• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.193-200
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• 2013

Trichoderma asperellum SKT-1 is a microbial pesticide that is very effective against various diseases. Our study was undertaken to evaluate T. asperellum SKT-1 for induction of resistance against yellow strain of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-Y) in Arabidopsis plants. Disease severity was rated at 2 weeks post inoculation (WPI). CMV titre in Arabidopsis leaves was determined by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at 2 WPI. Our results demonstrated that among all Arabidopsis plants treated with barley grain inoculum (BGI) of SKT-1 NahG and npr1 plants showed no significant reduction in disease severity and CMV titre as compared with control plants. In contrast, disease severity and CMV titre were significantly reduced in all Arabidopsis plants treated with culture filtrate (CF) of SKT-1 as compared with control plants. RT-PCR results showed increased expression levels of SA-inducible genes, but not JA/ET-inducible genes, in leaves of BGI treated plants. Moreover, expression levels of SA- and JA/ET-inducible genes were increased in leaves of CF treated plants. In conclusion, BGI treatment induced systemic resistance against CMV through SA signaling cascade in Arabidopsis plants. While, treatment with CF of SKT-1 mediated the expression of a majority of the various pathogen related genes, which led to the increased defense mechanism against CMV infection.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.83-91
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• 1998

Gladioli (Gladiolus hybridus) showing flower colour breaking leaf mosaics, notched leaf, and dwarfing or lack of visible symptoms were collected from gladioli growing areas in Taegu and Kyungpook province, Korea. The three viruses isolated from the naturally infected gladioli were identified as broad bean wilt virus (BBWV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), and tobacco rattle virus (TRV) by their host range, immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), direct tissue blotting immunoassay (DTBIA), and intracellural symptoms. By DTBIA and ISEM, TRV was detected in gladiolus showing notched leaf, while CMV was frequently detected in gladioli with dwarfing, color breaking and malformation of flowers. BBWV was also often detected in many symptomless gladiolus plants, but TRV was detected in notched-leaf of gladiolus. Electron microcopic examination of negatively stained preparations showed that BBWV and CMV are spherical particles of 28 nm and 30 nm in diameter, and TRV is rigid rod-shaped particles of 40∼200 nm in length. The rigid rodshaped virus particles reacted positively with TRV antiserum in ISEM and DTBIA, respectively.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.14 no.2 s.23
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• pp.59-63
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• 1975

A total of 40 virus infected tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabaccum L.) with various symptom types Were collected from Bucheon and Jeonju area by its symptoms were investigated on the incidence of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), potato virus X (PVX) and potato virus Y (PVY) by serological methods. van Slogteren's microprecipitin test was applied for the testing of PVX and PVY from infected plants and Ouchterlony agar double diffusion test was used for CMV, TMV and AMV. Results obtained are as follows: 1. TMV, CMV, AMV, PVX and PVY wcre found to occur on the tobacco plants growing in Korea. 2. The prevalence of each of these viruses among the 40 tobacco plants investigated was in the order of AMV: $(67.5\%)>CMV:(60.0\%)>TMY:(47.5\%)>PVY:(17.5\%)>PVX: (10.0\%).$ 3. In Burley variety, the percentage of infection by TMV was $15\%$, whereas it was as high as $80\%$ in Hicks variety. 4. Among the 40 tobacco plants investigated, $37.5\%$ showed infection with one kind of virus whereas the remaining $62.5\%$, revealed mixed infection with more than two different viruses.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 2005

In spite of the ongoing advances, standard therapies for oral cancer still has some limitations in efficacy and in ability to prolong survival rate of advanced disease and result in significant functional defect and severe cosmetic deformity. Currently gene therapy using tumor suppressor gene is considered as a potent candidate for new therapeutic approaches that can improve efficacy and reduce complications. The purpose of this research is to identify the role of adenoviral vector to transfer HCCS-1 tumor suppressor gene in oral cancer cells and to find out whether there is a possibility for it to serve in the field of gene therapy. The human SCC-25 cell line was used for transfection. To determine the efficiency of the adenovirus as a gene delivery vector cell line was transduced with LacZ gene and analysed with X-gal staining. Northern blot was performed to confirm the tranfection with HSCC-1 gene and cell viability was assessed by cell cytotoxicity assay. We had successfully construct the recombinant HSCC-1 adenovirus(Ad5CMV-HCCS-1). DNA extracted from Ad5CMV-HCCS-1 revealed HCCS-1 gene is incorporated. The transduction efficiencies were over than 50% of SCC-25 cells with a MOI of 2 and over 95% with a MOI of 50. Northern blot analysis showed that a single 0.6kb mRNA transcript was expressed in Ad5CMV-HCCS-1 transduced SCC-25 cells. There was no or very low transcription HCCS-1 mRNA in wild and Ad5CMV-LacZ transduced SCC-25 cells. Cells transduced with Ad5CMV-HCCS-1 showed significant growth inhibition. By day 6, Ad5CMV-HCCS-1 treated cell count was decreased to 30% of mock-infected cells, while that of Ad5CMV-LacZ treated cells was 90% of mock-infected cells (p<0.05). Finally, these result suggest that the Ad5CMV-HCCS-1 has potential as a gene therapy tool for oral cancer.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.726-735
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• 2020

