• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.242-247
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• 1986

This study is an attempt to investigate the effects of the water extracts of the whole plants of Prunella vulgaris (Labiatae) and Thesii chinense (Santalaceae) on the acute toxicity, the activities on central nervous system and the diuretic action. The acute toxicities shown by $LD_{50}$ were estimated to be more than 3000 mg/kg p.o. and 1,000 mg/kg s.c. in the extracts of Prunellae Herba and Thesii Herba, respectively, in mice. The extracts at a dose of 2,000 mg/kg p.o. did not show any activities on central nervous system, i.e, sedative, analgesic, hypothermic and anticonvulsant actions. The urination in rats was increased by 45.5% and 57.6% when 100mg/kg of each of the extracts were given orally. The results obtained revealed that the water extracts possessed weak diuretic actions without any of central nervous system activities. Furthermore, it is considered that the potassium in the extract may play a role in the diuretic action.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.134-138
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• 2003

Quality stability of the herb pill coated with edible oils containing rosemary was investigated. Herb pills were made of herb powders such as Panax ginseng, Cinnamomum cassia, Lycium chinense, Zyzyphus jujuba and Zingiber officinale. Rapeseed oil and lubriol were used as edible coating oil. After herb pills coated with edible oils with or without rosemary were stored at $40^{\circ}C$ for 180 days, the microbial viable cell counts and peroxide values(POV) of the herb pill were investigated. After 180 day storage, POVs of herb pills with only rapeseed oil or lubriol were 0.51 and 0.49 meq/kg, respectively. However, when rosemary was added in herb pills the POVs were decreased to 0.30 and 0.39 meq/kg, respectively. The addition of rosemary to the rapeseed oil and lubriol tended to decrease the microbial viable cell counts of the herb pill. The microbial viable cell counts of rapeseed oil and lubriol were 940 and 820CFU/g, respectively after 180 days of storage. However, these levels were suppressed to 720 and 640CFU/g by the resemary addition. On the other hand, the ginseng saponin content of herb pills was not affected by the rosemary addition during storage.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 2009

Lichen-forming fungi (LEF) were isolated from 67 Hungarian lichen species from ascospores or thallus fragments. LFF were successfully isolated from 26 species with isolation rate of 38.8%. Of the total number of isolation from ascospores (27 species) and thallus fragments (40 species), 48% and 32.5% of the species were successfully isolated, respectively. Comparison of rDNA sequences of ITS regions between the isolated LFF and the original thallus confirmed that all the isolates originated from the thallus fragments were LEF. The following 14 species of LEF were newly isolated in this study; Acarospora cervina, Bacidia rubella, Cladonia pyxidata, Lasallia pustulata, Lecania hyaline, Lecanora argentata, Parmelina tiliacea, Parmotrema chinense, Physconia distorta, Protoparmeliopsis muralis, Ramalina pollinaria, Sarcogyne regularis, Umbilicaria hirsuta, Xanthoparmelia conspersa and X. stenophylla. Antifungal activity of the Hungarian LFF was evaluated against plant pathogenic fungi of Colletotrichum acutatum, C. coccodes and C. gloeosporioides, causal agent of anthracnose on hot pepper. Among the 26 isolates, 11 LFF showed more than 50% of inhibition rates of mycelial growth of at least one target pathogen. Especially, LFF of Evernia prunastri, Lecania hyalina and Lecanora argentata were remarkably effective in inhibition of mycelial growth of all the tested pathogens with antibiotic mode of action. On the other hands, five isolates of Cladonia furcata, Hypogymnia physodes, Lasallia pustulata, Ramalina fastigiata and Ramalina pollinaria exhibited fungal lytic activity against all the three pathogens. Among the tested fungal pathogens, C. coccodes seemed to be most sensitive to the LFF. The Hungarian LFF firstly isolated in this study can be served as novel bioresources to develop new biofungicides alternative to current fungicides to control hot pepper anthracnose pathogenic fungi.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.468-472
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• 2015

