• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.373-378
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• 2008

Purpose: In full thickness burn, the depth of burn is known to increase until around 1-3 days after the burn. However, no study on how the depth increase during the first 24 hours has been conducted. Therefore, the authors investigated how the depth of burn changes within the first 24 hours after the burn by using the standardized burn model. Methods: A total of four experiments on pigs were carried out for this study. Experiment 1 was performed to examine how temperature affects the depth of burn. The digitally controlled aluminum thermal block was set at different temperatures-80, 90 and 100 degrees in Celsius, respectively. Then the pig was exposed to the block for 15 seconds each time. The time exposed to heat was set as a variable for the Experiment 2. The temperature was maintained at 80 degrees Celsius, and the pig was contacted with the thermal block for 5, 10 and 20 seconds, respectively. The biopsy of the tissues were performed in one hour, 6 hours, 24 hours, and 7 days after the burn. After hematoxylin and eosin staining a percentage of the depth from a basement membrane of epidermis to the deepest tissue damaged by the burn against total dermal thickness was measured. Results: In Experiment 1, the depth of burn increased considerably as time passed by. At all three temperatures, differences in depths measured in 6 and 24 hours, and in 1 hour and 7 days were both significant. In addition, the depth deepened as the temperature went higher. In the case of Experiment 2, the depth of burn also increased significantly as time passed by. At all three times, differences in depth measured in 6 and 24 hours, and in 1 hour and 7 days were also significant. Moreover, the depth extended with longer contact time when it was compared according to the time. Conclusion: Full thickness burn progressed rapidly from 6 to 24 hours after the burn and the depth of burn was almost decided within the first 24 hours after the burn. On the other hand, partial thickness burn also advanced from 6 to 24 hours after the burn but the depth deepened at slower level.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제39권10호
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• pp.763-768
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• 1995

Weak burn intensity limit에서 홀의 깊이를 계산하는 기존의 이론을 임의의 burn 세기에서도 계산할수 있도록 NPHB kinetic에 관한 유사 3-준위계를 이용하여 확장하였다, 이 모델은 같은 burn fluence에 대하여 burn 세기가 클 때는 다른 홀의 깊이를 burn 세기가 약한 경우에는 같은 홀의 깊이를 나타내었다. 이 모델을 이용하여 계산된 홀 성장곡선들과 기존의 oxzaine720/glycerol와 tetracene/MTHF glass의 실험 데이타를 비교하였다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.227-240
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• 1987

Infection has assumed increased importance as a cause of death among thermally injured individuals. Decreased treatment effectiveness and an increase in mortality are the hallmarks of nosocomial infection. Infection control is a monumental task that must be achieved to reduce mortalities. This was a retrospective study to survey the epidemiological features of nosocomial infections in a burn unit and to identify the possibilities for infection control. During the past 6 year 2 month period from July, 1981 to August, 1987, 306 burn patients were treated in the burn unit of university hospital. Among of these, 290 cases were the subjects of this study. The data were collected from the patients' records after discharge. All data collected were analyzed using percent, x$^2$-test, t-test with SPSS program. The results of this study are summariged as follows: 1) Infection rate was 40%. According to site, there were 67 cases of wound infection, 60 cases of post-operative skin graft infection, 20 cases of septicemia and 20 cases of donor site infection. As far as the burn size was concerned, the infection rate for patients whose burn size ranged 61 to 70%, was shown to be 100%, followed by the infection rate of 93.8%, for patients whose burn size ranged from 41~50%. As far as the period of time over which the infection developed, 5 to 7 days showed the highest frequency. Further infection was the main cause of deaths and complications. 2) Based upon the results obained by comparing the general characteristics, between a hospital infection-group and non-hospital infection group, there was a significant defference according to age, the time of the year when the accident happened, the place of accident or length of hospital-admission. And according to the result obtained by comparing the general characteristics of the burn, there was a significant difference according to burn size, burn depth, burn type, and burn site. And also based upon the result obtained by comparing the two groups according to method of treatment, there was a significant difference according to the use of antibiotics and to the type of wound-treatment, and for the 8 different binds of treatment related to infection, there was a significant difference for all. In conclusion, age, length of hospital-admission, burn size, burn type, burn site, burn depth, type of woundtreatment and the 8 different binds of treatment, which are related to burns, were shown to be the factors which affect the infection rate in burn patients.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.317-324
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• 2014

