• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.201-210
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• 2003

Objective: The role of prostaglandin $E_2$ (PGE2) in the etiopathogenesis of immune and inflammatory diseases has become the subject of recent debate. To determine the role of PGE2 in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we tested the effect of exogenous PGE2 on the production of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) by rheumatoid synoviocytes. Methods: Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were prepared from the synovial tissues of RA patients, and cultured in the presence of PGE2. The COX-2 mRNA and protein expression levels were determined by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. The PGE2 receptor subtypes in the FLS were analyzed by RT-PCR. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was used to measure the NF-${\kappa}B$ binding activity for COX-2 transcription. The in vivoeffect of PGE2 on the development of arthritis was also tested in collagen induced arthritis (CIA) animals. Results: PGE2 ($10^{-11}$ to $10^{-5}M$) dose-dependently inhibited the expression of COX-2 mRNA and the COX-2 protein stimulated with IL-$1{\beta}$, but not COX-1 mRNA. NS-398, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, displayed an additive effect on PGE2-induced COX-2 downregulation. The FLS predominantly expressed the PGE2 receptor (EP) 2 and EP4, which mediated the COX-2 suppression by PGE2. Treatment with anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibodies partially reversed the PGE2-induced suppression of COX-2 mRNA, suggesting that IL-10 may be involved in modulating COX-2 by PGE2. Experiments using an inducer and an inhibitor of cyclic AMP (cAMP) suggest that cAMP is the major intracellular signal that mediates the regulatory effect of PGE2 on COX-2 expression. EMSA revealed that PGE2 inhibited the binding of NF-${\kappa}B$ in the COX-2 promoter via a cAMP dependent pathway. In addition, a subcutaneous injection of PGE2 twice daily for 2 weeks significantly reduced the incidence and severity of CIA as well as the production of IgG antibodies to type II collagen. Conclusion: Our data suggest that overproduced PGE2 in the RA joints may function as an autocrine regulator of its own synthesis by inhibiting COX-2 production and may, in part, play an anti-inflammatory role in the arthritic joints.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.207-212
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• 2017

Objectives: Study of the mechanisms involved in cancer progression suggests that cyclooxygenase enzymes play an important role in the induction of inflammation, tumor formation, and metastasis of cancer cells. Thus, cyclooxygenase enzymes could be considered for cancer chemotherapy. Among these enzymes, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is associated with liver carcinogenesis. Various COX-2 inhibitors cause growth inhibition of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, but many of them act in the COX-2 independent mechanism. Thus, the introduction of selective COX-2 inhibitors is necessary to achieve a clear result. The present study was aimed to determine the growth-inhibitory effects of new analogues of chalcone epoxide as selective COX-2 inhibitors on the human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell line. Methods: Estimation of both cell growth and the amount of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production were used to study the effect of selective COX-2 inhibitors on the hepatocellular carcinoma cell. Cell growth determination has done by MTT assay in 24 h, 48 h and 72 h, and PGE2 production has estimated by using ELYSA kit in 48 h and 72 h. Results: The results showed growth inhibition of the HepG2 cell line in a concentration and time-dependent manner, as well as a reduction in the formation of PGE2 as a product of COX-2 activity. Among the compounds those analogues with methoxy and hydrogen group showed more inhibitory effect than others. Conclusion: The current in-vitro study indicates that the observed significant growth-inhibitory effect of chalcone-epoxide analogues on the HepG2 cell line may involve COX-dependent mechanisms and the PGE2 pathway parallel to the effect of celecoxib. It can be said that these analogues might be efficient compounds in chemotherapy of COX-2 dependent carcinoma specially preventing and treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.175-175
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• 2005

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.944-945
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• 2005

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.141-149
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• 2007

Madhuca indica has been used ethnomedically in Indian folks. In the present study we have investigated anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and hypoglycaemic effect of ethanolic extract (EE) and crude alkaloid extract of Madhuca indica seed cake on albino rats. The study showed that the EE had a significant, dose dependent anti-edematogenic, anti-ulcerogenic and hypoglycaemic activity, whereas the crude alkaloid extract exhibited a significant only. Both the extracts possess dose dependent inhibitory activity on carrageenan-induced edema, inhibiting prostaglandins or mediators involved in prostaglandin synthesis, the second phase of inflammation. The EE was significantly effective in protecting pylorus-ligation-induced gastric ulcers at a higher dose level. The active principle of EE seems to be a selective inhibitor of the COX II (prostaglandin synthesis) without important effect on COX I since, EE exhibited both anti-edematogenic and anti-ulcerogenic effect. The EE was effective in reducing the plasma glucose level in normal albino rats in a dose dependent manner, producing hypoglycaemic effect by stimulating the release of insulin from the ${\beta}-cells$ and/or increasing the uptake of glucose from the plasma.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.381-385
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• 2019

