• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.99-105
• /
• 1996

Effects of conjugated linoleic acid(CLA), known as an effective anticarcinogen in several aminal models, on the egg production and egg weight of laying hens, and the weight gains of broilers were investigated. CLA was synthesized from corn oil by the alkaline isomerization method and purified by the low-temperature precipitation method. Diets for laying hens and for broilers were synthesized to meet the specification of their NRC standard rationals. Two separated experiments(Experiment I and II) were conducted for laying hens. in experiment I, 45 hens(300 days of age) were divided into 15 hens per treatment group; each hen was housed in wired cage located in a temperature and humidity-controlled house and adopted to the control diet. One week later, each group was subjected to one the four treatment groups for 5 weeks : control, 1.0% CLA, 2.5% CLA and 5.0% CLA diets. Diet and water were ad libitum. The condition of experiment II was the same as that of experiment I except for the addition of 5% corn oil diet and the extension of feeding period to 7 weeks. Egg production, egg weight and feed intake were recorded every week. Forty-five broilers(10day of age) were adopted to the control diet for a week and then switched to the treatment diets for 5 weeks : control, 1.0% CLA, 2.5% CLA, 5% CLA and 5% corn oil, Body weight and feed intake of broilers were measured every week. Diets supplemented with various amounts of CLA enhanced the egg production and increased the egg weight regardless laying hen's age(150 days or 300 days) as compared to control diet. The most effective diet for the egg production and egg weight of young hens(150 days of age) was found to be 1.0% CLA diet, but relatively higher CLA diet(2.5% CLA) was required for old hens (300 day of age) to obtain similar results as seen in younger hens. All hens treated with CLA ate greater amount of feed than control hens. Broilers treated with various amount of CLA ate less feed as compared to control ones, but the body weight gain was greater than the control broilers. These results indicate that CLA enhanced the egg production and agg weight of laying hens, and increased the body weight gain of broilers with less diet consumption.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제20권9호
• /
• pp.1374-1388
• /
• 2007

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the hypothesis that cows grazing on pasture produce the highest proportion of c-9 t-11 CLA in milk fat and no further increase can be achieved through supplementation of diets rich in linoleic acid, such as full-fat extruded soybeans or soybean oil. In experiment 1, 18 lactating Holstein cows were used in a randomized complete block design with measurements made from wk 4 to 6 of the experiment. In experiment 2, three cannulated lactating Holstein cows were used in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design. Each period was 4 wk with measurements made in the final wk of each period. Cows in both experiments were assigned at random to treatments: a, conventional total mixed ration (TMR); b, pasture (PS); or c, PS supplemented with 2.5 kg/cow per day of full-fat extruded soybeans (PES). In both experiments, feed intake, milk yield, milk composition, and fatty acid profile of milk and blood serum were measured, along with fatty acid composition of bacteria harvested from rumen digesta in experiment 2. In experiment 3, 10 cows which had continuously grazed a pasture for six weeks were assigned to two groups, with one group (n = 5) on pasture diet alone (PS) and the other group (n = 5) supplemented with 452 g of soy oil/cow per day for 7 d (OIL). In experiment 1, cows in PS treatment produced 350% more c-9, t-11 CLA compared with cows in TMR treatment (1.70 vs. 0.5% of fat), with no further increase for cows in PES treatment (1.50% of fat). Serum c-9, t-11 CLA increased by 233% in PS treatment compared with TMR treatment (0.21 vs. 0.09% of fat) with no further increase for cows in PES treatment (0.18% of fat). In experiment 2, cows in PS treatment produced 300% more c-9 t-11 CLA in their milk fat compared with cows in TMR treatment (1.77 vs. 0.59% of fat), but no further increase for cows in PES treatment (1.84% of fat) was observed. Serum c-9, t-11 CLA increased by 250% for cows in PS treatment compared with cows in TMR treatment (0.27 vs. 0.11% of fat), with no further increase for cows in PES treatment (0.31% of fat). The c-9, t-11 CLA content of ruminal bacteria for cows in PS treatment was 200% or more of TMR treatment, but no further increase in bacterial c-9, t-11 CLA for cows in PES treatment was observed. Supplementation of soy oil in experiment 3 also did not increase the c-9 t-11 CLA content of milk fat compared with cows fed a full pasture diet (1.60 vs. 1.54% of fat). Based on these findings, it was concluded that supplementing with feeds rich in linoleic acid, such as full-fat extruded soybeans or an equivalent amount of soy oil, to cows grazing perennial ryegrass pasture may not increase milk fat c-9 t-11 CLA contents.

