• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.253-264
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• 2024

Chronic neuropathic pain (CNP) is a complex condition often arising from neural maladaptation after nerve injury. Understanding CNP complications involves the intricate interplay between brain-heart dynamics, assessed through quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) and heart rate variability (HRV). However, insights into their interaction in chronic pain are limited. Resting EEG and simultaneous electrocardiogram (lead II) of the participants were recorded for qEEG and HRV analysis. Correlations between HRV and qEEG parameters were calculated and compared with age, sex, and body mass index (BMI)-matched controls. CNP patients showed reduced HRV and significant increases in qEEG power spectral densities within delta, theta, and beta frequency ranges. A positive correlation was found between low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) ratio in HRV analysis and theta, alpha, and beta frequency bands in qEEG among CNP patients. However, no significant correlation was observed between parasympathetic indices and theta, beta bands in qEEG within CNP group, unlike age, sex, and BMI-matched healthy controls. CNP patients display significant HRV reductions and distinctive qEEG patterns. While healthy controls exhibit significant correlations between parasympathetic HRV parameters and qEEG spectral densities, these relationships are diminished or absent in CNP individuals. LF/HF ratio, reflecting sympathovagal balance, correlates significantly with qEEG frequency bands (theta, alpha, beta), illuminating autonomic dysregulation in CNP. These findings emphasize the intricate brain-heart interplay in chronic pain, warranting further exploration.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.139-146
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• 2011

This paper presents a new modified Contract Net Protocol (CNP) for microgrid operation based on multiagent system. The CNP is a widely used protocol for interactions among distributed problem solving. The Contract Net Interaction Protocol of the Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents (FIPA-CNIP) is a minor modification of the original CNP for multiagent system applications. In this paper, a modified CNP (MCNP) based on the FIPA-CNIP is proposed for more specialized interactions among agents for microgrid operation. A multiagent system is designed and constructed for microgrid operation. A microgrid operation based on the multiagent system is tested to check the functionality of the proposed MCNP.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.1864-1876
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• 2016

Card-Not-Present (CNP) transactions taking place remotely over the Internet are becoming more prevalent. Cardholder authentication should be provided to prevent the CNP fraud resulting from the theft of stored credit card numbers. To address the security problems associated with CNP transactions, the use of a virtual card number derived from the transaction details for the payment has been proposed, instead of the real card number. Since all of the virtual card number schemes proposed so far are based on a password shared between the cardholder and card issuer, transaction disputes due to the malicious behavior of one of the parties involved in the transaction cannot be resolved. In this paper, a new virtual card number scheme is proposed, which is associated with the cardholder's public key for signature verification. It provides strong cardholder authentication and non-repudiation of the transaction without deploying a public-key infrastructure, so that the transaction dispute can be easily resolved. The proposed scheme is analyzed in terms of its security and usability, and compared with the previously proposed schemes.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.25-40
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• 2003

With the growing usage of the networks, the world-wide Internet has become the main means to exchange data and carry out transactions. It has also become the main means to attack hosts. To solve the security problems which occur in the network such as Internet, we import software products of network security elements like an IDS (Intrusion Detection System) and a firewall. In this paper, we have designed and constructed the general simulation environment of network security model composed of multiple IDSes and a firewall which coordinate by CNP (Contract Net Protocol) for the effective detection of the intrusion. The CNP, the methodology for efficient integration of computer systems on heterogeneous environment such as distributed systems, is essentially a collection of agents, which cooperate to resolve a problem. Command console in the CNP is a manager who controls the execution of agents or a contractee, who performs intrusion detection. In the network security model, each model of simulation environment is hierarchically designed by DEVS(Discrete Event system Specification) formalism. The purpose of this simulation is that the application of rete pattern-matching algorithm speeds up the inference cycle phases of the intrusion detection expert system and we evaluate the characteristics and performance of CNP architecture with rete pattern-matching algorithm.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.197-206
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• 2003