We attempted to examine anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of 4'-O-${\beta}$-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol (GOMV), the first epigenetic inhibitor of histone phosphorylation at Ser10. While GOMV did not affect the viability of murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells, it significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced generation of prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) and nitric oxide (NO) through transcriptional inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). GOMV also scavenged free radicals in vitro, increased NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), and activated antioxidant response element (ARE), thereby resulting in the induction of phase II cytoprotective enzymes in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Finally, GOMV significantly protected HaCaT cells against 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced oxidative intracellular damages. Together, our results illustrate that GOMV possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.30-41
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• 2024

The dense granule protein of Toxoplasma gondii, inhibitor of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (IST) is an inhibitor of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) transcriptional activity that binds to STAT1 and regulates the expression of inflammatory molecules in host cells. A sterile inflammatory liver injury in pathological acute liver failures occurs when excessive innate immune function, such as the massive release of IFN-γ and TNF-α, is activated without infection. In relation to inflammatory liver injury, we hypothesized that Toxoplasma gondii inhibitor of STAT1 transcription (TgIST) can inhibit the inflammatory response induced by activating the STAT1/IRF-1 mechanism in liver inflammation. This study used IFN-γ and TNF-α as inflammatory inducers at the cellular level of murine hepatocytes (Hepa-1c1c7) to determine whether TgIST inhibits the STAT1/IRF-1 axis. In stable cells transfected with TgIST, STAT1 expression decreased with a decrease in interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1 levels. Furthermore, STAT1 inhibition of TgIST resulted in lower levels of NF-κB and COX2, as well as significantly lower levels of class II transactivator (CIITA), iNOS, and chemokines (CLXCL9/10/11). TgIST also significantly reduced the expression of hepatocyte proapoptotic markers (Caspase3/8/9, P53, and BAX), which are linked to sterile inflammatory liver injury. TgIST also reduced the expression of adhesion (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) and infiltration markers of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) induced by hepatocyte and tissue damage. TgIST restored the cell apoptosis induced by IFN-γ/TNF-α stimulation. These results suggest that TgIST can inhibit STAT1-mediated inflammatory and apoptotic responses in hepatocytes stimulated with proinflammatory cytokines.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.19-31
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• 2018

Objectives The object of this study was to investigate the antioxidative and antiinflammatory effects of Jinmu-tang extract (JMT) on the Monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced rat osteoarthritis. Methods To investigate the antioxidant capacities of JMT, we measured the total polyphenol and flavonoid, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity. To evaluate the antioxidative and antiinflammatory effects of JMT, the rats were divided into 5 groups (n=8). Normal group was not induced by MIA and treated at all (N), control group was induced by MIA and not treated at all (Con), positive control group was induced by MIA and orally administered indomethacin 5 mg/kg (Indo) and experimental groups were induced by MIA and orally administered JMT 100 mg/kg (JMT100) and JMT 200 mg/kg (JMT200) for 4 weeks. The changes of anti-type II collagen antibody in serum, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), phosphorylated inhibitor of ${\kappa}B{\alpha}$ ($p-I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$) in knee joint tissue and histopathological observation (Hematoxylin & Eosin and Safranin-O stain) were measured. Results Total polyphenol and flavonoid levels of JMT were $26.90{\pm}0.33mg/g$ and $6.02{\pm}0.34mg/g$. $IC_{50}$ of L-ascorbic acid and JMT of DPPH radical scavenging activity were $1.35{\pm}0.07{\mu}g/ml$ and $52.95{\pm}0.97{\mu}g/ml$. $IC_{50}$ of L-ascorbic acid and JMT of ABTS radical scavenging activity were $3.18{\pm}0.02{\mu}g/ml$ and $91.49{\pm}1.74{\mu}g/ml$. In serum, the anti-type II collagen antibody levels of JMT100 and JMT200 groups were decreased significantly. In knee joint tissue, the HO-1 level of JMT200 was increased significantly. The $p-I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$ levels of JMT200 were decreased significantly. The COX-2 and iNOS levels of JMT groups were decreased significantly. In histopathological observation, in comparison with Con, synovial tissue, cartilage and proteoglycan of JMT100 and JMT200 were well preserved. Conclusions According to the results, It is considered that JMT has antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects for MIA-induced rat osteoarthritis, so it could be applied to osteoarthritis treatment.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.179-186
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• 2008