• 청정기술
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.45-51
• /
• 2006

콜로이드 액상 에이프런(CLA)은 무극성 탄화수소나 알콜, 아민등을 용매로 사용하여 만들 수 있다. 본 실험에서 수행한 CLA의 제조 및 안정성 실험은 수용성 계면활성제와 지용성 계면활성제를 이용하였다. 본 연구에서는 CLA를 제조할 때 사용되는 두 가지 계면활성제의 비율과 추출제의 농도에 따른 콜로이드 액상 에이프런의 안정성을 살펴보았다. 두 가지 계면활성제의 비율(PVR: phase volume ratio)이 변화함에 따라 콜로이드 액상 에이프런의 안정성에 영향을 주었다. 추출제의 농도가 증가할수록 CLA의 안정도는 감소하며, PVR의 값이 높아질수록 CLA의 안정도는 감소한다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제33권6호
• /
• pp.1000-1005
• /
• 2004

식물성 유지자원 중 옥수수와 땅콩을 원료로 하여 35$^{\circ}C$, 100 rpm의 항온교반수조와 8$0^{\circ}C$의 soxhlet extractor에서 1, 3, 6시간에 따라 유지를 추출한 후, sn-1,3 위치 특이성을 가지는 IM 60(Rhizomucor miehei, EC 3.1.1.3)를 사용하여 acidolysis 방법을 통해 CLA를 함유하는 재구성지질을 합성하였다. 추출된 옥수수유와 땅콩유 모두 35$^{\circ}C$, 6시간에서 각각 3.59, 47.98%로 여러 추출 조건 중 가장 높은 수율을 보였고, 추출된 유지 모두 phytosterol 이성질체(campesterol, stigmasterol, $\beta$-sitosterol) 중 $\beta$-sitosterol의 함량이 가장 높은 수치를 나타내었으며, oleic acid와 linoleic acid가 추출된 유지의 주요 지방산으로 조사되었다. 추출된 유지와 재구성 지질(추출유-CLA)의 tocopherol 함량 분석 결과 추출된 유지와 합성한 유지의 총 tocopherol 함량이 지정된 온도의 추출시간과 반응(합성)시간에 따라 감소되는 경향을 보였다. 한편, 재구성 지질의 지방산 조성 분석 결과 CLA 총 함량이 반응시간에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보였고 24시간 반응에서 옥수수유와 땅콩유에 결합된 CLA 총 함량이 각각 9.25, 7.48mol%로 여러 반응시간 중 가장 높게 나타났다. 또한 CLA의 주요 이성질체 중 생리활성이 높다고 알려진 cis 9, trans 11-CLA와 trans 10,cis 12-CLA의 재구성 지질 내 함량은 옥수수유와 땅콩유 각각 7.50, 6.30 ㏖%이었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제21권12호
• /
• pp.1728-1735
• /
• 2008

