The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY (한국해양학회지:바다)

The Korean Society of Oceanography (한국해양학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Speciation and Ecological Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Surface Sediments of the Masan Bay

마산만 표층퇴적물에서 미량금속의 화학적 존재형태 및 생태계 위해도 평가

  • Sun, Chul-In (Marine Environment Monitoring Team, Korea Marine Environment Management Corporation) ;
  • Lee, Young-Ju (Marine Environment Monitoring Team, Korea Marine Environment Management Corporation) ;
  • An, Jung-Hyun (Marine Environment Monitoring Team, Korea Marine Environment Management Corporation) ;
  • Lee, Yong-Woo (Marine Environment Monitoring Team, Korea Marine Environment Management Corporation)
  • 선철인 (해양환경관리공단 해양수질팀) ;
  • 이영주 (해양환경관리공단 해양수질팀) ;
  • 안정현 (해양환경관리공단 해양수질팀) ;
  • 이용우 (해양환경관리공단 해양수질팀)
  • Received : 2014.02.13
  • Accepted : 2014.05.15
  • Published : 2014.05.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Total concentration and chemical speciation of trace metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Ni) were determined to evaluate pollution level and potential ecological risk in surface sediments of the Masan Bay. The results showed that the trace metal concentrations, except for Ni, were high in the inner Masan Bay. Based on the chemical speciation of metals in sediments, the percentage of total concentrations of Cd and Pb in non-residual fraction was 92% and 88%, respectively, indicating that these metals originated mainly from anthropogenic sources. However, Ni (70%) was dominant in residual fraction. Pollution load index (PLI) and ecological risk index (ERI) values in the inner bay indicate the presence of anthropogenic pollution and considerable-moderate ecological risk, respectively. Ecological index (Ei) value for Cd was high at most stations in the Masan Bay, and Cd content was the highest in acid soluble fraction, which presents the highest ecological risk. The results obtained in this study indicate that Cd presents a high potential ecological risk to benthic biota in the Masan Bay.

마산만 표층퇴적물에서 미량금속의 오염도 및 잠재적 생태계 위해도를 평가하기 위하여 미량금속(Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni)의 총 농도 및 화학적 존재형태를 분석하였다. 미량금속의 농도는 Ni을 제외한 모든 금속이 만의 내측에 위치한 마산항 주변에서 높게 나타났다. 미량금속의 화학적 존재형태 중 Cd과 Pb은 비잔류 부분이 각각 92%, 88%로 인위적 기원에 의해서 주로 공급되는 것으로 나타난 반면, Ni은 잔류 부분이 70%로 주로 자연적 기원에 의해서 공급된 것으로 나타났다. 미량금속의 오염도 및 생태계 위해도를 다양한 지수로 평가한 결과, pollution load index (PLI)는 만의 바깥쪽 정점을 제외한 모든 정점에서 1을 초과하여 인위적 오염 상태를 보였다. Ecological risk index (ERI)는 만의 내측에서 considerable 또는 moderate risk 수준이었으며, 만의 바깥쪽에서는 low risk 수준이었다. Cd의 ecological index (Ei) 값은 대부분의 정점에서 높게 나타났으며, Cd이 산가용성 부분에서 가장 높은 농도를 보여 Cd이 마산만에서 저서생물에게 잠재적으로 높은 위해도를 미칠 것으로 판단된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Adepoju, M.O. and J.A. Adekoya, 2013. Heavy metal distribution and assessment in stream sediments of River Orle, Southwestern Nigeria. Arab. J. Geosci., DOI 10.1007/s12517-013-0845-1.
