• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.765-772
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• 2001

To delineate the relationship between the nutrient intake from diet and the serum biochemical markers of bone metabolism, 56 postmenopausal women of 50 to 77 years of age were recruited. The biochemical markers including osteocalcin, calcium, phosphorus, estradiol and free testosterone were measured in fasting blood. Bone mineral density(BMD) was measured also by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and the nutrient intake of earth individual subject was estimated by 24-hour recall of 3 days. The age of the subjects was 64.8 $\pm$ 7.7 years, and the BMDs of the subject were 0.86 $\pm$ 0.26g/$cm^2$(Lumbar spine), 0.60 $\pm$ 0.10g/$cm^2$ (Femoral neck), 0.49 $\pm$ 0.10g/$cm^2$(Trochanter), and 0.41 $\pm$ 0.14g/$cm^2$(Ward's triangle). There were no significant differences among age and nutrient intake level groups due to the small sample size. The biochemical markers showed certain degree of relationship with nutrient intake levels. The results were compared among 3 groups with different nutrient intake level classified by the percentage of Recommended Daily Allowances(RDA) for Koreans as follows low < 75% RDA, 75% RDA $\leq$ adequate < 125% RDA, high $\geq$ 125% RDA. The low energy and low riboflavin groups showed significantly higher serum osteocalcin levels than those of the high intake groups(p < 0.05). On the other hand, there was a trend for serum Ca level to be higher with high nutrient intake. In this case, protein and thiamin were the only nutrients that reached a statistical significance(p < 0.05). And the groups with low intake for protein and Ca showed significantly lower serum free testosterone levels than that of other intake groups(p < 0.05). This study suggests an important role of nutrient intake levels on blood biochemical markers of bone metabolism.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.34-44
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• 1997

The Jurassic granites, commercially called Yangu stone in the Pocheon-Euijeongbu area, have generally compact and coarse-grained textures, which could be classified into two types; grey granite(Gg) and light pink granite(Gp). Specific gravity, absorption ratio and prosity of Gg and Gp in physical property are 2.64 and 2.61, 0.32 % and 0.44 %, 0.86% and 1.13 %, respectively. These higher values of two latters of Gp than those of Gg are due to the more abundant microcracks in Gp. Compressive strength og Gg than those of Gg are due to more abundant microcracks in Gp. Compressive strength og Gg and Gp are 1,726 kg/cm2 and 1,717 kg/cm, respectively and bestrength has a positive proportion with Qz+Af+Pl(quartz+alkali feldspar+plagioclase) modes without trending with Bt+Ac(biotite+accessories). Tensile strength has the positive proportions with Qz+Af+Pl and Bt+Ac. While Bt+Ac has a negative trend with abrasive hardness, Qz+A+Pl shows a positive one. These may suggest Qz+Af+Pl mainly affects on strenghts potentional dimension stone than Gp.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.12-18
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• 2017

The present study has been conducted to predict the mass burning flux of methanol pool fire using liquid vaporization model in FDS and examine the effect of thermal properties of liquid fuel such as radiative fraction and mean absorption coefficient. A series of calculation for the pool diameter of 5 cm to 200 cm were performed and the size of computational domain was determined by the scale of the pool diameter. The reference grid size was determined by the grid sensitivity analysis and the computational grids consisted of approximately 750,000 cells. For the methanol pool fire, the mass burning flux predicted by liquid vaporization model of FDS followed the trend of transient characteristics as a function of pool diameter and showed good agreement within measurement uncertainty range of previous studies. The mass burning flux increased with increasing the radiative fraction and the mean absorption coefficient greatly affected on relatively small pool diameter.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2024

