was also found to be higher in potato plants from Gangneung by a wide margin, this phenomenon was thought be related with drought stress. The amounts of all inorganic components absorbed from soil were higher in Cheongju than in Gangneung, showing a relatively higher plant biomass in Cheongju. Correlations of development indexes related to leaf showed less or no relation in Gangneung. According to yield characteristics of the harvest stage, although yield was greatly reduced under drought stress condition, the rate of commercial yield was not significantly affected under the drought stress condition. Consequently, it was considered that these responses to drought stress could be utilized to stabilize potato production under the stressful conditions associated with abnormal climate.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.535-544
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• 2013

Influence of sulfate on the early hydration in the solidification treatment of abandoned mine tailings was characterized. Solidified specimens using hydrated lime as a binder were prepared with various amounts of added $Na_2SO_4$ and different curing days. Unconfined compressive strength measurement, heavy metal leaching test, XRD analysis were performed after 7-, 14- and 28-days curing. According to curing days strength of solidified specimens using only distilled water increased but those with addition of $Na_2SO_4$ decreased. External cracks of specimens developed definitely with increasing $Na_2SO_4$ concentration and curing days. Concentrations of Cu, Cd, Zn, and As in the leached solutions from solidified specimens decreased significantly but Pb was leached readily in cases of hydrated lime dosage more than 10 wt%. Gypsum and $MgSO_4$ were identified in the cracked solidified specimens by XRD analysis, and pillar-shaped crystals of SEM image were identified as gypsum in reference with EDS analysis. Crystallization of sulfate in the process of lime-tailing solidification caused cracking, which should be supplemented for solidification treatment of highly sulfur-contained tailing.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.148-152
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• 1999

This study was carried out to develop new cultivars of Z. serrata showing yellow fall leaf. Z. serrata which had yellow fall leaves were selected and then examined for contents of leaf anthocyanin and chlorophyll. In addition, for the progeny test, selected trees were grafted. Of 21 trees having yellow autumn leaves, three individuals, 'S-4', 'S-14', and 'J-32' were finally selected. They contained high level of anthocyanin with higher level in the leaves. Once developed, the yellow color remained till late autumn. Grafted plants of the selected strains showed high grafting efficiency and vigorous growth. Yellow foliage color were found to be maintained in the grafted trees. The tree 'S-4' was 7 m tall and 6 m in crown width, whereas 'S-14' and 'J-32' were 6 m tall and 4m in crown width. The soil pH of the survey sites ranged from 5.9 to 7.24. However, other soil characteristics did not show much difference among the sites with regard to inorganic nutrients including $N,\;P_2O_5,\,CEC,\,K^+,\,Ca^{2+}$, and $Mg.^{2+}$ 'S-4', 'S-14', and 'J-32' clonal lines developing yellow fall leaf were selected as new cultivars and propagated by grafting.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.521-527
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• 1998

An important property of the intestine is the ability to secrete fluid. The intestinal secretion is regulated by a number of substances including vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), ATP and different inflammatory mediators. One of the most important secretagogues is adenosine during inflammation. However, the controversy concerning the underlying mechanism of adenosine-stimulated $Cl^-$ secretion in intestinal epithelial cells still continues. To investigate the effect of adenosine on $Cl^-$ secretion and its underlying mechanism in the rabbit colon mucosa, we measured short circuit current ($I_{SC}$) under automatic voltage clamp with DVC-1000 in a modified Ussing chamber. Adenosine, when added to the basolateral side of the muocsa, increased $I_{SC}$ in a dose-dependent manner. The adenosine-stimulated $I_{SC}$ response was abolished when $Cl^-$ in the bath solution was replaced completely with gluconate. In addition, the $I_{SC}$ response was inhibited by a basolateral Na-K-Cl cotransporter blocker, bumetanide, and by apical $Cl^-$ channel blockers, dephenylamine-2-carboxylate (DPC), 5-nitro-2-(3-phenyl-propylamino)-benzoate (NPPB), glibenclamide. Amiloride, an epithelial $Na^+$ channel blocker, and 4,4-diisothiocyanato-stilbene-2,2-disulphonate (DIDS), a $Ca^{2+}-activated$ $Cl^-$ channel blocker, had no effect. In the mucosa pre-stimulated with forskolin, adenosine did not show any additive effect, whereas carbachol resulted in a synergistic potentiation of the $I_{SC}$ response. The adenosine response was inhibited by 10 ${\mu}M$ H-89, an inhibitor of protein kinase A. These results suggest that the adenosine-stimulated $I_{SC}$ response is mediated by basolateral to apical $Cl^-$ secretion through a cAMP-dependent $Cl^-$ channel. The rank order of potencies of adenosine receptor agonists was $5'-(N-ethylcarboxamino)adenosine(NECA)＞N^6-(R-phenylisopropyl)adenosine(R-$ PIA)＞2-[p-(2-carbonylethyl)-phenyl-ethylamino]-5'-N-ethylcarboxaminoadenosine(CGS21680). From the above results, it can be concluded that adenosine interacts with the $A_{2b}$ adenosine receptor in the rabbit colon mucosa and a cAMP-dependent signalling mechanism underlies the stimulation of $Cl^-$ secretion.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.127-138
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• 1996