  2. Alvarez, E.A, M.C. Mochon, J.C.J. Sanchez and M.T. Rodriguez, 2002. Heavy metal extractable forms in sludge from wastewater treatment plants. Chemosphere, 47: 765-775. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00021-8
  3. Bruder-Hubscher, V., F. Lagarde, M.J.F. Leroy, C. Coughanowr and F. Enguehard, 2002. Application of a sequential extraction procedure to study the release of elements from municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash. Anal. Chim. Acta, 451: 285-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(01)01403-9
  4. Chakravarty, M. and A.D. Patgiri, 2009. Metal pollution assessment in sediments of the Dikrong River, N.E. India. J. Hum. Ecol., 27: 63-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2009.11906193
  5. Chen, M., X. Li, Q. Yang, G. Zeng and Y. Zhang, 2008. Total concentrations and speciation of heavy metals in municipal sludge from Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan in middle-south region of China. J. Hazard. Mater., 160: 324-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.036
  6. Cho, Y.G. and C.B. Lee, 2012. Heavy metal contamination in surface sediments from Masan and Jinhae Bay, southeast coast of Korea. J. Kor. Soc. Mar. Environ. Eng., 15: 302-313. https://doi.org/10.7846/JKOSMEE.2012.15.4.302
  7. Cuong, D.T. and J.P. Obbard, 2006. Metal speciation in coastal marine sediments from Singapore using a modified BCR-sequential extraction procedure. Appl. Geochem., 21: 1335-1346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2006.05.001
  8. Ghani, S.A., G.E. Zokm, A. Shobier, T. Othman and M. Shreadah, 2013. Metal pollution in surface sediments of Abu-Qir Bay and Eastern Harbour of Alexandria, Egypt. Egyptian J. Aquat. Res., 39: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2013.03.001
  9. Hakanson, L., 1980. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control: a sedimentological approach. Water Res., 14: 975-1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8
  10. Hwang, D.W., S.O. Ryu, S.G. Kim, O.I. Choi, S.S. Kim and B.S. Koh, 2010. Geochemical characteristics of intertidal surface sediments along the southwestern coast of Korea. Kor. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 43: 146-158. https://doi.org/10.5657/kfas.2010.43.2.146
  11. Hyun, S.M., T.H. Lee, J.S. Choi, D.L. Choi and H.J. Woo, 2003. Geochemical characteristics and heavy metal pollutions in the surface sediments of Gwangyang and Yeosu Bay, south coast of Korea. J. Kor. Soc. Oceanogr., 8: 380-391.
  12. Hyun, S.M., C.H. Lee, T.H. Lee and J.W. Choi, 2007. Anthropogenic contributions to heavy metal distributions in the surface sediments of Masan Bay, Korea. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 54: 1031-1071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.04.004
  13. Kabir, M.I., H.S. Lee, G.H. Kim and T.S. Jun, 2011. Correlation assessment and monitoring of the potential pollutants in the surface sediments of Pyeongchang River, Korea. Int. J. Sediment Res., 26: 152-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-6279(11)60083-8
  14. Kersten, M. and U. Forstner, 1986. Chemical fractionation of heavy metals in anoxic estuarine and coastal sediments. Water Sci. Technol., 18: 121-130.