Background : Chinese matrimony vine (Lycium chinense Mill.) is a deciduous shrub belonging to the Solanaceae. The leaves are used as an alternative raw material replacing dried fruits associated with high production costs in many industires. The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of drying temperature on the leaves used in the manufacture of functional products. Methods and Results : The leaves of Chinese matrimony vine were harvested when the plant height reached 60 - 70 cm in the spring and treated at four different temperatures ($40^{\circ}C$, $50^{\circ}C$, $60^{\circ}C$ and $70^{\circ}C$). The time to reach the desiccation state of 20% was 63 h at $40^{\circ}C$, 37 h at $50^{\circ}C$, 17 h at $60^{\circ}C$ and 11 h at $70^{\circ}C$. The drying rate per hour was 1.28% at $40^{\circ}C$, 2.25% at $50^{\circ}C$, 4.94% at $60^{\circ}C$ and 7.60% at $70^{\circ}C$. No significant difference were observed in ash, crude fat, polyphenol or rutin content of treated samples. Crude protein and betaine content decreased with higher dry temperatures. Nitrogen free extract of the treated samples increased with higher drying temperatures. Conclusions : Taking into consideration drying time, drying rate, color value, energy consumption and functional ingredients is advantageous to dry the leaves of the Chinese matrimony vine at $60^{\circ}C$ using a hot air agricultural dryer.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.107-113
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• 2012

Trichomes are specialized epidermal structure having the functions of physical and chemical block against biotic and abiotic stresses. Several studies on $Capsicum$ species revealed that virus and herbivore resistance is associated with trichome-formation. However, there is no research on the structural characterization of trichomes developed on the epidermis of $Capsicum$ spp. Thus, this study attempts to charaterize the trichome morphologies in 5 species of $Capsicum$ using a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). Six main trichome types were identified by their morphology under FESEM. Both glandular and non-glandular types of trichomes were developed on the epidermal tissues of $Capsicum$ spp. The glandular trichome were further classified into type I, IV and VII according to their base, stalk length, and stalk. Non-glandular trichomes were also classified into type II, III, and V based on stalk cell number and norphology. Almost all the species in $C.$ $chinense$ and $C.$ $pubescens$ had glandular trichomes. To our knowledge, this is the first study on classification of trichomes in the genus $Capsicum$ and, our results could provide basic informations for understanding the structure and function of trichomes on the epidermal differentiation and association with biotic stress tolerance.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.503-507
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• 1998

This study was initiated to evaluate genetic relationship among various domestic and exotic pepper accessions using random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) markers. The results suggested that the optimum conditions for PCR with random primers in Capsicum spp. could be obtained with 3mM of $MgCl_2$, 1.5U of Taq. DNA polymerase, 10ng of template DNA, $200{\mu}M$ of dNTPs, 200nM of random primer, and $42^{\circ}C$ of annealing temperature. Sixteen random primers showing high band intensity and reproducibility were selected from 80 random primers. Primers having 70% GC content were more effective in DNA amplification than primers having 60% GC content. The total 93 DNA bands including 71 polymorphic bands and 22 monomorphic bands were obtained with selected 16 random primers for 31 pepper cultivars and lines. About 4.4 polymorphic bands per primer were produced. Similarity coefficients were calculated by using 71 polymorphic bands and dendrogram based on the similarity coefficient showed clear classification of 31 peppers into three Capsicum species of Capsicum annuum, Capsicum chinense and Capsicum chacoense.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2019.09a
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• pp.19-19
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• 2019

It is necessary to maintain stable crop productions under the unsuitable environments, because the drought and flood may be frequently caused by the global warming. Therefore, it is agent to improve the crop growth model corresponded to soil moisture status. Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) is one of the useful crop in Asia, and then it is affected by change of precipitation in consequence drought and flood occur however crop model to evaluate water stresses on chili pepper is not enough yet. In this study, development of crop model under different soil moisture status was attempted. The experiment was conducted on the slope fields in the greenhouse. The water level was kept at 20cm above the bottom of the container. Habanero (C. chinense) was used as material for crop model. Sap bleeding rate, SPAD value, chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, leaf water potential, plant height, leaf area and shoot dry weight were measured at 10 days after treatment (DAT) and 13 DAT. Moreover, temperature and RH in the greenhouse, soil volume water contents (VWC) and soil water potential were measured. As a result, VWC showed 4.0% at the driest plot and 31.4% at the wettest plot at 13 DAT. The growth model was calculated using WVC and the growth analysis parameters. It was considered available, because its coefficient of determination showed 0.84 and there are significant relationship based on plants physiology among the parameters and the changes over time. Furthermore, we analyzed the important factors for higher accuracy prediction using multiple regression analysis.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 2007