The effects of adenosine analogues on the electrically-evoked acetylcholine(ACh) release and the influence of ischemia on the effects were studied in the rat hippocampus. Slices from the rat hippocampus were equilibrated with $0.1{\mu}M$ $[^3H]-choline$ and the release of the labelled product, $[^3H]-ACh$, was evoked by electrical stimulation(3 Hz, 2 ms, 5 $VCm^{-1}$ and rectangular pulses for 2 min), and the influence of various agents on the evoked tritiumoutflow was investigated. Ischemia(10 min with 95% $N_2$ + 5% $CO_2$) increased both the basal and evoked ACh release. These increases were abolished by glucose addition into the superfused medium, and they significantly inhibited either by 0.1 & $0.3{\mu}M$ TTX pretreatment or by removing $Ca^{++}$ in the medium. MK-801($1{\sim}10{\mu}M$), a specific NMDA receptor antagonist, and glibenclamide $(1{\mu}M)$, a $K^+-channel$ inhibitor, did not alter the evoked ACh release and nor did they affect the ischemia-induced increases In ACh release. However, polymyxin B(0.03 mg), a specific protein kinase C inhibitor, significantly inhibited the effects of ischemia on the evoked ACh release. Adenosine and $N^6-cyclopentyladenosine$ decreased the ACh release in a dose dependent manner in ischemic condition, though the magnitude of inhibition was far less than those in normal(normoxic) condition. However, the treatment with $5{\mu}M$ DPCPX, a potent $A_1-adenosine$ receptor antagonist, potentiated the ischemia-effect. These results indicate that the evoked-ACh release is potentiated by ischemia, and this process being most probably mediated by protein kinase C, and that the decreased effect of ACh release mediated by $A_1-adenosine$ receptor is significantly inhibited in ischemic state.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.214-218
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• 2014

We introduce a technical equipment of GATe (Green (algae)-tide) water combine developed by K-water. The GATe water combine consists of five modules: main body and buoyant, transfer hopper, screen conveyer, sludge remover, and separator of algae and waste. Also a sprinkler, as the pre-treatment step if necessary, is equipped to the device to spread out environmental-friendly algaecide under the circumstance that the level of algal bloom does not reach to the scum-forming condition. The overall module system of this device is very simple. Based on the field test, the device covers surface area of ca. $500,000m^2day^{-1}$ during the period from May to July, and treats water volume as much as $500,000m^3day^{-1}$ in spite of some variation depending on the water quality condition. The removal efficiency of the device appeared to be over 90%. In addition, the operating duration of the device was able to expand to cover the period between March and November. We expect this new technology can be used to solve algal bloom problems in drinking water resource and public water area.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.2 s.82
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• pp.174-178
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• 2007

Treatment of malformin A1 is known to increase ethylene production 130% at 4 hr and 56% at 8 hr after treatment in maize root compared to untreated plants. The ethylene production by malformin A1 was maximum level at 4 hr and slowly decreased up to 8 hr. Calcium ion regulators such as A23187 (calcium ionophore) and verapamil (calcium channel blocker) stimulated ethylene production. Treatment of both calcium ion regulators increased about 30% of ethylene production at 4 hr, and 20% at 8 hr. Both calcium ion regulators did not stimulate malformin A1-induced ethylene production at 4 hr as malformin A1 itself did. However, the treatment of calcium ion regulators with malformin A1 maintains the ethylene production for 8 hr. These results suggested that the proper concentration of calcium might need to confer the effect of malformin A1 on the ethylene production. Malformin A1 suppressed the gravitropic curvature of maize root about 58% at 4 hr and 42% at 8 hr compared to control plant. Verapamil inhibited the gravitropic curvature about 54% at 4 hr and 23% at 8 hr compared to control, respectively. But A23187 could not. In addition, verapamil showed more inhibition in malformin A1-induced gravitropic curvature than A23187 in malformin A1 induced. These data suggested that calcium ion regulators affect the malformin A1-induced ethylene production and gravitropic curvature, and give the evidence that calcium ion play an important role in gravitropic curvature in maize root.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.243-252
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• 2015

Melanosome, the pigment granule in melanocyte, determines the color of skin when it moves into the keratinocyte. Inhibition of melanosome transfer from melanocyte to keratinocyte results in skin depigmentation. Protease activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) is involved in signal transduction systems via cell membrane and increases the melasome transfer when it is activated by cleavage of their extracellular amino acid sequence by trypsin or by a peptide such as SLIGKV. Here, we showed that lobaric acid inhibited PAR-2 activation and affected the mobilization of $Ca2^+$. The uptake of fluorescent microspheres and isolated melanosomes from melan-a melanocytes to keratinocytes induced by SLIGKV were inhibited by lobaric acid. Also, confocal microscopy studies illustrated a decreased melanosome transfer to keratinocytes in melanocyte-keratinocyte co-culture system by lobaric acid. In addition, lobaric acid induced visible skin lightening effect in human skin tissue culture model, melanoderm$^{(R)}$. Our data suggest that lobaric acid could be an effective skin lightening agent that works via regulation of phagocytic activity of keratinocytes.