With the growing usage of the networks, the world-wide Internet has become the main means to exchange data and carry out transactions. It has also become the main means to attack hosts. To solve the security problems which occur in the network such as Internet, we import software products of network security elements like an IDS (Intrusion Detection System) and a firewall. In this paper, we have designed and constructed the General Simulation Environment of Network Security model composed of multiple IDSes and a firewall which coordinate by CNP (Contract Net Protocol) for the effective detection of the intrusion. The CNP, the methodology for efficient integration of computer systems on heterogeneous environment such as distributed systems, is essentially a collection of agents, which cooperate to resolve a problem. Command console in the CNP is a manager who controls tie execution of agents or a contractee, who performs intrusion detection. In the Network Security model, each model of simulation environment is hierarchically designed by DEVS (Discrete EVent system Specification) formalism. The purpose of this simulation is to evaluate the characteristics and performance of CNP architecture with rete pattern matching algorithm and the application of rete pattern matching algorithm for the speeding up the inference cycle phases of the intrusion detection expert system.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2021

Background: Chronic neck pain (CNP) is associated with weakness in the deep neck flexor muscles, a shortening of the neck extensors, and a reduction in endurance. In addition, muscle imbalance can lead to neck pain and musculoskeletal dysfunction. This study compared neck extensor muscle fatigue, muscle strength, and muscle endurance time between patients with CNP and healthy adults during isometric neck extension. Methods: Thirty participants (15 patients with CNP and 15 healthy adults) were recruited in this research. The outcome measures included splenius capitis (SC) muscle fatigue, isometric neck extensor strength, and muscle endurance. The independent T-test was used to compare the continuous dependent variables between the CNP group and the healthy group. Results: The independent T-test indicated that muscle fatigue in the left SC differed significantly between the CNP group and the healthy group. A significant difference was also noted in the isometric neck extensor and neck extensor strength between the groups. Conclusion: Our results provided promising clinical evidence that patients with CLP have reduced neck extensor strength and endurance and increased SC muscle fatigue, which results in neck pain.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 2007

The present study was designed to establish comparatively the inhibitory effects of cilnidipine(CNP), nifedipine(NIF), and $\omega$-conotoxin GVIA(CTX) on the release of CA evoked by cholinergic stimulation and membrane depolarization from the isolated perfused model of the rat adrenal medulla. CNP(3 ${\mu}M$), NIF(3 ${\mu}M$), and CTX(3 ${\mu}M$) perfused into an adrenal vein for 60 min produced greatly inhibition in CA secretory responses evoked by ACh($5.32{\times}10^{-3}M$), DMPP($10^{-4}M$ for 2 min), McN-A-343($10^{-4}M$ for 2 min), high $K^+(5.6{\times}10^{-2}M)$, Bay-K-8644($10^{-5}M$), and cyclopiazonic acid($10^{-5}M$), respectively. For the CA release evoked by ACh and Bay-K-8644, the following rank order of potency was obtained: CNP>NIF>CTX. The rank order for the CA release evoked by McN-A-343 and cyclopiazonic acid was CNP>NIF>CTX. Also, the rank orders for high $K^+$ and for DMPP were NIF>CTX>CNP and NIF>CNP>CTX, respectively. Taken together, these results demonstrate that all voltage-dependent $Ca^{2+}$ channels(VDCCs) blockers of cilnidipine, nifedipine, and $\omega$-conotoxin GVIA inhibit greatly the CA release evoked by stimulation of cholinergic(both nicotinic and muscarinic) receptors and the membrane depolarization without affecting the basal release from the isolated perfused rat adrenal gland. It seems likely that the inhibitory effects of cilnidipine, nifedipine, and $\omega$-conotoxin GVIA are mediated by the blockade of both L- and N-type, L-type only, and N-type only VDCCs located on the rat adrenomedullary chromaffin cells, respectively, which are relevant to $Ca^{2+}$ mobilization. It is also suggested that N-type VDCCs play an important role in the rat adrenomedullary CA secretion, in addition to L-type VDCCs.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.321-335
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• 2023

