• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.3
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• pp.378-383
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• 2000

Pinus sylvestris plantations in the Eifel mountains, Germany, were studied and classified phytosociologically. Ecological characteristics(soil, natural regeneration & succession) of the plant communities classified were analyzed and described with emphasis on the forest management. According to soil and topographic characteristics, this plantations were divided into four categories ; Vaccinium myrtillus-Pinus sylvestris community of the adequate moisture area, Pteridium aquilium-Pinus sylvestris community of the moisture area, Molinia caerulea-Pinus sylvestris community of the hardened soil layer B and Festuca tenuifolia-Pinus sylvestris of the dry area. Tree species growing below the shrub layer was analyzed. The results were considered as Vaccinium mytillus-Pinus sylvestris, Pteridium aquline-Pinus sylvestris and Molinia caerulea-Pinus sylvestris will be changed into Fagus sylvatica forest following Quercus forest, and Festuca tenuifilia-Pinus sylvestris will be changed into Pinus sylvestris-dominated climax forest.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.356-365
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• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate the changed vegetational community structure according to vegetational succession in Chiaksan National Park of Korea by applying ordination and classification method of floristic composition along with the actual vegetation by correlation. As for the ratio of actual vegetation, Mongolian oak forest(33.1%) was the highest, followed by mixed forest(16.2%), Japanese larch forest(15.6%), deciduous broad-leaved forest(14.7%), red pine forest(11.1%), Korean pine forest(2.3%) and Pitch pine forest(0.1%), respectively. The vegetation was classified into Acer pseudosieboidianum-Quercus mongolica community, Cornus controversa-Carpinus cordata community, Quercus sonata community, Pinus densiflora community and afforestation. The Acer pseudosieboldianum-Quercus mongolica community-a subordinately ranked community-was divided into Carpinus laxiflora-Sassa borealis community, Fraxinus rhynchophylla community and Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa-Carex siderosticta community. The results of community classification using by ordination and classification method of floristic composition were similar to each other. The vegetational succession, with the combination of Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudosieboldianum and Rhododendron schlippenbachii, was predicted to form a climax forest from above the hillside.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2003

In most mountainous parts of the temperate zone of Japan along the Pacific Ocean, some climatic climax forests, whose main dominant species is Fagus crenate, F. japonica or Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata, are distributed. In the riparian regions of the zone, however, there appear summer green forests composed of the different species from the climatic climax forests. Climate plays an important role in determining the overall distribution of vegetation, but some environmental factors, i.e., topography, soil type, soil moisture content, etc. have a great influence on vegetation formation. Riparian forests seem to be controlled by various geomorphologic disturbances, such as landslide, soil erosion and accumulation. The study aims to present the relationships among vegetation, soils and landforms in the process of determining riparian forests dominated by Fraxinus platypoda and Pterocarya rhoifolia establishment in the mountainous region of central Japan. The study area extends an area of 302 ha with a range of elevation between 925 m and 1,681 m at the Chichibu mountains. The landforms were corditied at sampling grids (25 $\times$ 25 m, n = 4,843) using a hierarchical system, and a brief description of the forest soil classification was also given. The mutual relationship analysis indicated that forest soils and landforms play a significant role in determining the geomorphological process of riparian forest, and shaping the ultimate pattern of vegetation. At the study area, riparian forests were mainly found on the $B_E$ forest soil type and steep slopes ( > 30$^{\circ}$) at convex slopes along the streams. On the other hand, the direction of slopes did not have a significant impact on the establishment of the riparian forests. A mosaic of patchy distribution of those riparian forests on the slightly wetter $B_E$ forest soil type was one of the characteristic features of the study area. This particular soil which contained large talus gravels was found on the land formed by erosion and deposition of landslide.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.6
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• pp.387-396
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• 2005

Having employed the transitional probability model based on Markov chain, the study was carried out to examine successional trends for community types in the natural deciduous forest of Mt. Jumbong. The species composition of oncoming generation in overstory was estimated from that of mid-story, and the species composition in mid-story was based upon that of understory. Successional trend for each community was predicted from the reorganized probability matrix of tree replacement by the square of climax index, which was evaluated by the factors of light absorption, reproduction, and wood quality. As the result of analysis, following table shows the oncoming generation of steady state and dominant species in overstory and mid-story by community types. Even though Acer pseudo-sieboldianum and Carpinus cordata could hardly reach the canopy layer due to the intrinsic growth form, these species were predicted to maintain high compositional ratio so as to play an important ecological role in the study forest ecosystem.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.318-333
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• 2020