Objective: Recent innovations in biology are boosting gene and cell therapy, but monitoring the response to these treatments is difficult. The purpose of this study was to find an MRI-reporter gene that can be used to monitor gene or cell therapy and that can be delivered without a viral vector, as viral vector delivery methods can result in long-term complications. Materials and Methods: CMV promoter-human organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3 (CMV-hOATP1B3) cDNA or CMV-blank DNA (control) was transfected into HEK293 cells using Lipofectamine. OATP1B3 expression was confirmed by western blotting and confocal microscopy. In vitro cell phantoms were made using transfected HEK293 cells cultured in various concentrations of gadoxetic acid for 24 hours, and images of the phantoms were made with a 9.4T micro-MRI. In vivo xenograft tumors were made by implanting HEK293 cells transfected with CMV-hOATP1B3 (n = 4) or CMV-blank (n = 4) in 8-week-old male nude mice, and MRI was performed before and after intravenous injection of gadoxetic acid (1.2 µL/g). Results: Western blot and confocal microscopy after immunofluorescence staining revealed that only CMV-hOATP1B3-transfected HEK293 cells produced abundant OATP1B3, which localized at the cell membrane. OATP1B3 expression levels remained high through the 25th subculture cycle, but decreased substantially by the 50th subculture cycle. MRI of cell phantoms showed that only the CMV-hOATP1B3-transfected cells produced a significant contrast enhancement effect. In vivo MRI of xenograft tumors revealed that only CMV-hOATP1B3-transfected HEK293 tumors demonstrated a T1 contrast effect, which lasted for at least 5 hours. Conclusion: The human endogenous OATP1B3 gene can be non-virally delivered into cells to induce transient OATP1B3 expression, leading to gadoxetic acid-mediated enhancement on MRI. These results indicate that hOATP1B3 can serve as an MRI-reporter gene while minimizing the risk of long-term complications.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.210-216
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• 2003

This study examined the existence of genetically diverse population of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), known as quasispecies, from lily, Nicotiana benthamiana and from purified virions. Based on the conserved sequences of CMV lily isolates in intergenic region (IR) on RNA3, the genetic variation of IR from three different sources was investigated by a specific restriction endonuclease hydrolysis of amplified reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) products using virus-specific primers, and was compared with IR sequences. The IR nucleotide sequences of CMV lily isolates were highly conserved, however, quasispecies was detected from all three sources in low level, containing sub-populations of RNA3. These subpopulations of RNA3 were inoculated onto zucchini squash by in vitro transcripts from corresponding full-length cDNA clones together with Eny RNA1 and 2 transcripts. The systemic symptom of zucchini plants infected by these quasispecies was chlorotic spotting, which was milder than severe mosaic and stunt symptom caused by Eny-CMV. The severity of symptom was correlated with RNA accumulation of viruses. These results suggest that the genome of CMV lily isolates consists of quasispecies populations.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.23-27
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• 1972

A total of 163 virus infected pepper plants(Capsicum annuum L.) collected from various pepper growing regions in Korea were investigated on the presence of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), potato virus X(PVX), potato virus Y(PVY) and alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) by serological methods. Van Slogteren's microprecipitin test was applied for the testing of TMV, PVX and PVY from infected plants, and Ouchterlony agar double diffusion test was used for CMV and AMV. Results obtained are as follows: 1. TMV, CMV, PVX, PVY and AMV were found to occur on the pepper plants growing in Korea. 2. The prevalence of each of these viruses among the 163 pepper plants investigated was in the order of CMV: 93 plants(57.0%)>TMV: 91 plants (55.8%)>AMV: 58 plants (35.6%)>PVY: 40 plants (24.5%)> PVX:6 plants(3.7%). 3. Among the 163 plants investigated, 72 plants (44%) showed infection with one kind of virus and 91 plants (56%) showed mixed infection with more than two different viruses. In general, heavier damage of the plants was observed from mixed infection. 4. The results of serological identification of pepper viruses coincided with those results obtained by sap inoculation experiment conducted at the Horticultural Experiment Station along with present investigation. Thus the serological techniques applied in this experiment proved to be very reliable for the identification of TMV, CMV, PVX, PVY and AMV from pepper plants infected with these viruses.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.262-269
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• 2005