  15. Kim, K.T., E.S. Kim, S.R. Cho, J.K. Park and C.K. Park, 2003. Change of heavy metals in the surface sediments of the Lake Shihwa and its tributaries. Ocean Polar Res., 25: 447-457. https://doi.org/10.4217/OPR.2003.25.4.447
  16. Kim, S.Y., Y.H. Lee, Y.S. Kim, J.H. Shim, M.J. Ye, J.W. Jeon, J.R. Hwang and S.H. Jun, 2012. Characteristics of marine environmental in the hypoxic season at Jinhae Bay in 2010. Korean J. Nat. Conserv., 6: 115-129. https://doi.org/10.11624/KJNC.2012.6.2.115
  17. Lee, M.K., W.K. Bae, J.W. Chung, H.S. Jung and H.J. Shim, 2008. Seasonal and spatial characteristics of seawater and sediment at Youngil bay, southeast coast of Korea. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 57: 325-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.04.038
  18. Li, Q.S., Z.F. Wu, B. Chu, N. Zhang, S.S. Cai and J.H. Fang, 2007. Heavy metals in coastal wetland sediments of the Pearl River Estuary, China. Environ. Pollut., 149: 158-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.01.006
  19. Lim, D.I., J.W. Choi, H.H. Shin, D.H. Jeong and H.S. Jung, 2013. Toxicological impact assessment of heavy metal contamination on macrobenthic communities in southern coastal sediments of Korea. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 73: 362-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.05.037
  20. Lim, D.I., H.S. Jung, K.T. Kim, H.H. Shin and S.W. Jung, 2012. Sedimentary records of metal contamination and eutrophication in Jinhae-Masan Bay, Korea. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 64: 2542-2548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.07.033
  21. Long, E.R., L.J. Field and D.D. MacDonald, 1998. Predicting toxicity in marine sediments with numerical sediment quality guidelines. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 17: 714-727. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620170428
  22. Lopez-Sachez, J.F., R. Rubio, C. Samitier and G. Rauret, 1996. Trace metal partitioning in marine sediment and sludge deposited off the coast of Barcelona (Spain). Water Res., 30: 153-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(95)00129-9
  23. Mashiatullah, A., M.Z. Chaudhary, N. Ahmad, T. Javed and A. Ghaffar, 2013. Metal pollution and ecological risk assessment in marine sediments of Karachi coast, Pakistan. Environ. Monit. Assess., 185: 1555-1565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2650-9
  24. Morillo, J., J. Usero and I. Gracia, 2004. Heavy metal distribution in marine sediments from the southwest coast of Spain. Chemosphere, 55: 431-442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.10.047
  25. Mossop, K.F. and C.M. Davidson, 2003. Comparison of original and modified BCR sequential extraction procedures for the fractionation of copper, iron, lead, manganese and zinc in soils and sediments. Analytica. Chimica. Acta, 478: 111-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(02)01485-X
  26. Muller, G., 1981. Die Schwermetallbelastung der sedimente des Neckars und seiner Nebenflusse: Eine Bestandsaufnahme. Chem. Zeitung, 105: 157-164.
  27. Passos, E.A., J.C. Alves, I.S. Santos, J.P.H. Alves, C.A.B. Garcia and A.C.S. Costa, 2010. Assessment of trace metals contamination in estuarine sediments using a sequential extraction technique and principal component analysis. Microchem. J., 96: 50-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2010.01.018
  28. Qiao, Y., Y. Yang, J. Gu and J. Zhao, 2013. Distribution and geochemical speciation of heavy metals in sediments from coastal area suffered rapid urbanization, a case study of Shantou Bay, China. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 68: 140-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.12.003
  29. Quevauviller, P., G. Rauret, J.F. LopezSanchez, R. Rubio, A. Ure and H. Muntau, 1997. Certification of trace metal extractable contents in a sediment reference material (CRM 601) following a threestep sequential extraction procedure. Sci. Total Environ., 205: 223-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(97)00205-2
  30. Rauret, G., J.F. Lopez-Sanchez, A. Sahuquillo, R. Rubio, C. Davidson, A. Ure and P. Quevauviller, 1999. Improvement of the BCR three step sequential extraction procedure prior to the certification of new sediment and soil reference materials. J. Environ. Monit., 1: 57-61. https://doi.org/10.1039/a807854h
  31. Sheykhi, V. and F. Moore, 2012. Evaluation of potentially toxic metals pollution in the sediments of the Kor River, southwest Iran. Environ. Monit. Assess., DOI 10.1007/s10661-012-2785-8.
  32. Soto-Jimenez, M. and F. Paez-Osuna, 2001. Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in lagoonal sediments from Mazatlan Harbor (SE Gulf of California): bioavailability and geochemical fractioning. B. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 66: 350-356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-001-0012-3
  33. Sundaray, S.K., B.B. Nayak, S. Lin and D. Bhatta, 2011. Geochemical speciation and risk assessment of heavy metals in the river estuarine sediments-A case study: Mahanadi basin, India. J. Hazard. Mater., 186: 1837-1846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.12.081
  34. Tam, N.F.Y. and Y.S. Wong, 2000. Spatial variation of heavy metals in surface sediments of Hong Kong mangrove swamps. Environ. Pollut., 110: 195-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00310-3
  35. Tessier, A., P.G.C. Campbell and M. Bisson, 1979. Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals. Anal. Chem., 51: 844-851. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50043a017
  36. Tomlinson, D.L., J.G. Wilson, J.R. Harris and D.W. Jeffiney, 1980. Problems in the assessment of heavy metals levels in estuaries and the formation of pollution index. Helgoland Mar. Res., 33: 566-575.