The present study was conducted with four ruminally canulated Holstein cows to observe the effects of monensin or fish oil on diet fermentation and production of conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) in the rumen when fed diets supplemented with soybean oil and sodium bicarbonate. Cows of the control treatment were fed a basal diet (CON) consisting of 60% commercial concentrate and 40% chopped rye grass hay. Cows of other treatments were fed the same diet as CON, but the concentrate was supplemented with 7% of soybean oil and 0.5% of sodium bicarbonate (SO-B), SO-B supplemented with monensin (30 ppm, SO-BM) or concentrate supplemented with 6.3% of soybean oil, 0.5% of sodium-bicarbonate, 30 ppm of monensin and 0.7% of fish oil (SO-BMF). Dry matter (DM) intake of the cows was significantly (p<0.011) reduced by feeding the SO-BMF diet compared to the other diets which did not differ in DM intake. Whole tract digestibility of major dietary components was significantly (p<0.004-0.027) higher for SO-BMF than the other supplement-containing diets. Dietary supplements did not clearly affect rumen pH and ammonia concentrations compared to the CON diet. Significantly reduced (p<0.05) total VFA concentration was obtained by the addition of fish oil to the diet (SO-BMF) compared to other diets. No differences, however, were obtained in major VFA proportions as well as in total VFA between the supplemented diets. The SO-BM diet increased (p<0.01-0.05) the concentrations of trans-11 $C_{18:1}$ and linoleic acid in rumen fluid. Total CLA concentration was also increased by the feeding of SO-B and SO-BM diets during early fermentation times (up to 3 h) post-feeding. Cis-9, trans-11 CLA concentration in rumen fluid was highest (p<0.05) for SO-B up to 1 h while the highest (p<0.01) value for SO-BM occurred at 3 h post-feeding. An increased trans-10, cis-12 CLA concentration was obtained from the SO-B and SO-BM diets at 1 and 3 h post feeding compared to the other diets. Supplementation of oils with monensin and sodium bicarbonate increased (p<0.05) the proportions of $C_{18:1}$ and CLA in the plasma of cows, but the effect of monensin and/or fish oil was limited to trans-10, cis-12 CLA.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제34권5호
• /
• pp.509-514
• /
• 2001

기능성물질인 CLA를 양어사료에 첨가하여 기존의 어류와는 다른 기능성 역돔 생산을 시도하였다. 사육 8주간 매 2주마다 어체내의 CLA축적도를 측정한 결과 8주 후 $1\%$ CLA 첨가구에서는 41.3 mg/g of fat였으며, $10\%$ CLA 첨가구에서는 180.9mg/g of fat으로 역돔의 정상적인 성장을 고려하지 않는다면 $10\%$의 사료내 첨가도 가능한 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 정상적인 성장을 고려하면 CLA의 적정 첨가량은 $1\%$로 나타났으며, 그 이상의 첨가시에는 성장 저하 현상을 나타내었다. 합성된 CLA는 총 6 종류의 이성체로 구성되어 있었고, 그 중 c9, t11 및 t10, c12 이성체가 $85\sim90\%$를 이루고 있었으며, 첨가된 CLA 함량에 따라 축적되는 양도 달라졌다. 사육 8주 후, 육 및 간 중의 지방산 조성은 n-9, 3 계열은 거의 화를 나타내지 않았으나, n-6계열은 첨가된 CLA의 함량에 따라 육 및 간에 축적되는 양은 $5\sim27\%$로, $1\%$ CLA 첨가구가 가장 높았고, $10\%$ CLA 첨가구가 가장 낮은 함량비를 나타내었다.

• Nutritional Sciences
• /
• 제8권4호
• /
• pp.205-211
• /
• 2005

This study examined the time course effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on the body weight, adipose depots and lipid profiles of ICR male mice using two different sources of fats in the diet Ninety eight mice weighing 25 to 30 g were divided into four groups: beef tallow (BT) and fish oil (FO), beef tallow with CLA supplementation (BTC), and fish oil with CLA supplementation (FOC) group. Eight to nine mice in each group were fed with the experimental diets for 1, 2 or 4 weeks, respectively. All mice were fed experimental diets containing $12\%$ of total dietary fat (w/w) with or without $0.5\%$ CLA (w/w). CLA supplementation did not affect the body weight The weight of epididymal and visceral fats were significantly lower in BTC compared to those in BT groups during the periods examined (p<0.05), whereas they were significantly lower in FOC than those in FO only at 4 weeks (p<0.05). The levels of triglycerides in the plasma were significantly decreased in the BTC group than in BT group throughout the experimental periods (p<0.05). But, FOC was only effective at 4 weeks as compared to FO. The levels of total cholesterol and HDL-C were significantly increased in the BTC than in BT during the entire period (p<0.05), whereas there were no difference between FO and FOC on the levelsof total cholesterol and HDL-C. The levels of free fatty acids (FFA) were significantly decreased in BTC than in BT at 1 and 4weeks and in FOC only at 4 weeks as compared to FO (p<0.05). Taken these results together, CLA was more effective in the beef tallow diet in lowering the epididymal and visceral fat weights and triglyceride level rather than fish oil diet with CLA. Furthermore, the effect became clearer at 4 weeks than at one week of the experiment.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.57-61
• /
• 2001