Background Burn infliction techniques are poorly described in rat models. An accurate study can only be achieved with wounds that are uniform in size and depth. We describe a simple reproducible method for creating consistent burn wounds in rats. Methods Ten male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and dorsum shaved. A 100 g cylindrical stainless-steel rod (1 cm diameter) was heated to $100^{\circ}C$ in boiling water. Temperature was monitored using a thermocouple. We performed two consecutive toe-pinch tests on different limbs to assess the depth of sedation. Burn infliction was limited to the loin. The skin was pulled upwards, away from the underlying viscera, creating a flat surface. The rod rested on its own weight for 5, 10, and 20 seconds at three different sites on each rat. Wounds were evaluated for size, morphology and depth. Results Average wound size was $0.9957cm^2$ (standard deviation [SD] 0.1845) (n=30). Wounds created with duration of 5 seconds were pale, with an indistinct margin of erythema. Wounds of 10 and 20 seconds were well-defined, uniformly brown with a rim of erythema. Average depths of tissue damage were 1.30 mm (SD 0.424), 2.35 mm (SD 0.071), and 2.60 mm (SD 0.283) for duration of 5, 10, 20 seconds respectively. Burn duration of 5 seconds resulted in full-thickness damage. Burn duration of 10 seconds and 20 seconds resulted in full-thickness damage, involving subjacent skeletal muscle. Conclusions This is a simple reproducible method for creating burn wounds consistent in size and depth in a rat burn model.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.289-292
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• 2002

'Burn-Out' is a kind of printing process that can create many textural effects, also high added value of the fabrics. In the previous studies, it is examined how to burn out the cellulose part of the velvet and the polyester/cellulosic fiber mixed fabric without damage of the other part and the effects of process conditions. In this study, dyeing properties of the colored burn-out printing were investigated with various conditions onto the polyester/cellulosic fiber mixed fabrics with red disperse dye. As a results, the apparent color depth (K/S) is increased with increasing of concentration of dye. The optimum treatment conditions without any shrinkage or occurrence of yellowness on the polyester ground fabrics are fixation temperature of $140^{\circ}C$ and time of 3 minutes.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.95-104
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• 2015

