• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.105 no.3
• /
• pp.284-293
• /
• 2016

In order to assess th changes in vegetation characteristics over time in the forest-lands which is isolated by urbanization, vegetation surveys based on the Braun-Blanquet phytosociological method was carried out in 1996 and 2015 on Mt. Hwangyeong located in the center of Busan metropolitan city, South Korea. The number of vegetation types based on floristic composition showed no significant changes, the vegetation units under the community levels was more or less represents the difference. the average total vegetation cover and average number of species per unit area ($100m^2$) was increased 16% and 2 species, respectively. The relative importance value (RIV) for each tree species, Quercus spp. like as Q. mongolica and Q. serrata was decreased, while the warmth-tolerant trees, evergreen broad-leaved trees, and mesophyte like Lindera erythrocarpa, Styrax japonica, Osmanthus heterophyllus, and Stephanandra incisa was increased significantly. Changes of the life form spectrums of vascular plants did not substantially, hemicryptophyte(H) and therophyte (Th) was decreased, while nanophanerophyte(N) was increased significantly. Also through the creating of large-scale vegetation map (based on physiognomic vegetation types) was compared the spatial distribution characteristics of each vegetation types.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
• /
• v.43 no.4
• /
• pp.274-284
• /
• 2013

This study presents a survey on the bryophytes in Dongbaek-dongsan located at Seonheul Gotjawal on the north-eastern face of Mt. Halla in Jeju Island, Korea. A total of 85 taxa belonging to the Bryophyta (22 families 44 genera 62 species), Marchantiophyta (12 families 16 genera 23 species) were found. Among them, 3 moss species, Diphyscium perminutum Takaki, Racomitrium japonicum Dozy & Molk., and Isopterygium minutirameum (M$\ddot{u}$. Hal.) A. Jaeger. were new additions to the bryophyte flora of Korea. The liverwort index was 27.0%. Predominant life-form was weft. The rates for the bryophytes dominating in mesic to hygric sites were higher than for the bryophytes mainly observed in xeric habitats. We considered that the composition and distribution of species are affected by the different environmental factors according to the evergreen broad-leaved forests, wetlands and exposed spaces. Moreover, the rocks were the substrate type that play a major role in providing the micro-habitats for bryophytes in this area. Particularly, the bryophytes of swamps in this area were very unique and various for its limited space and showed plant communities with mosaic spatial pattern, along with vascular plants. We suggest more detailed and comprehensive studies on the swamps where endemic fern Mankyua chejuense B. -Y. Sun, M. H. Kim & C. H. Kim inhabits to provide valuable information for the conservation and restoration of the species and habitats.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.335-360
• /
• 2006

The distribution on 88 taxa of wild orchids in the Korean Peninsula was investigated by the examinations of specimens and the distribution maps were presented. The species numbers distributed at each eight floral regions in the Korean Peninsula are as the followings; Gapsan Province 27 taxa, Gwanbuk 21, Gwanseo 13, Middle 37, South 39, Southern-coast 33, Jeju 64 and Ulleung 19. Most species (72.7%) of Korean wild orchids are found in the Jeju Island. Eighteen taxa of them are restricted to the island in the Korean Peninsula. Among Korean species, 30 taxa grow at evergreen broad-leaved forests, and 16 are northern elements distributed at high mountains or northern part. In terms of distribution, the Korean wild orchid species are classified into IUCN Red List Categories by a modified criterion for Korean plants. No orchid species included EX or EW categories is found in the Korean Peninsula. Ten species are designated to be in CR category; Cymbidium kanran, C. lancifolium, C. ensifolium, Cypripedium japonicum, Cyrtosia septentrionalis, Dendrobium moniliforme, Habenaria chejuensis, H. radiata, Neofinetia falcata and Sedirea japonica, of which C. ensifolium and H. chejuensis are regarded as CR species for the first time. On the other hand, 22 taxa are classified into EN category, and the following nine taxa are newly proposed to be EN species; Gastrochilus japonicum, G. fuscopunctatus, Gastrodia verrucosa, Habenaria flagellifera, Herminium lanceum var. longicrure, Chamaegastrodia sikokiana, Lecanorchis kiusiana, Neottia hypocastanoptica and Tipularia japonica.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.140-157
• /
• 2012

