• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.289-295
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• 2014

Flow cytometric immunophenotyping of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets is a powerful tool for evaluating cellular immunity and monitoring immune-mediated diseases. The numbers and proportions of blood lymphocyte subsets are influenced by factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, and lifestyle. This study aimed to establish reference ranges for peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in a healthy Korean population. Blood samples from 294 healthy adults were collected. Lymphocyte subsets were analyzed using a single-platform method with a flow cytometer; white blood cells and lymphocytes were analyzed using an automated hematology analyzer. The mean value of the white blood cell count was $5,665cells/{\mu}l$, and the mean values of the subtype counts (percentages) were as follows: lymphocytes, $1,928cells/{\mu}l$ (35.08%); $CD3^+$ cells, $1,305cells/{\mu}l$ (67.53%); $CD3^+CD4^+$ cells, $787cells/{\mu}l$ (40.55%); $CD3^+CD8^+$ cells, $479cells/{\mu}l$ (25.23%); $CD3^-CD19^+$ cells, $203cells/{\mu}l$ (10.43%); and $CD3^-CD56^+$ cells, $300cells/{\mu}l$ (15.63%). Additionally, the $CD4^+/CD8^+$ ratio was 1.81. In this study, gender and age significantly influenced blood lymphocyte subsets. Our results demonstrate that, as with other populations, a healthy Korean population has its own, region-specific, lymphocyte subset reference ranges.

• BMB Reports
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.54-59
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• 2015

IL-10-producing B (Breg) cells regulate various immune responses. However, their phenotype remains unclear. CD40 expression was significantly increased in B cells by LPS, and the Breg cells were also enriched in $CD40^{hi}CD5^+$ B cells. Furthermore, CD40 expression on Breg cells was increased by IL-10, CD40 ligand, and B cell-activating factor, suggesting that $CD40^{hi}$ is a common phenotype of Breg cells. LPS-induced CD40 expression was largely suppressed by an anti-IL-10 receptor antibody and in IL-$10^{-/-}CD5^+CD19^+$ B cells. The autocrine effect of IL-10 on the CD40 expression was largely suppressed by an inhibitor of JAK/STAT3. In vivo, the LPS treatment increased the population of $CD40^{hi}CD5^+$ Breg cells in mice. However, the population of $CD40^{hi}CD5^+$ B cells was minimal in IL-$10^{-/-}$ mice by LPS. Altogether, our findings show that Breg cells are largely enriched in $CD40^{hi}CD5^+$ B cells and the autocrine effect of IL-10 is critical to the formation of $CD40^{hi}CD5^+$ Breg cells.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 2014

Total concentration and chemical speciation of trace metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Ni) were determined to evaluate pollution level and potential ecological risk in surface sediments of the Masan Bay. The results showed that the trace metal concentrations, except for Ni, were high in the inner Masan Bay. Based on the chemical speciation of metals in sediments, the percentage of total concentrations of Cd and Pb in non-residual fraction was 92% and 88%, respectively, indicating that these metals originated mainly from anthropogenic sources. However, Ni (70%) was dominant in residual fraction. Pollution load index (PLI) and ecological risk index (ERI) values in the inner bay indicate the presence of anthropogenic pollution and considerable-moderate ecological risk, respectively. Ecological index (Ei) value for Cd was high at most stations in the Masan Bay, and Cd content was the highest in acid soluble fraction, which presents the highest ecological risk. The results obtained in this study indicate that Cd presents a high potential ecological risk to benthic biota in the Masan Bay.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.347-351
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• 1997

