• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.233-240
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• 1999

Understanding of the relationships between seeding rate and planting date is important for production of spring oats during the fall season. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate seeding rate and planting date effects on forage performance and quality of spring oats(Avena sativa L.) at Suweon in 1997. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with three replications. The main plots consisted of different seeding rates such as 150, 200, and 250kg/ha. The subplots consisted of different planting dates of spring oats such as 15, 22, and 29 August and 5 September. Dry matter content of oats was significantly decreased(P<0.01) as the planting date was delayed except the planting date of 5 September(24.8%). Dry matter content of forage oats planted on 15, 22, and 29 August was 23.0, 21.5, and 20.5%, respectively. A seeding $rate\;{\times}\;planting$ date interaction for dry matter content was highly significant(P<0.01). Crude protein content of oats was significantly increased(P<0.01) from 15.6 to 27.9% as the planting was delayed, while a significant seeding $rate\;{\times}\;planting$ date interaction for crude protein content of oats was observed. Acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) contents of oats increased with early planting(P<0.01), but there was no significant difference among the seeding rates. ln vitro dry matter digestibility(IVDMD) of oats was significantly increased(P<0.01) as the seeding rate was increased together with late planting. Average dry matter yield of oats decreased(P<0.01) from 2,647 to 615kg/ha as the planting was delayed, but there was no significant difference among the seeding rates. A seeding $rate\;{\times}\;planting$ date interaction was observed for average dry matter yield of oats that the seeding rate increase in this experiment showed better at early planting dates. Crude protein yield of oats increased from 171 to 410kg/ha as the planting was delayed, and a significant increases(P<0.01) for crude protein yield was found among the seeding rates. ln vitro digestible dry matter(IVDDM) yield of oats decreased(P<0.01) as the planting was delayed, but there was no significant difference among the seeding rates. A significant seeding $rate\;{\times}\;planting$ date interaction for lVDDM of oats was found. The results of this study indicate that both the seeding rate of 200kg/ha and early planting before 29 August would be recommendable for forage yield and quality of oats in Korea.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.851-868
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• 2004

The main purposes of this study is to develop a web-based STS biology instruction program (WB-STS) for the scientifically gifted students. The specific main research questions were as follows; 1. How can the WB-STS for biology education be developed and what are the primary components involved in it? 2. Is there any proper validity for developed the WB-STS in biology education? To solve the above mentioned problems, several procedures were applied. First, in order to develop WB-STS for the scientifically gifted students, NCISE, Renzulli' s Enrichment Triad Model and the Iowa Chautauqua program's main characteristics were analyzed systematically and the principles and general process for constructing WB-STS were examined. Additionally, the needs of students and the goals of Biology education were identified thoroughly. And then all these ideas were embodied in an agenda for constructing WB-STS. Second, to analyse the validity and utility of developing WB-STS, a questionnaire was developed and submitted to seven specialists and a group of twenty students who would participate in the experiment later. The main results of study are summarized below: First, WB-STS appeared to be successfully constructed based on Renzulli' s Enrichment Triad Model and the Iowa Chautauqua program. Its main features are that it was made emphasizing a learner-centered approach and constructive learning. It is composed of five steps: Scientific theme selection -${\rightarrow}$Exploration ${\rightarrow}$ Concept & Principle Check ${\rightarrow}$ Finding Solution ${\rightarrow}$ Action. Second, seven specialists and a group of students assessed the developed WB-STS's validity and utility with a questionnaire, the results appeared satisfactory. Students showed high interest in WB-STS and gave a positive evaluation of WB-STS.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.61-73
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to investigate the suitable method for rapid establishment of grassland according to forage species, mixed pastures and installation of mesh at 35 degree angle of cutting area in the middle region of Korea. In agronomic characteristics after wintering, vegetation coverage of Tall fescue(TF) was 74% in monoculture, which was the highest among 3 forage crops. Meanwhile average vegetation coverages of monoculture and mixed pasture were 67 and 92% in treated of mesh, which were 4 and 18% higher than untreated of mesh, respectively. In botanical composition, TF of monoculture and Orchardgrass(OG) and TF oriented mixed were indicated over 94% forage coverage. Meanwhile forage coverages Kentucky bluegrass(KBG) and Red top(RT) of monoculture and Perennial ryegrass(PRG) oriented mixture were 89, 81 and 92% in treated of mesh, which were 7, 6 and 5% higher than untreated of mesh, respectively. In forage productivity, dry matter yield(DMY) of TF(12,537kg/ha) and KBG(11,897kg/ha) of monoculture were significant(p<0.05) higher than RT(9,604kg/ha). Meanwhile DMY of OG(12,227kg/ha), TF(12,823kg/ha) and PRG(11,871kg/ha) oriented mixed were not significant difference(p>0.05). In forage quality of monoculture, in the first year, crude protein of KBG was 13.6%, which was the highest among 3 forage species. Also neutral detergent fiber(NDF) of TF was 56.5%, which was the lowest among 3 forage species. In mixed pasture, in the second year, NDF and acid detergent fiber of PRG oriented mixed were 56.5 and 34.3%, respectively, which was the lowest among 3 mixed pasture. In conclusion, forage species TF was more suitable on initial rootage and continuous forage coverage, OG and TF oriented mixed were more suitable on continuous forage coverage. Also the installation of mesh showed positive effects on initial rootage and maintain forage ratio.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.39-45
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• 2005