Background: The biological information of fish, which include reproduction, is the prerequisite and the basis for the assessment of fisheries. Methods: The aim of this work was to know the reproductive biology with the first sexual maturity (TL₅₀) and the spawning period for 58 mainly fish species in the waters around La Réunion Island (Western Indian Ocean). Twenty families belonging to the Actinopterygii were represented (acanthuridae, berycidae, bramidae, carangidae, cirrhitidae, gempylidae, holocentridae, kyphosidae, labridae, lethrinidae, lutjanidae, malacanthidae, monacanthidae, mullidae, polymixiidae, pomacentridae, scaridae, scorpaenidae, serranidae, sparidae; 56 species; n = 9,751) and two families belonging to the Elasmobranchii (squalidae, centrophoridae; 2 species; n = 781) were sampled. Between 2014 and 2022, 10,532 individuals were sampled covering the maximum months number to follow the reproduction periods of these species. Results: TL₅₀ for the males and the females, respectively, ranged from 103.9 cm (Acanthurus triostegus) to 1,119.3 cm (Thyrsitoides marleyi) and from 111.7 cm (A. triostegus) to 613.1 cm (Centrophorus moluccensis). The reproduction period could be very different between the species from the very tight peak to a large peak covered all months. Conclusions: Most species breed between October and March but it was not the trend for all species around La Réunion Island.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.66-70
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• 2005

The experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of gamma radiation on the early growth performance and physiological traits of BT2 clone tea, the most promising cultivar released by Bangladesh Tea Research Institute. The fresh shoot cuttings were irradiated with seven different levels of gamma radiation such as 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 Gy from Cobalt 60Co source (Dept. of PlantBreeding, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture). Thereafter, the irradiated shoot cuttings were planted in polythene bags and kept under natural conditions. It was observed that callusing was initiated from 8th weeks after placement of tea shoot cuttings in the polythene bags and completed by 12th weeks. The morphological growth of tea shoot cuttings were recorded under varying levels of gamma radiation and growth stages. It was observed that the number of leaves, number of primary branches, base diameter, root length and total leaf area per plant significantly increased with the progress of time and increasing levels of gamma radiation, however, the plant height showed decreasing trend with the increasing levels of gamma radiation, which could be due to the change in chromosomal structure and genetic makeup. After 56 weeks of planting, the plant height, the number of leaves and primary branches per plant, base diameter, root length and total leaf area per plant recorded were 65.70 cm, 30.67, 7.33, 1.48 cm, 23.50 cm, and 1250.67 cm2 per plant respectively under the radiation level 60 Gy, whereas the corresponding figures of the above parameters at the control treatment were 76.21 cm, 18.33, 3.67, 0.92 cm, 17.75 cm and 778.33 cm2 per plant, respectively. A significant relationship was observed among the physiological growth parameters with the increasing levels of gamma radiation. The total dry matter gain, leaf area index, absolute growth rate and relative growth rate were significantly influenced with the rising levels of gamma radiation (up to 60 Gy), whereas the net assimilation rate of individual tea plant non-significantly responded as compared to those of control treatment. Finally after 56 weeks of planting, the maximum total dry weight gain, leaf area index, absolute growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate recorded under 60 Gay radiation level were 40.25 g/plant/week, 4.25, 1.18 g/week, 0.0621g/g/week and 17.07 g/m2/week respectively.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.58 no.9
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• pp.336-340
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• 2015

Purpose: The mean adult height of Koreans has increased since nationwide anthropological measurements began in 1967. The objective of this study was to evaluate differences in heights of Korean late adolescents and young adults within and between the Second and Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES II and V). Methods: Koreans aged ${\leq}22$ years with available measurements of height were enrolled from the KNHANES surveys (KNHANES II: n=3,372 [1,732 males and 1,640 females]; KNHANES V: n=6,190 [3,198 males and 2,992 females]). Differences in the height of KNHANES respondents within and between surveys were evaluated according to age and sex. Results: In KNHANES II, there was no significant difference in height between males aged 17-19 years and those aged 20-22 years ($174.3{\pm}0.5cm$ vs. $174.3{\pm}0.6cm$, P=0.995). Females aged 20-22 years were taller than those aged 17-19 years ($159.8{\pm}0.4cm$ vs. $161.0{\pm}0.4cm$, P=0.017). Females aged 17-19 years were significantly taller in KNHANES V than in KNHANES II ($161.2{\pm}0.3cm$ vs. $159.8{\pm}0.4cm$, P=0.004). Respondents aged 20-22 years were taller in KNHANES V than in KNHANES II, although not significantly so; the difference was $0.3{\pm}0.8cm$ in males (P=0.721) and $0.5{\pm}0.6cm$ in females (P=0.386). Conclusion: Koreans appear to continue growing even in their late adolescence and early twenties. Consequently, it may be necessary to expand the reference age ranges of the Korean growth chart. Additionally, a longitudinal growth survey is needed to determine growth patterns and secular trend in height among Koreans.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.218-224
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• 2021