Contents of heavy metals in sea waters, sediments, fishes, and shellfishes from Kunsan Changhang coastal areas were investigated. Average contents of heavy metals in sea water were Pb 2.35, Cd 0.52, Cu 2.09, Zn 13.65 and $Hg\;0.24\;{\mu}g/l$. Average contents of heavy metals in sediments were Pb 19.49, Cd 0.15, Cu 9.31, Zn 20.07 mg/kg, and $Hg{\;}13.6{\;}{\mu}g/l$. Average contents of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Hg in .Acantogobius hasta were 1.08, 0.05, 2.24, 58.14, and 0.151 mg/kg and those in Mugil cephalus were 1.63, 0.05, 1.51, 32.69, and 0.065 mg/kg. Accumulation ratios of Pb and Cu in Acantogobius hasta were similar to Mugil cephalus but accumulation ratios of Zn and Hg in Acantogobius hasta were higher 2 times than in Mugil cephalus. Average contents of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Hg in Cyclina sinensis were 1.03, 1.23, 6.83, 75.83, and 0.071 mg/kg and those in Ruditapes philippinarum were 0.93, 0.86, 5.90, 52.16, and 0.074 mg/kg. Accumulation ratios of heavy metals in shellfishes were in the order of Cu>Cd>Zn>Pb>Hg, irrespective of shellfishes kind.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.250-256
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the adsorption kinetics of heavy metals (Cu, Cd and Pb) using three tidal flat sediments and two yellow loesses. The relationship between adsorption rate calculated by non-linear regression model and chemical parameters was estimated. The contents of ignitiot loss (I.L.) am Fe, Mn and Al oxides of yellow loess were higher $1.5{\~}6 times$ than those of tidal flat sediments. But the contents of silt and clay of tidal flat sediment in Eueunri was higher than others. Heavy metals adsorption were occured rapidly in the intial 30 min and the concentration of adsorbed heavy metals were $4.1{\~}14.7\;{\mu}g/g\;for\;Cu,\;2.8{\~}16.7\;{\mu}g/g\;for\;Cd\;and\;43.4{\~}101.7\;{\mu}g/g$ for Pb, showing a high cumulative adsorption of $8{\~}70{\%}\;for\;Cu,\;18{\~}31{\%}\;for\;Cd and\;19{\~}52{\%}$ for Pb after 3hr. In initial concentration of $0.5{\times}10^(-5)M$, adsorption rate of heavy metals by the tidal flat sediments and yellow loesses was the sequence Pb>Cu^gt;Cd. The adsorption kinetics of Cu, Cd and Pb was found to be one-site kinetic model. Especially, in the case of Cu, there was a high negative ($R^2= -0.88{\~}-0.99$) linear correlation between chemical parameter such as I.L., Al oxide, silt and clay, and adsorption rate coefficients ($K_a$) calculated by non-linear model.

• 한국체육학회지인문사회과학편
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.769-780
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• 2015

This study investigated the changes in inflammatory mediators, immunocompetent cells and bone merrow progenitor cells by the magnitude of muscle damage and type of the muscle contraction in the elderly. Twenty older adults who had not been involved in a resistance-training program at least 6 months prior to the present study were assigned to eccentric exercise group (ECC, n=10) and concentric exercise group (CON, n=10). All subjects performed 10 sets of 6 maximal isokinetic eccentric (ECC 1) or concentric (CON) contractions with the non-dominant arm in a randomized, with 4 wk between bouts (ECC 2). Skeletal muscle damage index (ROM, VAS, Plasma CK), inflammation mediators (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6), immunocomperent cells (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+), bone merrow progenitor cell (CD34+) and leukocytes were measured before, immediately after, 2, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after exercise. Changes in ROM and VAS were greater (P<.05) after ECC 1 than CON and ECC 2. Increases in TNF-α and IL-6 were greater (P<.05) 24, 48 and 72 h after ECC 1 than CON and ECC 2. Increases in neutrophils were greater (P<.05) 2 h after ECC 1 than CON and ECC 2. It was confirmed that muscle damage was greater following eccentric than concentric contractions as well as first bout than second bout in the elderly, and suggested that TNF-α, IL-6 and neutrophils should closely correlate with magnitude of muscle damage.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1690-1697
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• 2009

CD11c and costimulatory molecules such as CD80 and CD86 express mainly in dendritic cells (DCs). In this study, we investigated the biologic effects of recombinant Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 (Flt-3) ligand on the expression of DC surface markers, including CD11c in leukemia cell lines, such as KG-1, HL-60, NB4, and THP-1 cells. The expression of the Flt-3 receptor was found in NB4 and HL-60 cells, as well as KG-1 cells, but not in THP-1 cells. When KG-1 cells were cultured in a medium containing Flt-3 ligand or granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) plus tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$, cell proliferation was inhibited and the expression levels of CD11c, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I, and MHC-II were increased in the cells. Flt-3 ligand also increased the expression level of CD11c on HL-60 and NB4 cells, but not on THP-1 cells. In comparison with CD11c expression, the expression level of CD11b on KG-1 cells, but not on NB4 and HL-60 cells, was slightly increased by Flt-3 ligand. Flt-3 ligand induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK-1/2) and p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) in KG-1 cells, and the up-regulation of CD11c expression by Flt-3 ligand in the cells was abrogated by PD98059, an inhibitor of MEK. The results suggest that Flt-3 ligand up-regulates DC surface markers on $CD34^+$ myelomonocytic KG-1 cells, as well as promyelocytic leukemia cells, and that the differentiation of the leukemia cells into DC-like cells by Flt-3 ligand is mediated by ERK-1/2 activity.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.1003-1011
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• 2009