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of hot water soluble extract from green tea on the components of serum and the liver and the antioxidative effects in accordance with the different protein types. For this purpose, four experimental groups were set up. As for the protein source casein, isolated soy protein was supplemented to the rats, together with hot water soluble extract from green tea. Four experimental groups kept eight Sprague-Dawley rats respectively. The CP group was supplemented with casein only, the CG group was supplemented with casein and hot water soluble extract from green tea, the ISP group was supplemented with isolated soy protein only, and the ISG group was supplemented with the isolated soy protein with hot water soluble extract from green tea. After 4 weeks of feeding with experimental diet, the levels of serum and liver lipid and antioxidant enzyme activity and TBARS in the liver were measured. The results are; 1. Weight gain and FER were higher in the casein group than in the isolated soy protein group in general. In the casein group, the weight gain and FER were reduced significantly when hot water soluble extract from green tea was supplemented (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in feed intake. 2. In general, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in the serum were higher in the casein group than in the isolated soy protein group, however just the concentration of LDL-cholesterol in the casein group was significantly lower when the hot water soluble extract from green tea was supplemented (P < 0.05). 3. Triglycerides in the liver were higher in the casein group than in the isolated soy protein group general, however when hot water soluble extract from green teas was supplemented only in the isolated soy protein group, the content of triglyceride in liver was significantly lower (P < 0.05). 4. There was no significant difference in antioxidant enzyme activity in the liver in all the groups, however the content of TBARS was low only in the casein group when hot water soluble extract from green tea was supplemented (P < 0.05).

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.337-349
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• 2008

Despite an improved bone reactions of Mg-incorporated implants in the animals, little yet has been carried out by the experimental investigations in functional loading conditions. This study investigated the clinical and histologic parameters of osseointegrated Mg-incorporated implants in delayed loading conditions. A total of 36 solid screw implants (diameter 3.75 mm, length 10mm) were placed in the mandibles of 6 beagle dogs. Test groups included 18 Mg-incorporated implants. Turned titanium Implants served as control. Gold crowns were inserted 3 months. Radiographic assessments and stabilitytests were performed at the time of fixture installation, $2^{nd}$ stage surgery, 1 and 3 months after loading. Histological observations and morphometrical measurements were also performed. Of 36 implants, 32 displayed no discernible mobility, corresponding to successful clinical function. There was no statistically significant difference between test implants and controls in marginal bone levels (p=0.413) and RFA values. The mean BIC % in the Mg-implants was $54.4{\pm}20.2%$. The mean BIC % in the turned implant was $48.9{\pm}8.0%$. These differences between the Mg-implant and control implant were not statistically significant (P=0.264). In the limitation of this study, bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and bone area of Mg-incorporated oxidized implant were similar to machine-turned implant. The stability analysis showed no significantly different ISQ values and marginal bone loss between two groups. Considering time-dependent bone responses of Mg-implant, it seems that Mg-implants enhanced bone responses in early loading conditions and osseointegrated similarly to cp Ti implants in delayed loading conditions. However, further investigations are necessary to obtain long-term bone response of the Mg-implant in human.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.825-832
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• 2012