본 연구는 병원 전 단계에서 발생한 화상환자의 유형별 특수성을 이해하여 초기 환자 상태의 어떠한 차이점이 있는지를 파악하고자 한다. 이를 위해 2013년도 경기도 소방구급대 출동 내역 중 화상환자 이송 자료 1,223건을 분석하였다. 화상사고는 10세 이하(26.0%)에서 가장 많았으며, 대부분 가정(51.3%)에서 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 화상 유형별 환자의 상태는 평균적으로 안정적이었으나 전기로 인한 화상은 의식 상태 U(무반응)가 10.7%로 타 화상 유형보다 U(무반응)의 비율이 매우 높은 것으로 나타났으며 체온 $35.90^{\circ}C$, 화상 깊이 3도(39.28%) 등 타 유형과 달리 초기 환자의 상태는 심각한 것으로 나타났다. 이에 따른 화상 유형별 초기 환자 상태를 파악하여 병원 전 단계의 효과적인 대응이 필요하겠다.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.257-267
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the caring experience of the mothers of childhood burn patients. Methods: Data were collected from 28 mothers of childhood burn patients, through semi-structured in-depth interviews. Data were categorized and coded by using content analysis. Results: 27 categories and 102 statements were drawn from 4 domains. The analyzed domains were psychological sufferings, confronted harsh reality, coping method, and future concerns. Psychological sufferings were categorized heartache, sense of guilt, confusion, regret, depression, sorriness, getting hurt, frustration and upset feeling. Confronted harsh nature were categorized economic difficulty, physical burn-out, lack of caring other children and family troubles. Coping method were categorized positive thinking, having hope, ventilating feelings, accepting the situations, demanding help from family members, changing patterns of the burned child rearing, collecting information for burn treatment, refusing accept the condition of burned child, avoiding personal and social relationship, and reliance on religion. Concerns were categorized concerns of growth and adaptation of the burned child, anxiety for scar, concerns of adapting school life and vague future concerns. Conclusion: The nursing interventions for early assessing psychological problems and providing social supports for caring both burn patients and other siblings should be provided to the mothers of childhood burn patients.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.263-273
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to explore the experience of patients with facial burn injuries regarding their interpersonal relationships. Methods: The phenomenological research method was used. Participants of the study consisted of five males and three females. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews from November, 2014 to February, 2015 and analyzed using Colaizzi's method. Results: Five theme clusters were extracted that described patients' experiences. They are "being a lonely foreigner," "closing my mind toward the world," "hiding hurt feelings," "companion of my face," and "communicating with the world". Conclusion: The results of this study provide a deep understanding and insight into the experience of interpersonal relationships among facial burn patients. The development of a comprehensive program including physical, psychological, and social aspects is recommended to address the problems facial burn patients encounter in interpersonal relationships and to facilitate interaction.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.229-235
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• 2014

This study conducted a research on burn-out printing convergence technology for cellulose blend knit fabrics. Printing technology, which forms color pattern on the fabric, can be generally classified into four according to printer or printing method, e.g. screen printing, roller printing, rotary printing, digital printing. However, these printing methods are flat in design or pattern, which have limitation to overcome monotonousness of fabric, so that recently burn-out process method, which expresses three-dimensional pattern effect by treating chemical on the surface of fabric as the method to appeal its esthetics to the customers. Particularly, in case of cellulose/polyester composite material, first, it is proceeded in 2 processes, by dyeing cellulose or polyester fabric and burning out cellulose fabric, in this process, due to pollution caused by disperse dye migration, color of polyester fabric part could be discolored, which has high falt risk. This research considered coloring burn-out technique, which simultaneously proceed dyeing and burn-out by reducing dyeing and burn-out process to 1 stage, which were proceeded in 2 stages previously. As the research result, it was confirmed that reasonable depth of roller was 0.04~0.06mm in roller printing process, heat treatment condition of burn-out far-infrared radiation was $185^{\circ}C{\times}30m/min$. Color fastness to washing was confirmed to be 4-5 grade, color fastness to rubbing, 3-4 grade, color fastness to light, 4 grade. Also, it was confirmed that energy reduction effect appeared 38.19%, in case of energy cost per yard compared to the existing production, also, 19.74%, in case of production cost.

• 대한화상학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.34-37
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• 2021

A 46-year-old female presented a mass on her right lower leg where she had a burn injury due to moxibustion 10 years ago. Physical examination revealed a 3 cm sized firm nodule with tenderness. Plain radiograph was performed and it revealed well-defined calcifications. According to the history of moxibustion burn injury and the result of plain radiograph, dystrophic calcinosis cutis caused by burn injury was suspected. The patient underwent excisional biopsy using pre-,intra-, and post-operative ultrasonography (USG). There was no sign of recurrence. Herein, we report a case of a 46-year-old healthy woman who presented with single hard nodule on the right lower leg. Our case is worthwhile in two respects. First, It is first case report of dystrophic calcinosis cutis due to moxibustion burn injury. In east asian culture, moxibustion is a commonly conducted procedure and it often induces burn injury. Second, USG was used pre-, intra-, and post-operatively to assess the shape, location, and depth of the calcinosis cutis and to determine the surgical margin.