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), when incorporated into mouse liver microsomal membranes, selectively inhibits the mutagenesis of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoline (IQ). Nine-week old female ICR mice were given (p.o.) 0.1 mL olive oil alone (control), 0.1 mL olive oil plus 0.1 mL linoleic acid, or 0.1 mL olive oil plus 0.1 mL CLA, twice weekly for four weeks. The animals were then sacrificed and liver S-9 fractions were prepared. Activation of IQ for mutagenesis by the liver S-9 from CLA-treated mice was significantly reduced in comparison wit liver S-9 from control or linolic acid-treated mice. By contrast, the activation of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene (DMBA) and benzo[a] pyrene (BP) was unaffected. Hence, CLA incorporated into phospholipids may selectively affect cytochrome P450 isozymes responsible for activating IQ, but not those which activate BP or DMBA. The addition of free CLA or the methyl esters of CLA, linoleic acid, or oleic acid, to control S-9 inhibited the activation of all three mutagens (IQ, BP, and DMBA).

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.10-14
• /
• 2000

A simple and rapid method was developed to prepare a large quantity of highly pure conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) chemically-synthesized from safflower seed oil (SSO). CLA-SSO(74.9% in purity) was synthesized from fresh SSO(79.9% of linoleic acid) by alkaline isomerization at 18$0^{\circ}C$. Urea(50g) and CLA-SSO (25g) were completely dissolved in ethanol (750ml) using a water bath(5$0^{\circ}C$) and followed by refluxing for 60 min. The resultant was cooled to room temperature and stored in a cold room (4$^{\circ}C$) for 24hrs. After removing the urea adduct by filtration, the filtrate was rotoevaporated under 4$0^{\circ}C$ and the residue was dissolved in hexane (200ml). The hexane extract was washed with distilled water (100ml$\times$3) and dried over sodium sulfate anhydrous. This urea treatment procedure was repeated three times. The purity of CLA recovered from the hexane extract was 95.0%. This method can be applied to prepare a large quantity of highly pure chemically-synthesized CLA (>0.5kg/a batch) from any plant oils containing high percentages (>70%) of linoleic acid.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제33권7호
• /
• pp.1175-1179
• /
• 2004

Scale-up하기 위하여 24시간동안 1：2：2의 몰 비율로 stirred-batch type reactor에서 합성된 재구성지질은 capric acid와 CLA를 각각 4.9 mol%와 4.1 mot% 함유하였다. 기능성 지방산인 capric acid와 CLA는 주로 TAG의 sn-1,3 position에 분포하였고, sn-2 position에는 linoleic acid가 대부분을 차지하였다. 재구성지질과 대두유의 요오드가는 각각 126와 114이었고, 비누화가는 각각 190과 194로 측정됨으로써, 재구성 지질의 TAG에서 capric acid의 함유를 확인할 수 있었다. 대두유와 재구성지질의 tocopherol함량은 각각 74.6 mg/100 g과 18.2 mg/100 g으로, 재구성지질의 tocopherol 함량은 대두유보다 약 76% 감소하였다. 색도분석 결과, 재구성 지질과 대두유간에 백색도(L＊)와 적색도(a＊)에서는 유의적 차이가 없었으나(p＜0.05),황색도(b＊)에서 재구성지질이 대두유보다 좀더 yellowness를 보이며 유의적 차이를 보였다. (p＜0.05). Reversed-phase HPLC 분석 결과, 재구성지 질에서 capric acid를 함유하고 있는 TAG형태의 partition number (PN)는 25∼37로 약 12.57 area%이었음을 확인하였다. 대두유의 주된 crystallization peak는 -57.86$^{\circ}C$C이었으나, capric acid를 4.9 mol% 함유하고 있는 재구성지질의 crystallization peak는 -52.78$^{\circ}C$로 대두유보다 결정화가 좀더 고온에서 일어났다.