In this study, the quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of mulberry salad dressing prepared with yam juice during storage at $5^{\circ}C$ for four weeks were evaluated. The salad dressing was prepared with a salad base, mulberry, omija, and yam (4:4:6:1 or 4:4:6:3). Fresh yam juice was added to the salad dressing at 0, 7, and 18% levels. After four weeks storage, the pH increased whereas the acidity decreased. As the yam concentration increased, the pH increased to 3.84 and the acidity decreased to 0.14%. The Hunter color L (lightness), b (yellowness), and a (redness) values decreased over the storage period. After four weeks storage, the viscosity increased from 83.2 to 158.5 cp according to the amount of yam juice that was added. The antioxidant activity, such as the DPPH radical scavenging activity, and the total polyphenol content of the salad dressing improved as the yam concentration increased. Moreover, according to the storage time, the peroxide value did not increase. These results show that the mulberry salad dressing to which omija and fresh yam juice were added maintained its freshness with high antioxidative activity during storage.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.16-22
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• 2021

This experiment was conducted to study on the growth characteristics and seed productivity of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam., IRG) planted in the Spring in Gangwon Highland according to the seeding distance (20, 30 and 40 cm). The field was located in highland around 600 m above sea level. The experimental design was randomized block design with three replication and the tested IRG variety was 'Greencall' developed by National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS). IRG was sown on March 26, 2020, and harvested on July 2. The plant height was the shortest at 80.5 cm in the 40 cm seeding distance plot (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between the 20 and 30 cm seeding distance. The number of spike per square meter (㎡) was significantly higher in the 20 cm seeding distance plot than that of 40 cm (937 vs. 571). The dry matter (DM) content of seed and straw after harvesting was 49.70 and 33.36 % on average, and there was no significant difference between treatments (P>005). However, there was a significant difference in the fresh and DM yield of seeds and straw (P<0.05). DM yield of seeds was significantly higher in 20 cm distance than that of 40 cm, and the yield of straw was the same trend. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in DM yield between 20 cm and 30 cm and also in the feed value of straw after seed harvesting among seeding distance. The average CP, ADF, NDF, and TDN contents were 6.91, 36.76, 61.75 and 59.86%, respectively, and the RFV value was 91. Considering the above results, the production of Italian ryegrass seeds sown in the spring in the highlands of the Gangwon is lower than that of autumn sowing, but it is judged that it needs to be reviewed in case it is unavoidable. In the future, there should be an economic analysis and the development of technology that can increase production.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2023

This experiment was carried out to examine double cropping system using Italian ryegrass (IRG) 'Kowinearly', whole crop rice 'Yeongwoo' and barnyard millet 'Jeju native' during the Oct. 2020 to Oct. 2022. Three kinds of forage crops were cultivated at paddy field in Livestock Institute, Jeollanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jeollanamdo, South Korea. Whole crop rice (WCR) was sown in late May and barnyard millet (BM) sown early June each year after harvesting IRG. We examined dry matter yield and feed value of forage crops depending on harvest time of forage crops during the experimental period. The plant height in heading stage of IRG ranged from 108 to 112cm and dry matter yield ranged from 6,783 to 11,530 kg ha^-1. The crude protein (CP) of IRG ranged from 6.0 to 8.44%, acid detergent fiber (ADF) ranged from 55.6 to 60.2% and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ranged from 32.58 to 36.7%, The dry matter yield of WCR increased as the harvest stage was delayed (14,310 kg ha^-1 in milk, 16,167 kg ha^-1 in yellow ripen, and 18,891 kg ha^-1 in mature). Similar to results of dry matter yield of WCR, dry matter yield of BM increased as the harvest stage was delayed (11,194 kg ha^-1 in late heading. and 14,308 kg ha^-1 in mature), However nutrient content of WCR and BM showed a decreasing trend. As shown in above results, the productivity of WCR after harvesting IRG was shown to be high at paddy field in the southern region. However, BM also was appeared to have potential as summer forage crops.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.9-20
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to investigate effects of application of diluted and undiluted cattle slurry with water on seasonal and annual dry matter yields and feed values of tall fescue in the uncultivated rice paddy and it was compared with chemical fertilizer in order to determine optimal application season and dilution level of cattle slurry. When diluted or undiluted cattle slurry with water was applied to uncultivated rice paddy, annual dry matter yields showed 11.31 to 14.81 ton DM/ha (average 13.13 ton DM/ha) for diluted and 10.57 to 12.51 ton DM/ha (average 11.50 ton DM/ha) for undiluted cattle slurries, these had a higher dry matter yield than those of no fertilizer (9.21 ton DM/ha). Furthermore, separate application of early spring and summer (SA plots), separate application of early and late spring, and summer (SUA plots) fur undiluted cattle slurries, and whole application of spring (DS plots), separate application of early spring and summer (DSA plots), separate application of early and late spring, and summer (DSUA plots) for diluted cattle slurries were significantly (P<0.05) higher for annual dry matter yield than no fertilizer plots. Plots applied chemical fertilizer with nitrogen (N), phorphorus (P) and potassium (K) had 15.38 ton DM/ha annually, resulted in significantly (P<0.05) higher DM yield than chemical fertilizer containing P and K, and no fertilizer plots. Moreover, average annual DM yield for the chemical fertilizer with P and K was lower than that of cattle slurry applications. The efinciency of DM production for mineral nitrogen of chemical fertilizers was annually average 31.3 kg DM/kg N. In terms of cutting time of tall fescue, it was lowered in the order of 2nd growth followed by 1st and 3rd growth. However, efficiencies of annual DM production of nitrogen for diluted and undiluted cattle slurries were 26.1 and 15.3 kg DM/kg N, respectively, especially, highest in 2nd growth. While, efficiencies of DM production for cattle slurry versus for mineral nitrogen were 48.9 (undiluted) and 83.4% (diluted), respectively. For annual crude protein (CP) contents of tall fescue, aqueous cattle slurry applications showed 9,9 to 11.6%, which were significantly (P<0.05) higher than no fertilization (9.5%) and chemical fertilizer (9.0 to 9.8%), but annual average NDF and ADF contents were lowest in no fertilization. On the contrary, relative feed value (RFV) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) of no fertilizer plots were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the other plots. The application of cattle slurry and their dilution significantly increased yields of crude protein and total digestible nutrients compared with no and/or P and K fertilizers (P<0.05). These trends were much conspicuous in water-diluted cattle slurries applied in the early and late spring and summer, separately (DSUA plots).