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), also designated matrixins, hydrolyze components of the extracellular matrix. These proteinases playa central role in many biological processes, such as embryogenesis, normal tissue remodeling, wound healing, and angiogenesis, and in diseases such as atheroma, arthritis, cancer, and tissue ulceration. In previous data, disruption of the actin cytoskeleton by cytochalasin D (CD) inhibited NO-induced apoptosis, dedifferentiation, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression, and prostaglandin $E_2$ production in chondrocytes cultured on plastic or during cartilage explants culture. In this study, we investigated the effects of the actin cytoskeleton architecture on MMP-2 expression and dedifferentiation by CD in rabbit articular chondrocytes. Rabbit articular chondrocytes were prepared from cartilage slices of 2-weeks-old New Zealand white rabbits by enzymatic digestion. CD was used as a disruptor of actin cytoskeleton. In this experiments measuring CD dose response, primary chondrocytes were treated with various concentrations of CD for 24h. The actin disruption was determined by immunostaining. MMP-2 expression levels were determined by immunoblot analysis and Reverse transcriptase-Polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and MMP-2 activity was determined by gelatin zymography. We found that cell morphological change and up-regulation of MMP-2 expression by CD as determined via immunostaining, gelatin zymography and immunoblotting. Moreover, CD induced MMP-2 transcription was detected by RT-PCR. Also, CD-induced type II collagen expression was inhibited by MMP-2 inhibitor I treatment. Our results indicate that CD up-regulated MMP-2 activation causes dedifferentiation of articular chondrocyte.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.39-53
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• 2010

목적 : 퇴행성 관절염은 염증성 사이토카인인 IL-$1\beta$에 의해 연골관절이 파괴되고 이로 인해 염증성 사이토카인이 더욱 증가하는 질환이다. 퇴행성 관절염을 치료하기 위해서는 연골 파괴를 가속화시키는 catabolic cytokines의 활성을 줄이고, 성장인자인 anabolic factor의 활성을 증가시는 연골 보호 작용이 있어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 독활 승마 처방(OAH19T)이 catabolic/anabolic 대사 조절에 어떤 영향을 미치는지와 그 신호 전달 기전에 대해 연구하였다. 또한 OAH19T를 구성하는 단미재 및 임상에서 사용되는 COX-2 inhibitor인 Celebrex(CEL)와 효능을 비교 실험하였다. 방법 : 배양된 세포에 IL-$1\beta$로 자극한 후 (1) glycosaminoglycan(GAG)의 분해 억제 정도, (2) OAH19T와 CEL에 대하여 MMP-1과 MMP-3의 유전자 발현 및 활성 억제, (3) Aggrecan 및 Aggrecanases의 유전자 발현 및 활성 억제, (4) OAH19T의 growth factor의 조절 능력, (5) MAPK pathway 등을 RT-PCR(reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction), ELISA(Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), western blot, viability 측정을 통해 검증했다. 결과 : 사람 관절 세포에서 (1) 독활 승마 각각의 단미재, 임상에서 사용중인 셀레콕시브(CEL), 조인스보다 실험 약물(OAH19T)이 저농도에서 GAG 분해 억제 효과가 우수하였고, 부탄올로 분획한 OAH19B와는 동등한 효과를 보였다. (2) OAH19T는 IL-$1\beta$에 의하여 활성화된 MMP-1과 MMP-3의 발현을 모두 억제하였으나, CEL은 MMP-1의 발현은 억제하였으나 MMP-3의 발현은 억제하지 못하였다. (3) OAH19T는 IL-$1\beta$에 의하여 손상된 Aggrecan을 회복시켰으며 이는 활성화된 Aggrecanase-1과 Aggrecanase-2를 억제시킴으로써 나타난 결과이다. 그러나 CEL의 경우, 손상된 Aggrecan을 회복시키지 못하였다. (4) 배양된 세포는 IL-$1\beta$에 의하여 TGF-$\beta$II및 TGF-$\beta$ receptor II의 발현이 억제되었으나, OAH19T는 TGF-$\beta$II및 TGF-$\beta$ receptor II의 발현을 회복시켜 OAH19T가 anabolic한 조절능력이 있음을 시사한다. 그러나 CEL의 경우 growth factor에 대한 조절 능력이 없었다. (5) 대사 조절 작용에 대한 기전으로서 MAPK pathway에 대해서 연구한 결과 IL-$1\beta$에 의하여 유도된 pERK, pp38 kinase의 활성은 억제하였고, pJNK의 활성은 변하지 않았다. 또한 OAH19T는 연골 세포에 독성이 없었으며 IL-$1\beta$에 의해 유도된 세포 증식만을 억제시켰다. 이 결과로, OAH19T가 OA chondrocyte의 탈분화 및 세포 고사를 억제하여 연골보호 및 회복 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 결론 : OAH19T는 이를 구성하는 단미재 및 CEL보다 연골보호 효과가 월등하였고, 이러한 연골보호 효과는 catabolic cytokines/growth factors의 균형으로 대사조절을 통해 연골세포의 탈분화 및 세포 고사를 억제하여 연골보호 및 회복 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다.