• 한국재료학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.116-124
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• 2024

In this study, we investigated the microstructure and piezoelectric properties of 0.96(K_0.456Na_0.536)Nb_0.95Sb_0.05-0.04Bi_0.5(Na_0.82K_0.18)_0.5ZrO₃ (KNNS-BNKZ) ceramics based on one-step and two-step sintering processes. One-step sintering led to significant abnormal grain (AG) growth at temperatures above 1,085 ℃. With increasing sintering temperature, piezoelectric and dielectric properties were enhanced, resulting in a high d₃₃ = 506 pC/N for one-step specimen sintered at 1,100 ℃ (one-step 1,100 ℃ specimen). However, for one-step 1,115 ℃ specimen, a slight decrease in d₃₃ was observed, emphasizing the importance of a high tetragonal (T) phase fraction for superior piezoelectric properties. Achieving a relative density above 84 % for samples sintered by the one-step sintering process was challenging. Conversely, two-step sintering significantly improved the relative density of KNNS-BNKZ ceramics up to 96 %, attributed to the control of AG nucleation in the first step and grain growth rate control in the second step. The quantity of AG nucleation was affected by the duration of the first step, determining the final microstructure. Despite having a lower T phase fraction than that of the one-step 1,100 ℃ specimen, the two-step specimen exhibited higher piezoelectric coefficients (d₃₃ = 574 pC/N and k_p = 0.5) than those of the one-step 1,100 ℃ specimen due to its higher relative density. Performance evaluation of magnetoelectric composite devices composed of one-step and two-step specimens showed that despite having a higher g₃₃, the magnetoelectric composite with the one-step 1,100 ℃ specimen exhibited the lowest magnetoelectric voltage coefficient, due to its lowest k_p. This study highlights the essential role of phase fraction and relative density in enhancing the performance of piezoelectric materials and devices, showcasing the effectiveness of the two-step sintering process for controlling the microstructure of ceramic materials containing volatile elements.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2006년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.27-28
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• 2006

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.219-229
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• 2001

Hydrogen production by a 2-step water-splitting thermochemical cycle using metal oxides (ferrites) redox pairs and $CH_4$ have been studied in this experiment. The ferrites were reacted with $CH_4$ at $700{\sim}800^{\circ}C$ to produce CO, $H_2$ and various reduced phases (reduction step); these were then reoxidized with water vapor to generate $H_2$ in water-splitting step (oxidation step) at $600{\sim}700^{\circ}C$. The reduced ferrites, Ni-FeO and Ni-Fe alloy showed respectively different reactivity for $H_2$ formation from $H_2O$. In reduction reaction at $800^{\circ}C$, carbon was deposited on surface of Ni-ferrite due to $CH_4$ decomposition. This reduced phase containing carbon, which was taken quite different feature from other phase, produced $H_2$, CO, $CO_2$ by reacting with $H_2O$ at $600^{\circ}C$. The amount of $H_2$ evolved using reduced phase containing carbon was much higher than that of other phase.

• 분석과학
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.49-54
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• 2000

5단계 반응을 통하여 실리카겔의 8-hydroxyquinoline 유도체를 제조하였으며, 각 단계에서 얻은 생성물들을 IR과 NMR을 이용하여 분석하였다. 실리카겔 자체에 관한 IR 스펙트럼으로부터, 자유 hydroxyl기와 수소 결합된 hydroxyl기가 존재하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 첫 단계 반응에서는 N-H와 C-H의 IR 밴드와 APTS기에 있는 메틸렌 탄소의 NMR peak을 확인하였다. 둘째 단계에서는 카보닐, nitro, 방향족 탄소의 IR 밴드와 지방족, 방향족, 카보닐 탄소의 NMR peak을 관찰하였으며, 셋째 단계에서 $NO_2$가 $NH_2$로 환원되는 것을 IR과 NMR로 확인할 수 있었다. 마지막 단계에서는 4번째 단계에서 생성된 $N{\equiv}N$ IR peak이 사라지는 것으로부터 8-quinolinol이 고정화되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.44-49
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• 1995

6H - SiC를 승화법(Sublimation Process)으로 성장하였으며, 성장 결정의 표면에서 나타난 양상에 대하여 광학 현미경을 이용하여 관찰하였다. 6H-SiC는 측면방향(Hexagonal system에서 a축 방향)으로 성장하는 속도가 seed 방향인 c축 방향보다 빠르고, 따라서 많은 성장 step을 관찰할 수 있었다. 또한, SiC 결정의 주된 결함인 micropipe는 성장 후 결정의 표면까지도 형성되고 있어, 거대한 void로 관찰되어졌다. 이것은 pore와는 다르게 구별되며, 완전한 구형의 단면을 가진다. 본 연구에서는 micropipe 및 면결함, 그리고 결정성장시의 step 형성등의 현상에 대하여 광학 현미경으로 조사형 그 결과를 보고하기로 한다.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.415-423
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• 1996