This study was conducted to determine the mass-loss rates and the changes in carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio of dead woods, which were of following species: Dryobalanops aromatic, D. rappa, and Cratoxylum arborescens. These were dominant tree species in mixed Dipterocarp forests (MDF) and peat swamp forests (PSF) in Brunei Darussalam. In May, 2019, 48 dead wood samples (15 cm×4.8 cm×5 cm) were placed in MDF and PSF sites, and all the samples were collected after 16 months. The effects of species on mass loss were statistically significant (p<0.05); however, no difference was observed in the mass loss obtained from the two forest types (p>0.05). The initial density (g·cm^-3) of the dead woods D. aromatic, D. rappa, and C. arborescens, was 0.64±0.02, 0.60±0.00, and 0.44±0.01, respectively. Also the annual mass loss rate (%) was estimated to be 6.37, 8.17, and 18.53 for D. aromatic, D. rappa, and C. arborescens, respectively. The proportion of dead woods in decay class III was only 25% of C. arborescens samples, which were attacked by wood-feeding invertebrates, such as termites. The C/N ratio decreased significantly in D. aromatic and D. rappa, but the decreasing trend of C/N ratio was not statistically significant in C. arborescens. The results indicate that physical traits of dead woods, such as density, could be one of the main factors causing the decomposition of dead woods initially, as invertebrates such as termites are one of the key decomposers of dead wood in tropical rainforests. In the samples of C. arborescens, which was attacked by invertebrates, nitrogen immobilization occurred to lesser extent as compared to that observed in D. aromatic and D. rappa.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.59-66
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• 2024

This study aimed to understand the mineral characteristics of the sediment from the summit of Magellan Seamount KC-7. In December 2023, approximately 20 years after the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology conducted an initial field investigation of the sediment from the summit of seamount KC-7 in 2004, were obtained and subjected to mineralogical analysis to determine the essential sedimentary environmental characteristics of the seamount summit. For this purpose, smear slide analysis through a polarized microscope and X-ray diffraction analysis were conducted. The total length of the obtained sediments was 672.7 cm, and they were generally composed of calcareous ooze. In the lower part of the sediments (283.7-672.7 cm), Discoaster groups and coccoliths were predominantly observed. However, in the upper part above 283.7 cm, both coccoliths and foraminifera began to appear together, and in the uppermost sediments (0-151.7 cm), foraminifera became dominant, and the grain size of the sediments increased. This reflects a shift in the marine environment from high temperature and eutrophic conditions to low temperature and oligotrophic conditions as the seamount moved to its current position, aligning with the present oligotrophic environment of the western Pacific. The sediments comprised clay minerals, quartz, feldspar, and calcite. Examining the content changes of the four major mineral groups with depth, calcite was the most predominant, averaging 89.8 wt%. However, towards the upper layers, there was a trend of increasing clay content (up to 12.1 wt%) and decreasing calcite content (down to 85.1 wt%). This indicates that while the sedimentation mechanism remained unchanged, there has been a gradual influx of aeolian sediments.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2002