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of photo-crosslinked gelatin methacryloyl (GelMa) hydrogel containing calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CNp) when applying different fabrication methods for bone regeneration. Methods: Four circular defects were created in the calvaria of 10 rabbits. Each defect was randomly allocated to the following study groups: 1) the sham control group, 2) the GelMa group (defect filled with crosslinked GelMa hydrogel), 3) the CNp-GelMa group (GelMa hydrogel crosslinked with nanoparticles), and 4) the CNp+GelMa group (crosslinked GelMa loaded with nanoparticles). At 2, 4, and 8 weeks, samples were harvested, and histological and micro-computed tomography analyses were performed. Results: Histomorphometric analysis showed that the CNp-GelMa and CNp+GelMa groups at 2 weeks had significantly greater total augmented areas than the control group (P<0.05). The greatest new bone area was observed in the CNp-GelMa group, but without statistical significance (P>0.05). Crosslinked GelMa hydrogel with nanoparticles exhibited good biocompatibility with a minimal inflammatory reaction. Conclusions: There was no difference in the efficacy of bone regeneration according to the synthesized method of photo-crosslinked GelMa hydrogel with nanoparticles. However, these materials could remain within a bone defect up to 2 weeks and showed good biocompatibility with little inflammatory response. Further improvement in mechanical properties and resistance to enzymatic degradation would be needed for the clinical application.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.346-353
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• 2001

2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) a prototype of the highly toxid halogenated arylhydrocarbons, bioaccumulates in the food chain and induces a complex spectrum of pathological responses. However, its effect on the nerve system is relatively not well studied. In this study we evaluated TCDDs cytotoxicity on the cortical cell and investigated its effect on the expression 2,3-cyclic nucleotide 3-phosphodiesterase(CNPase), a marker for oilgodendrocytes, The survival rates of 4 DIV cortical cells, that are dissociated from E18 rat cortex and maintained in the presence of TCDD, were 88.8, 83.6, 78.5, and 78.6%(5,10, 20 and 50 nM, respectively) where the reduction in 20 and 50mM TCDD were statistically very significant(p<0.01). Imunocytochemistry of cultured cells revealed that the intensities of immunostaining with an anti-CNP1&2 antibody depended on the concentrations of the toxin. Immunoblot analysis also showed differential expression of CNP1 and CNP2 in the presence of TCDD; the CNP1 expression was dose-dependently decreased. Interestingly, the expression of CNP2 in the presence if TDCC; the CNP1 expression was dose-dependently decreased. Interestingly, the expression of CNP2 fluctuated with the TCDD concentration. These results indicated that CNP1 and 2 are differentially regulated by TCDD, implying the functions of oligodendrocytes are modulated by the toxin.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.548-552
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• 2005

The interaction between ionic surfactants and different nonionic molecules and polymers are studied using ion surfactant selective electrode. From the experimental data, critical concentrations of the interaction and binding process are evaluated. The interaction between hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB) with polyethylene glycol (PEG) in three molecular weights (1000, 10000 and 100000) and also schiff-bases, 2-[2-carboxyphenyl nitrilomethylidyne]-phenol (ortho CNP), 2-[3-carboxyphenyl nitrilomethylidyne]-phenol (meta CNP)and 2-[4-carboxyphenyl nitrilomethylidyne]-phenol (para CNP) with the potentiometric method were investigated using HTAB membrane selective electrode. In the case of PEG with increasing molecular weights more interaction to HTAB occurs. The electromotive force (EMF) data also showed that interaction between para CNP with HTAB is more than the other schiff-bases. It seems this case related to less space interference of COOH group for that compound. The onset of binding ($T_1$) of course is the same for three schiffbase molecules.