The result of a study on the useful trend of plants related to landscape and how to plant and cultivate through 'ImwonGyeongjaeji Manhakji'of Seoyugu is as follows: First, 'ImwonGyeongjaiji Manhakji', composed of total 5 volumes (General, Fruit trees, vegetables and creeper, plants, others) is a representative literature related to landscape which described the names of plants and varieties, soil condition, how to plant and cultivate, graft, how to prevent the insect attack etc systematically. Second, he recorded the tree planting as Jongjae(種栽) or Jaesik(栽植), and the period to plant the trees as Jaesusihoo(栽樹時候), transplanting as Yijae(移栽), making the fence as Jakwonri(作園籬), the names of varietieis as Myeongpoom(名品), the suitable soil as Toeui(土宜), planting and cultivation as Jongye(種藝), treatment as Euichi(醫治), protection and breeding as Hoyang(護養), garden as Jeongwon(庭園) or Wonpo(園圃), garden manager as Poja(圃者) or Wonjeong(園丁). Third, the appearance frequency of plants was analyzed in the order of flowers, fruits, trees, and creepers and it showed that the gravity of deciduous trees was 3.7 times higher than that of evergreen trees. The preference of flower and trees, fruit trees and deciduous trees and broad-leaved trees includes (1) application of the species of naturally growing trees which are harmonized with the natural environment (2) Aesthetic value which enables to enjoy the beauty of season, (3) the trend of public welfare to take the flowers and fruits, (4) the use of symbolic elements based on the value reference of Neo-Confucianism etc. Fourth, he suggested the optimal planting period as January(上時) and emphasized to transplant by adding lots of fertile soil and cover up the seeds with soil as high as they are buried in accordance with the growing direction and protect them with a support. That is, considering the fact that he described the optimal planting period as January by lunar calendar, this suggests the hints in judging the planting period today. For planting the seeds, he recommended the depth with 1 chi(寸 : approx. 3.3cm), and for planting a cutting, he recommended to plant the finger-thick branch with depth 5 chi(approx. 16.5cm) between January and February. In case of graft of fruit trees, he described that if used the branch stretched to the south, you would get a lot of fruit and if cut the branches in January, the fruits would be appetizing and bigger. Fifth, the hedge(fence tree) is made by seeding the Jujube tree(Zizyphus jujuba var. inermis) in autumn densely and transplanting the jujube tree with 1 ja(尺 : approx. 30cm) interval in a row in next autumn and then binding them with the height of 7 ja(approx. 210cm) in the spring of next year. If planted by mixing a Elm tree(Ulmus davidiana var. japonica) and a Willow(Salix koreensis), the hedge whose branch and leaves are unique and beautiful like a grating can be made. For the hedge(fence tree), he recommended Trifoliolate orange(Poncitus trifoliata), Rose of sharon(Hibiscus syriacus), Willow(Salix koreensis), Spindle tree(Euonymus japonica), Cherry tree(Prunus tomentosa), Acanthopanax tree(Acanthopanax sessiliflorus), Japanese apricot tree(Prunus mume), Chinese wolf berry(Lycium chinense), Cornelian tree(Cornus officinalis), Gardenia(Gardenia jasminoides for. Grandiflora), Mulberry(Morus alba), Wild rosebush(Rosa multiflora) etc.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.104 no.3
• /
• pp.390-396
• /
• 2015

This study was carried out in order to closely examine quality index by shading level of 2-year-old (1-1 seedling) container seedling of Daphniphyllum macropodum which is known as the species of having shade tolerance that is evergreen broad leaved tree in the warm temperate region. The shading treatment was regulated with the shading level of full sunlight, and 35%, 55%, 75%, 95% of full sunlight. As a result of surveying growth according to the shading level, both height and root collar diameter were surveyed to be the highest with 45.1 cm and 8.22 mm, respectively, under 75% of shading. The next was surveyed to be 43.2 cm & 8.05 mm and 42.5 cm & 7.98 mm, respectively, in order of 35% and 55% in shading. Leaf, shoot, root, and whole dry mass production were the highest under 75% of shading. The next was higher in leaf, stem, and whole dry mass production under 55% of shading. A root was higher under 35% of shading in the next. H/D ratio was the range of 5.29~5.35 under the 35~75% shading that showed the relatively high height and root collar diameter. T/R ratio was the lowest with 1.17 under 35% of shading. It was 0.41 under 95% of shading as for LWR, 0.24 under 75%-95% of shading as for SWR, and 0.46 under full sun and 35% shading as for RWR. QI was the highest with 3.74 under 75% of shading. As a result of surveying the whole experiment, it is concluded that the production of D. macropodum seedling is more effective under 75% shading

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.89 no.5
• /
• pp.618-629
• /
• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate ecological niche of Quercus acuta communities in Bogildo-island from July to October, 1998. This island is occupied by a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests. The study on community ecology of Q. acuta, mostly dominant species of subtropical forests, is very important for successful forest management. Sampling areas were selected in 16 quadrats, dominated by Q. acuta to examine the vegetation characteristics(plant identification, D.B.H.) and environmental elements (microtopography, altitude, slope degree, aspect, illumination and soil physicochemical properties). On the basis of data from field surveys, importance values were calculated for the dominance of Q. acuta and volume growth was analyzed by tree ring widths. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. The lists of vascular plants in the investigations were identified as 54 families, 91 genera, 113 species, 9 varieties, 1 formae. It appeared that 45 kinds were evergreen, 6 kinds(Camellia japonica, Ligustrum japonicum, Eurya japonica, Smilax china, Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium, Carex lanceolata) were commonly observed in all plots and 5 species(Cinnamomum japonicum, Ardisia japonica, Cymbidium goeringii, Dryopteris bissetiana, Viburnum erosum) were most highly observed in all plots(over 80%). 2. The dominating species per strata were, Quercus acuta, Castanopsis cuspidata sp. Quercus salicina, Pinus thunbergii, Prunus sargentii in tree layer, Camellia Japonica, Ligustrum japonicum, Quercus acuta, Eurya japonica, Castanopsis cuspidata sp. in subtree layer, Camellia japonica, Ligustrum japonicum, Smilax china, Cinnamomum japonicum, Viburnum erosum in shrub layer and Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium, Ardisia japonica, Carex lanceolata, Camellia japonica(seedlings), Quercus acuta(seedlings) in herb layer, all in descending orders. 3. Quercus acuta could be suggested as shade intolerant tree, considering the distribution in southern, western, nothern and eastern slopes in the descending orders. 4. Mean relative illumination in the forest is 0.89 % and it is relatively low in brightness. 5. Sustainment of Quercus acuta community couldn't be confirmed by judging from their reverse J curve in even-aged forest, as shown in D.B.H. distribution analysis. 6. The result of annual ring width analysis(mean ; 2.44 mm) showed three stages, such as a gentle increasing(1~12 year ; 2.04 mm), a relatively steep increasing(13~22 year ; 2.95 mm) and decreasing or stagnating(23 year after ; 2.41 mm).