Purpose : Three dimensional conformal radiotherapy planning is being used widely for the treatment of patients with brain tumor. However, it takes much time to develop an optimal treatment plan, therefore, it is difficult to apply this technique to all patients. To increase the efficiency of this technique, we need to develop standard radiotherapy plant for each site of the brain. Therefore we developed several 3 dimensional conformal radiotherapy plans (3D plans) for tumors at each site of brain, compared them with each other, and with 2 dimensional radiotherapy plans. Finally model plans for each site of the brain were decide. Materials and Methods : Imaginary tumors, with sizes commonly observed in the clinic, were designed for each site of the brain and drawn on CT images. The planning target volumes (PTVs) were as follows; temporal $tumor-5.7\times8.2\times7.6\;cm$, suprasellar $tumor-3\times4\times4.1\;cm$, thalamic $tumor-3.1\times5.9\times3.7\;cm$, frontoparietal $tumor-5.5\times7\times5.5\;cm$, and occipitoparietal $tumor-5\times5.5\times5\;cm$. Plans using paralled opposed 2 portals and/or 3 portals including fronto-vertex and 2 lateral fields were developed manually as the conventional 2D plans, and 3D noncoplanar conformal plans were developed using beam's eye view and the automatic block drawing tool. Total tumor dose was 54 Gy for a suprasellar tumor, 59.4 Gy and 72 Gy for the other tumors. All dose plans (including 2D plans) were calculated using 3D plan software. Developed plans were compared with each other using dose-volume histograms (DVH), normal tissue complication probabilities (NTCP) and variable dose statistic values (minimum, maximum and mean dose, D5, V83, V85 and V95). Finally a best radiotherapy plan for each site of brain was selected. Results : 1) Temporal tumor; NTCPs and DVHs of the normal tissue of all 3D plans were superior to 2D plans and this trend was more definite when total dose was escalated to 72 Gy (NTCPs of normal brain 2D $plans:27\%,\;8\%\rightarrow\;3D\;plans:1\%,\;1\%$). Various dose statistic values did not show any consistent trend. A 3D plan using 3 noncoplanar portals was selected as a model radiotherapy plan. 2) Suprasellar tumor; NTCPs of all 3D plans and 2D plans did not show significant difference because the total dose of this tumor was only 54 Gy. DVHs of normal brain and brainstem were significantly different for different plans. D5, V85, V95 and mean values showed some consistent trend that was compatible with DVH. All 3D plans were superior to 2D plans even when 3 portals (fronto-vertex and 2 lateral fields) were used for 2D plans. A 3D plan using 7 portals was worse than plans using fewer portals. A 3D plan using 5 noncoplanar portals was selected as a model plan. 3) Thalamic tumor; NTCPs of all 3D plans were lower than the 2D plans when the total dose was elevated to 72 Gy. DVHs of normal tissues showed similar results. V83, V85, V95 showed some consistent differences between plans but not between 3D plans. 3D plans using 5 noncoplanar portals were selected as a model plan. 4) Parietal (fronto- and occipito-) tumors; all NTCPs of the normal brain in 3D plans were lower than in 2D plans. DVH also showed the same results. V83, V85, V95 showed consistent trends with NTCP and DVH. 3D plans using 5 portals for frontoparietal tumor and 6 portals for occipitoparietal tumor were selected as model plans. Conclusion : NTCP and DVH showed reasonable differences between plans and were through to be useful for comparing plans. All 3D plans were superior to 2D plans. Best 3D plans were selected for tumors in each site of brain using NTCP, DVH and finally by the planner's decision.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.781-786
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• 1998

To assess effect of surface area on the oxidative stability in thermooxidative system, soybean oil and lard with different surface area $(0.04{\;}cm^2/g,{\;}0.08{\;}cm^2/g,{\;}0.12{\;}cm^2/g{\;}and{\;}0.16{\;}cm^2/g)$ were heated 8 hrs/day at $185^{\circ}C$. The iodine values of soybean oil heated for 64 hrs with surface area of $0.12{\;}cm^2/g$ and $0.16{\;}cm^2/g$ were 113.1 and 116.9, while those of the oil heated for the same length time with surface area of $0.04{\;}cm^2/g$ and $0.08{\;}cm^2/g$ were 126.4 and 125.9, respectively. The same trend was observed in lard, but less markedly than in soybean oil. The polar lipid content, dielectric constant and refractive index of soybean oil and lard heated with surface area above $0.12{\;}cm^2/g$ significantly increased as the heating time increased, while those of the oil heated with surface area below $0.08{\;}cm^2/g$ slowly increased as the heating time increased. On the other hand, the conjugated diene content of soybean oil heated with surface area above $0.12{\;}cm^2/g$ oil increased as the heating time increased while ratio of linoleic acid to palmitic acid decreased as the heating time increased. However, the conjugated diene content and ratio of linoleic acid to palmitic acid of lard were not significantly different depending on the surface area. The results obtained from this investigation indicated that the thermooxidative stability of oil heated with surface area below $0.08\;}cm^2/g$ was better than that of oil heated with surface area above $0.12{\;}cm^2/g$ (P<0.05).