The effects of angiogenesis inhibitor from the extract libraries of Korean and Chinese medicinal plants were investigated using a protein microarray chip. Protein chip was constructed by immobilization of integrin ${\alpha}_5{\beta}_1$ on protein chip base plates and employed far screening active extracts that inhibit the integrin-fibronectin interaction from the extract libraries. The 100 extracts of medicinal plants were obtained from extract bank of National Institute of Crop Science, RDA. The 14 extracts among 100 extract libraries were shown efficient inhibition activity for the interaction between integrin-fibronectin. The medicinal plants of 14 extracts were Vitex negundo var. incisa (Lam.) C.B. Clarke, Epimedium koreanum Nakai, Cedrela sinensis A. Juss, Ipomea aquatica Forsk, Schisandra chinensis Baill, Pulsatilla koreana Nakai, Paeonia lactiflora Pall. var.hortensis Makino, Oenothera odorata, Allium chinense, Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum MAKINO, Polygonatum odoratum Druce var. pluriflorum Ohwi, Hosta lancifolia, Agrimonia pilosa L. var. japonica Nakai and Potentilla chinensis SER. The Paeonia lactiflora, Oenothera, and Agrimonia pilosa from these 14 extracts libraries were shown strong inhibition activity of integrin ${\alpha}_5{\beta}_1$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.470-473
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• 2000

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of varying levels of flaked com abomasally infused on energy metabolism and nitrogen metabolism in fattening steers. The starch levels of flaked corn of abomasally infused were 0, 300, 600 and 900 g/d. Four mature fattening steers fitted with permanent abomasum cannulas were allocated to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design were fed at 1.2 maintenance requirement a basal diet of Chinese wildrye (Aneurolepidium Chinense). Compared with 0 g/d (control group), digestible nitrogen, retention nitrogen (RN, g/d) and the efficiency of digestible nitrogen converted into retention nitrogen (RN/DN, %) of 300, 600 and 900 g/d groups were higher (p<0.05). The post-ruminal starch digestion of flaked corn were 71.36, 80.27 and 64.71 % when the amounts abomasally infused were 300, 600 and 900 g/d, respectively. When the amount of starch abomasally infused was more than 600 g/d, the post-ruminal digestion of starch decreased. 300, 600 and 900 g/d starch infusion groups showed higher metabolizable energy intake (ME) and net energy gains (NEg, MJ/d) than the control group, and the efficiencies of metabolizable energy converted into body weight (Kf, %) of these groups were higher than the control group by 38.31, 73.18 and 67.06% (p<0.05). Kf (Y, %) had a positive curved relation to starch of flaked com abomasally infused (X, g/d), $Y=36.1605X^{0.0760}$ (n=16, r=0.9308).

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.278-290
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to investigate the hangover relieving effect of HO-series. HO-S1 is an herbal mixture, which consists of extracts from Flower of Pueraria lobata Ohwi, Glycyrrhiza glabra Linné, Fruit of Lycium chinense Miller, Poria cocos Wolf, Acanthopanax sessiliflorum Seeman, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Atractylodes lancea De Candlle and Zingiber officinale Roscoe. HO-S2 is a candidate that has been performed to ultra filtration based on HO-S1. HO-S3 is a mixture of amino acids and vitamins based on HO-S2. HO-01 is the final beverage base produced based on HO-S3. The antioxidant activity of HO-series was similar to that of vitamin C or trolox. The production of t-BHP induced reactive oxygen species(ROS) was significantly blocked in the presence of HO-series. In vivo study, AUC of alcohol and acetaldehyde concentrations in HO-S2 and HO-S3 treated groups significantly decreased. Hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase(ALDH) activity were significantly higher in HO-S2 and HO-S3 treated groups. And 2E1 activity and glutathione were significantly elevated, while the malondialdehyde level was not significantly in liver tissue. After alcohol exposure, the sensitivity scores of blood alcohol and acetaldehyde concentration and hangover symptoms were significantly decreased in the HO-01 intake group compared with the non-intake group. ALDH activity was significantly increased in the HO-01 intake group. HO-series have antioxidant activity and a protective effect from ROS. HO-S2, HO-S3 and HO-01 are potentially highly beneficial in relieving hangover, as it scavenges reactive free radicals and boosts the endogenous antioxidant system.