Thin film technologies for fabricating SQUIDs involve etching and deposition procedures with the proper substrate materials and $YBa_2Cu_3O_{7-d}$ (YBCO) as the high $T_c$ superconductor. YBCO were prepared on various substrates of MgO, $SrTiO_3$, and $LaAlO_3$ by using off-axis magnetron sputtering methods and annealing in-situ. The parameters of film fabrication processes had been optimized to yield good quality films in terms of the critical temperature $T_c$ and the critical current density $J_c$. The optimized processes yielded $T_C$>90K along with $J_c$>$10_6A$$extrm{cm}^2$ at 77K and>$2\times10_7A/Cm^2$ at 5K. We fabricated step-edge type dc-SQUIDs and directly coupled magnetometers, producing step edges on MgO(100) substrates by etching with Ar-ion beam, depositing YBCO material on them, then patterning them by using ion-milling technique. Circuitizing washer-shape SQUIDs to possess a pair of step-edge junctions of 2-5$\mu$ line width with a high angle>$50^{\circ}C$ , we examined their I-V characteristics thoroughly and Shapiro steps clearly as we irradiate microwaves of 8-20 GHz frequency.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.263-268
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• 2011

ZnO hexagonal rods grown in aqueous solution can be changed into a tubular shape by two-step aging in the course of the growing process. In the first step, hexagonal ZnO rods is grown by aging at $90^{\circ}C$ under a highly supersaturated aqueous solution giving rise to a fast precipitation rate. Meanwhile, during the second step aging at $60^{\circ}C$ in the same aqueous solution, the hexagonal polar face (001) having higher surface energy than (010) side planes dissolves to minimize surface energy. Hence the flat (001) face changes to a craterlike face and the hexagonal rod length of ZnO decreases at an initial-stage of this step aging. The formation of the (101) wedge-type faces is ascribed to the resultant of competitive reactions between the dissolution of polar face minimizing the surface energy which is a dominant reaction at the initial stage and the precipitation reaction dissipating supersaturation. At a later stage of the second-step the reaction rates of these two processes in the aqueous solution become similar and the overall reaction is terminated.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2007년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.45-48
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• 2007

Thermochemical 2-step methane reforming, involving the reduction of metal oxide with methane to produce syn-gas and the oxidation of the reduced metal oxide with water to produce pure hydrogen, was investigated on ferrite-based metal oxide mediums and $WO_{3}/ZrO_{2}$. Thermochemical 2-step methane reforming were accomplished at 900 $^{\circ}C$(syn-gas production step) and 800 $^{\circ}C$(water-splitting step). In syn-gas production step, it appeared carbon deposition on metal oxides with increasing react ion time. Various mediums showed the different starting point of carbon deposition each other. To minimize the carbon deposition, the reaction time was controlled before the starting point of carbon deposition. As a result, $CO_{x}$ were not evolved in water-splitting step, Among the various metal oxides, $Mn-ferrite/ZrO_{2}$ showed high reactivity, proper $H_{2}/CO$ ratio, high selectivity of undesired $CO_{2}$ and high evolution of $H_{2}$.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.13-22
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• 2017

Two-step water splitting thermochemical cycle with $CeO_2/ZrO_2$ foam device was investigated by using a solar simulator composed of 2.5 kW Xe-Arc lamp and mirror reflector. The hydrogen production of $CeO_2/ZrO_2$ foam device depending on heat recovery of Thermal-Reduction step and Water-Decomposition step was analyzed, and the hydrogen production of $CeO_2/ZrO_2$ and $NiFe_2O_4/ZrO_2$ foam devices was compared. Resultantly, the quantity of hydrogen generation increased by 52.02% when the carrier gas of Thermal-Reduction step is preheated to $200^{\circ}C$ and, when the $N_2/steam$ is preheated to $200^{\circ}C$ in the Water-Decomposition step, the quantity of hydrogen generation increased by 35.85%. Therefore, it is important to retrieve the heat from the highly heated gases discharged from each of the reaction spaces in order to increase the reaction temperature of each of the stages and thereby increasing the quantity of hydrogen generated through this.

• 토지주택연구
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.157-164
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• 2016

최근 들어 택지개발의 방식은 사회 경제적 여건변화로 인해 과거의 일괄개발에서 단계적 개발로 패러다임이 전환되고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 신교통시스템과 같은 대규모 교통시설의 도입은 과거의 일괄개발에 의한 도입방식을 유지하고 있다. 그 결과 신교통시스템은 친환경적인 시스템임에도 불구하고 높은 도입비용으로 계획단계에서 무산되거나 완공된다 하더라도 적자경영을 면치 못하고 있다. 이는 시스템 도입시 지역특성을 반영하지 못한 이유도 있으나, 단계적 개발방식에 대응하지 못한 이유도 크다. 따라서 보다 합리적인 신교통시스템 도입을 위해서는 기존의 일괄도입 방식이 아닌 택지개발의 단계적 개발방식에 상응하는 도입방식이 모색되어야 한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 택지개발사업지구가 단계적 개발로 이뤄질 것을 가정하여 일괄 도입과 단계적 도입에 따른 편익 및 경제성 분석을 통해 단계적 도입의 필요성을 제시하고자 하였다. 그 결과 단계적 도입이 일괄 도입에 비해 30% 이상의 B/C 상승효과를 보여 경제성이 개선되는 것으로 나타났으며, 현행의 일괄 개발방식에서의 일괄 도입과 비교하더라도 B/C 개선효과가 있는 것으로 분석되었다.