The Nakdong-Jeongmaek extends north and south from Taebaek-si of Gangwon-do to Busan metropolitan city and includes a wide range of forest zone from temperate to the warm-temperature forest. The purpose of this study was to analyze the vegetation structural characteristics of the Quercus mongolica-dominant community, which was distributed in the largest area in Baekdudaegan and Jeongmaek, by region and communities in the Nakdong-Jeongmaek. For the study, a representative 6 sites were selected: Baekbyeongsan, Chilbosan, Baegamsan, Unjusan, Goheonsan, and Gudeoksan. The survey of the 6 sites showed that the canopy had over 85% the importance percentage of Quercus mongolica. In the understory, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Fraxinus sieboldiana, etc. were located and Fraxinus sieboldiana, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Tripterygium regelii and so on were found in the shrub. The importance percentage of 4 communities of Quercus mongolica, which were separated by TWINSPAN, in the canopy was more than 80%, and the dominant species in the understory and shrub were the same. Currently, Quercus mongolica has been identified as the understory following the canopy, and the Quercus mongolica-dominant community is expected to continue unless there are external factors. In the temperate forest regions in Korea, Quercus spp.and Carpinus laxiflora form the major forest physiognomy in the natural forest state. Based on these characteristics, the Quercus mongolica-dominant community on the ridge of the Nakdong-Jeongmaek is considered to have characteristics of temperate forests in Korea. The Quercus mongolica community is a representative cool-temperate deciduous forest and known as a climatic climax in the upper section of the mountains in the Korean Peninsula. Trees of the same species should be distributed at each layer to maintain the dominant species' status in the canopy's climax forest. Therefore, the Quercus mongolica community is considered the climax forest in the ridge of the Nakdong-Jeongmaek.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.459-476
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• 1993

Vegetational structure and successional sere were investigated for the evergreen and nearby deciduous broad-leaved forests in inland areas (Turyunsan, Pulgapsan) and south- western island areas (Hongdo, Chindo). The evergreen broad-leaved forests of the four areas showed a sera1 stage with an age structure mostly under fifty years old. Dominant evergreen broad-leaved species in canopy layer were Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii, Machilus thunbergii, Quercus acuta, Q. stenophylla, Q. glauca, and Ncolitsea serzceu. Succession of the forest vegetation in the surveyed areas was proceeding from deciduous broad-leaved trees to evergreen broad-leaved trees. The species of climax stage were assumed to be Machilus thunbergii, iVeolitseu sericea and Dendropanax morbifera in canopy layer, Aucuba japonica and Machilus japonica in subtree and shrub layer.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.27-42
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• 1986

The vegetation structure in the Hoo - Won, Changduk Palace in Seoul was analysed on 10 sites sampled for understanding structure of natural vegetation. The main vegetational survey was conducted during July, 1985 and actual vegetaion and degree of natural vegetaion types were surveyed additionally. The result summarized of this research are as follows. 1) The physical - chemical conditions of soil showed middle class. This might be derived by short succession period from Pine forest to decidious broadleaf forest and artificial impact by human intervention. 2) When considering dominance species by crown story, Quercus aliena was a dominant species over all site and Castanea crenata, Prunus sargentii and Quercus variabilis appeared as a dominant species locally at upper story. Styrax story and Rhododendron mucronulatum, Styrax japonica, Stephanandra incisa and Lespedeza spp. at lower story. 3) The distances kept by trees per crown story are as follows. The mean distances between trees were 4.5-5.5m at upper story, 2.8-3.3m at middle story. On the other hand, the mean distances between dominant species were 6-8m at upper story, 5-9m at middle story. 4) The vegetation in this area was not developed yet into dominant species community according to the similarity analysis. The natural vegetation was dominated by Quercus spp. especially Quercus aliena according to the analysis of species diversity, relative dominance by story and DBH class. On the orther hand, succession to climax stage dominated by shade tolerent species will take a long time due to little appearance of shade tolerence species by previous heavy artificial impacts on understory species. 5) Quercus forest took possesion of 71.3%(27.37ha) of total forest area when considering the actual vegetation and especially Quercus aliena community covered 53.2%(15.21ha). Carpinus laxiflora community, one of the climax species in temperate zone, took possesion of 1.0%(0.3ha) and Pine densiflora was almost disappeared due to species competition. 6) According to the degree of natural vegetation types, the possession of degree of 6-9 was 60.6% and degree of 7-8, substitute vegetation, was 15.5%. The possesion of degree of 9 which consists of over 50 years old trees simliar to natural vegetaion was the highest, 43.1% in this area. Therefore continuous protection in this area of degree of 9 should be recommended.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.258-271
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• 2009