This study was carried out to know the effects of Kwanjulbang-6(GJB-6) on the inhibition of arthritis. GJB-6 was orally administered to mouse with arthritis induced by collagen II . Cytotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, arthritis index, value of immunocyte in draining lymph node and paw joint, rheumatoid factor in serum were measured in vivo. The incidence of arthritis was significantly decreased. Total cell number of draining lymph node was significantly increased compared with control. Total cell number of paw joint was significantly decreased compared with control. The absolute number of $CD19^+$, $CD8^+$, $CD3^+/CD69^+$, $CD3^+/CD49b^+$, $CD4^+/CD44^+$, $CD3^+$, $CD4^+$, $CD4^+/CD25^+$ and $CD3^+/CD8^+$ cells in draining lymph node were significantly increased compared with control. The absolute number of $CD3^+$, $CD4^+$, $CD4^+/CD25^+$ and $CD11b^+/Gr-1^+$ cells in paw joint were significantly decreased compared with control. The absolute number of $B220^+/CD23^+$ and $MHCII^+/CD11c^+$ cell in draining lymph node were significantly decreased compared with control. The levels of IgG was decreased and The levels of IgM was significantly decreased compared with control. Anti-collagen II in serum was significantly decreased compared with control. With the hematoxylin and eosin stain, the cartilage destruction and synovial cell proliferation were decreased compared with control. With the Masson's trichrome stain, the expression of collagen fibers was decreased compared with control. Results showed that GJB-6 had immunomodulatory effects. So we expect that GJB-6 should be used as a effective drugs for not only rheumatoid arthritis but also another auto-immune disease.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.227-241
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• 2005

Objective & Methods : The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of Asari Herba Cum Radice herbal-acupuncture solution(AHCR-HAS) on arthritis of mice induced by Collagen II at Joksamni(ST36). The author performed several experimental items. First, it is the cell survival rate of mice lung fibroblasts and expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ in synovial cells. Second, it is the incidence rate of arthritis and the weight of spleen. Third, it is the levels of IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, INF-${\gamma}$, IgG, IgM and anti-collagen II in serum Fourth, it is histological analysis of the mice joint. Fifth, it is expression ratio of CD3e+ to CDl9+ cell, CD4+ to CD8+ cell, CD69+/CD3e+ cells, CD11+/CD19+ cells and CD11b+/Gr-1+ cells. Result : 1. The highest survival rate of mice lung fibroblasts were measured in the 1% AHCR-HAS, and the expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ in synovial cells were significantly decreased in the 1% AHCR-HAS. 2. In the AHCR-HA I & AHCR-HAII groups, the incidence of arthritis and the weight of spleen were significantly decreased. 3. In AHCR-HAI & AHCR-HAII groups, the levels of IL-6, INF-${\gamma}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IgG, IgM and anti-collagen II in serum of CIA mice were significantly decreased. 4. In histology, the cartilage destruction and synovial cell proliferation were decreased in the AHCR-HA I & AHCR-HAII groups, and the collagen fiber expressions in the AHCR-HA I & AHCR-HAII groups were similar with that of the Normal group. 5. In the AHCR-HA I & AHCR-HA II groups, the expression ratio of CD3e+ to CD19+ cell and CD4+ to CD8+ cell were similarly maintained as Normal group in lymph nodes, and CD69+/CD3e+ cells and CD11a+/CD19+ cells were decreased in Iymph nodes, and CD11b+/Gr-1+ cells were decreased in synovium. Conclusion : Taking all these observations into account, AHCR-HA is considered to be effective in prophylaxis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, and then more effective in prophylaxis than treatment, so put to practical use in future rheumatoid arthritis clinic.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 1985

A pot experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of Cd and Zn added to soil on the growth, peroxidase activity, chlorophyll content, inorganic components, and interaction between Cd and Zn in corn plant. The results obtained are as follows. Both Cd and Zn reduced dry weight and height of corn plant. Peroxidase activity of leaves increased in higher Cd content of shoot but adverse trend was shown with increasing Zn content of shoots. Chlorophyll contents were significantly decreased with increase of both Cd and Zn content of shoots. Higher soil Cd levels increased N content but decreased P, K, Ca, Mg and $SiO_2$ content in plant. Wherease higher Zn levels in soil increased P and $SiO_2$ content but decreased N, Ca, Mg content in plant. The total Cd and Zn uptake of shoot increased with time but the Cd and Zn content of shoot showed no tendency. Cadmium uptake by Zn application was reduced in higher Zn levels with time while Zn uptake by Cd application showed adverse trend.