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.451-465
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• 2013

This study was conducted to estimate Hanwoo carrying capacity when whole crop barley, rye, wheat and tritcale as winter forage crops was grown on different applying sources (chemical fertilizer, cattle or organic fertilizer) and mixed sowing combination with hairy vetch or forage pea during the period of 2011~2012. The experimental plots within whole crop barley or rye were consisted of 7 treatments, which were non-fertilizer, chemical fertilizer (P+K), chemical fertilizer (N+P+K), organic fertilizer, cattle slurry, cattle slurry with hairy vetch, and cattle slurry with forage pea. Each plot was triplicates and experimental treatments were allocated in the randomized complete block design. For whole crop barley, annual mean dry matter (DM) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields were the highest in N+P+K plots, but there were no significant differences among organic fertilizer, cattle slurry and mixed sowing with legumes. The TDN were the highest in mixed sowing plots of forage pea plus cattle slurry application. As 450 kg Hanwoo heifers were fed diets included 70% whole crop barley, organic fertilizer, cattle slurry application and mixed sowing plots of forage pea is capable of raising average 2.8 to 3.1 heads/ha a year. For whole crop rye, annual mean DM were the highest in N+P+K plots, but there were no significant differences among cattle slurry. Organic fertilizer application significantly increased TDN and relative feed value (RFV) in comparison with treatments of N+P+K fertilization as chemical fertilizers. In case of 450 kg Hanwoo heifers fed diets included 70% forage rye, it is estimated that cattle slurry application (mixed sowing with legumes) plots can rear average 2.8~ 3.2 heads/ha a year. For whole crop wheat, annual DM, crude protein, and TDN yields of application groups and mixed sowing treatment with legumes showed 6.90~7.44, 0.53~0.60 and 4.35~5.04 ton/ha, respectively. In case of 450 kg Hanwoo heifers fed diets included 70% forage rye, it is estimated that cattle slurry application (mixed sowing with legumes) plots can rear average 3.1~3.7 heads/ha a year. For Triticale, TDN yield was significantly (P<0.05) higher N+P+K plots, organic ferilizer, cattle slurry, cattle slurry with legumes than for no fertilizer and N+P+K plots. The Crude protein (CP) contents were the highest in mixed sowing plots of forage pea plus cattle slurry application. In case of 450 kg Hanwoo heifers fed diets included 70% forage triticale, it is estimated that cattle slurry application (mixed sowing with legumes) plots can rear average 3.4~3.7 heads/ha a year. It can be concluded that, on the basis of DM yield, not only mixed sowing with legumes by applying cattle slurry rather than single sowing of whole crop barley or whole crop rye enhanced production yield and feed values, but also it could be a substitute for imported grains as dietary protein sources in the case of feeding Hanwoo.