Various environmental parameters change and ecological succession often lead to decline of Pinus densiflora forest in Seoul. Due to decline of it, we proposed the ecological management for conserving and improving from decrease of its dominant area on there. We analysed the P. densiflora forest's classification and suggested its ecological management that based on relation to competition between dominant species in the upper tree layer, the presence of competitive species in shrub layer and vegetation management standard. The Pinus densiflora forest types has been classified 6 types by ecological characteristics. The results from categorized its types are following as; 1) Pinus densiflora pure forest type; edaphic climax Pinus densiflora forest(26.1%), Pinus densiflora pure forest(21.5%). 2) the forest of Pinus densiflora and other species that compete with each other type; Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica forest(28.0%), Pinus densiflora-Pinus rigida forest(13.1%), Pinus densiflora-Quercus acutissima(4.2%). We conclude that the results in these kind of 4 types; Pinus densiflora pure forest type where possible to maintain the forest by edaphic climax, human trampling damage, vegetation management(e.x. remove the competition species, shrub layers management etc.) are mainly need to negative management. Whereas, the others 4 types; Pinus densiflora and other species(Quercus variabilis, foreign species, naturalized species etc.) that compete with each other types are need to positive management such as manage the same niche competition species, shrub layers management, remove the foreign species, naturalized species etc.. In these kinds of ecological management are very necessary to maintain Pinus densiflora forest.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.2
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• pp.162-172
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• 1990

Habit type classification based on the polyclimax and discontinuum concept applied to Mt. Kasan forest. The results obtained were summirized as follows. 1. PIDE/RHSC H.T. : Pizzas densiflora is a topographic climax which is distributed in a ridge and a upper slope. Rhododeudron schlippenbachii is well represented in the undergrowth (average coverage 21%). 2. CALA/CAAR H.T. : Carpinus laxiflora is distributed in a low slope and adjoined to Pinzrs densiflora of a upper slope and a ridge. Calamaglotis aruredinacea is well represented in the undergrowth (average coverage 10%). 3. QUMO/CAHU H.T. : Quercus mongolica is a topographic climax which is distributed in a upper slope and a midslope of the Kasan fort outside and ranged from 600m to 700m, Carex humilis is well represented in the undergrowth (average coverage 21%). 4. QUMO/CAAR H.T. : Qreercus moragolica is distributed in the basin of Mt. Kasan fort inside and ranged from 700m to 870m, Cdlamagrotis arundinacea is abundant in the undergrowth(average coverage 43%). 5. FRRH/IMTE H.T. : Fraxinus rhynchophilla is distributed in a valley. Impatiens textori is well represented in the undergrowth(average coveraged 10%). 6. COCO/VISA H.T. : Cornus controversa is distributed in a valley and aranged from 780m to 830m Viburunum sargentii is well represented in the undergrowth(average coverage 12%).

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.471-484
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• 1994

The forest vegetation types and their structural characteristics in Mt. $Mud\v{u}ng$ were investigated by classification method and ordination method. The forest was classified into 7 communities by ristic composition table: Quercus monogolica community, Q. serrata community, Q.acutissima community, Q.variabilis community, Q.dentata community, Pinus densiflora community and Frainus mandshurica community. Considering the moisture gradient, two kinds of distributuin pattern were shown as follows; F. mandshurica, Q. acturissima, Platycarya strobilacea and Staphylea bumalda were distribute at moist habitats, while Q. monogolica, P. densiflora and Q.variabilis at dry habitats. In continuum analysis, each population occupied different distribution area but it was continuously overlapped. On the successional trends of tree species, it is postulated that Q. mongolica species might dominate the altitudinal zone over 700m.