  37. Tuzen, M., 2003. Determination of trace metals in the River Yesilirmak sediments in Tokat, Turkey using sequential extraction procedure. Microchem. J., 74: 105-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0026-265X(02)00174-1
  38. Ure, A.M., Ph. Quevauviller, H. Muntau and B. Griepink, 1993. Speciation of heavy metals in soils and sediments. An account of the improvement and harmonization of extraction techniques undertaken under the auspices of the BCR of the Commission of the European Communities. Int. J. Environ. Aa. Ch., 51: 135-151. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319308027619
  39. Usero, J., M. Gamero, J. Morillo and I. Gracia, 1998. Comparative study of three sequential extraction procedures for metals in marine sediments. Environ. Int., 24: 487-496. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(98)00028-2
  40. Yoo, J.C., C.D. Lee, J.S. Yang and K. Baek, 2013. Extraction characteristics of heavy metals from marine sediments. Chem. Eng. J., 228: 688-699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.05.029
  41. Yu, X., Y. Yan and W. Wang, 2010. The distribution and speciation of trace metals in surface sediments from the Pearl River Estuary and the Daya Bay, Southern China. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 60: 1364-1371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.05.012
  42. Yuan, X., H. Huang, G. Zeng, H. Li, J. Wang, C. Zhou, H. Zhu, X. Pei, Z. Liu and Z. Liu, 2011. Total concentrations and chemical speciation of heavy metals in liquefaction residues of sewage sludge. Bioresource Technol., 102: 4104-4110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.12.055
  43. Yuan, C., J. Shi, B. He, J. Liu, L. Liang and G. Jiang, 2004. Speciation of heavy metals in marine sediments from the East China Sea by ICP-MS with sequential extraction. Environ. Int., 30: 769-783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2004.01.001
  44. Zhang, J. and C.L. Liu, 2002. Riverine composition and estuarine geochemistry of particulate metals in China-weathering features, anthropogenic impact and chemical fluxes. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 54: 1051-1070. https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.2001.0879
  45. Zhang, W., X. Liu, H. Cheng, E.Y. Zeng and Y. Hu, 2012. Heavy metal pollution in sediments of a typical mariculture zone in South China. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 64: 712-720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.01.042
  46. Zhu, H., X. Yuan, G. Zeng, M. Jiang, J. Liang, C. Zhang, J. Yin, H. Huang, Z. Liu and H. Jiang, 2012. Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Xiawan Port based on modified potential ecological risk index. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 22: 1470-1477. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(11)61343-5

Cited by

  1. Distribution of Organic Matter and Trace Metals in Surface Sediments and Ecological Risk Assessment in the Tongyeong Coast vol.21, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.7850/jkso.2016.21.4.125
  2. Distributions of Organic Matter and Heavy Metals in the Surface Sediment of Jaran Bay, Korea vol.24, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.7837/kosomes.2018.24.1.078
  3. 울산 태화강 하구역 퇴적물의 유기물 및 미량금속 오염도 평가 vol.48, pp.4, 2015, https://doi.org/10.5657/kfas.2015.0542
  4. Study on Heavy Metal Pollution Sources to Shihwa Lake: Characteristics of Heavy Metal in Size-fractionated Road Dust from Urban Area and the Impacts to Marine Environments vol.23, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.7846/jkosmee.2020.23.2.70
  5. Characteristics of Seawater Quality and Surface Sediments around Youngheung Island in Gyeonggi Bay, the Western Coast of Korea vol.23, pp.4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.7846/jkosmee.2020.23.4.246