An antiviral producing bacterial strain was isolated from a ginseng rhizosphere in Kangwon province of Republic of Korea. In order to identify the bacterial strain, microbiological, physiological and biochemical tests were performed, along with RAPD, 16S rRNA, 16S-23S rRNA ITS (intergenic spacer region) and DNA-DNA hybridization analyses. The bacterium was found to be a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens, which was designated as Gpf01. The strain was grown in Muller-Hinton (MH) broth, and the culture supernatant obtained was filtered through a $0.45{\mu}l$ filter. It was further boiled at $100^{\circ}C$ and tested in two experiments for its ability to control a yellow strain of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-Y). In the first experiment, boiled culture filtrate (RCF) was treated on one half of the leaves of Chenopodium amaranticolor followed by CMV- Y inoculation on both halves. In the second experiment, BCF was treated on the lower leaves of Nicotiana tobacum var. Xanthi-nc, with the CMV-Y mechanically inoculated onto the upper untreated leaves. In the first experiment, BCF treatment was able to considerably reduce the number of viral lesion, and in the second experiment, plants treated with BCF showed no visible viral symptoms compared to the Muller-Hinton (MH) media treated controls 15 days post inoculation (dpi), and remained symptomless throughout the study period. Thus, Gpf01, identified as P. fluorescence, was able to produce an antiviral component in the culture filtrate, which was found to be heat stable, non-phytotoxic and effective in local as well as systemic hosts of CMV.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.374-383
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• 2023

Capsicum annuum (CA) is grown outdoors across fields in Jeollabuk-do, South Korea. The weeds surrounding these fields were investigated regarding the infection of 11 viruses infecting CA during the year 2014-2018. In the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction diagnosis, 546 out of 821 CA samples (66.5%) were infected by nine viruses, and 190 out of 918 weed samples (20.7%) were infected by eight viruses. Correlation analysis of the mutual influence of the viruses infecting CA and weeds during these 5 years showed that five viruses had significant positive correlations with the infection in both CA and weeds. Over the study period, the weeds infected by cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in the previous year were positively correlated with the incidence of CMV infection in CA in the current year, although the correlation was lower for tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) compared to CMV. The CMV infection percent was 14.0% in summer annuals, 11.4% in perennials, and 7.8% in winter annuals. However, considering the overwintering period without CA, the infection percent was 5.2% higher in winter annuals and perennials than that in summer annuals, indicating that winter annual and perennial weeds served as the main habitats for insect vectors. The TSWV infection percent in weeds was 10.4% in summer annuals, 6.4% in winter annuals, and 6.2% in perennials. The weeds surrounding CA fields, acting as the intermediate hosts, were found to be the potent sources of infection, influencing the spread and diversity of CA-infecting viruses. The results of this study can contribute to prevent viral infection in agricultural fields.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1094-1099
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• 2012

Green manure cultivation affects soil productivity and nutrient conservation in paddy soil at winter season. This study was to evaluate nitrogen behavior released from chinese milk vetch (CMV) as green manure by using stable $^{15}N$ trace during rice cultivation. The CMV used in the experiment was 29.9 of C/N ratio and 14.1 g N $kg^{-1}$ ($^{15}N$ 0.388 atom % excess) and was applied at rates of 10 and $30Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in pot of 1/2000a size. Rice growth and N uptake increased with higher levels of CMV application at harvesting stage. Among total N uptake, 14.6 and 26.8 % of nitrogen was released respectively from the two different rates of CMV application. Stable $^{15}N$ recovery by rice biomass was 60%, 54% to the $^{15}N$ input, respectively, of CMV application, which decreased in order of grain, root, and straw of rice biomass. Total N content in the soil after rice harvest was 1.9 and 2.1 g N $kg^{-1}$, respectively, with increasing N input by the different rates of CMV application and the rate of $^{15}N$ recovery derived from CMV in the soil was 3.8 and 4.8 %, respectively. N input by CMV application induced rice growth and productivity during rice cultivation. However, it might need proper managements to reduce N loss because about 36-41 % of nitrogen was lost from N input by CMV application.