• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제48권10호
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• pp.1121-1125
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• 2005

목 적 : 로타바이러스 위장관염은 3개월에서 24개월 사이의 영아들에게 가장 흔하게 발생하는 질환으로 1개월 미만의 신생아에서는 모체에서 태반을 통해 넘어간 IgG의 영향으로 바이러스에 잘 이환되지 않는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 신생아에서 로타바이러스 위장관염에 이환시 괴사성 장염 등의 합병증도 보고된 예가 있다. 이에 저자들은 로타바이러스 위장관염에 이환된 1개월 미만 신생아군이 나타내는 다양한 임상 양상 및 질병의 심각도를 알아보고자 본 연구를 계획하였다. 방 법 : 2002년 6월부터 2004년 7월까지 포천중문의과대학교 분당 차병원에 로타바이러스 위장관염으로 외래를 통해 입원한 1개월 미만 환아 62명을 대상으로 임상 기록지를 후향적으로 분석하였다. 로타바이러스 검사는 stool latex 응집법을 채택하였다. 결 과 : 2년간 로타바이러스 위장관염으로 입원한 환아는 전체 688명이었으며 1개월 미만 환아는 62명(9%)에 해당하였다. 대상 환아의 성별비는 각각 남아 38명(61.3%), 여아 24명(38.7%)이었다. 발생 빈도는 비교적 계절에 관계없이 일정한 발생을 보였으며 특히 3-4월(17명, 27.4%)에 가장 많은 분포를 보였다. 내원 당시 주증상은 원인을 알 수 없는 발열이 가장 많았으며(29명, 49%) 그 다음으로 설사(28명, 45%)와 구토(19명, 30%) 소견을 보였다. 소수의 환아에서는 복부 팽만(4명), 청색증(2명), 경련(2명)을 주소로 내원하였다. 혈액 검사 소견에서는 각각 10명(17%)의 환아들에서 백혈구 수치의 증가와 CRP 양성 소견을 보였으나 이들 환아들에서 더 심한 임상 증세를 보이지는 않았다. 한 명의 환아에서 대변 잠혈 검사 양성 반응을 보였으나 임상적으로 괴사성 장염 증세를 보인 환아는 없었으며 간기능 이상 소견이 한 명에서 보였으나 간비대 소견은 없었다. 입원 환아의 평균 재원 일수는 평균 $5.8{\pm}2.5$일이었다. 환아들의 수유형태는 39명(62.9%)에서 모유 수유였다. 결 론 : 로타바이러스 위장관염에 이환된 환아 중 1개월 미만 신생아는 9%를 차지하며 동반되는 상기도 질환이나 구토없이 발열과 설사만을 주증상으로 하는 경우가 많고 대부분의 경우 보존적인 치료만으로도 증세가 호전된다. 그러나 호발 연령인 3개월에서 24개월 사이의 영아와는 달리 수유량의 감소나 복부 팽만 등 비특이적인 증상만을 보이는 경우가 있으므로 이에 대한 더욱 세심한 관찰과 치료가 필요하다. 또한 분변-경구 경로로 바이러스가 전파되기 때문에 신생아 집단 발병의 위험에 대한 철저한 위생 관리 또한 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.97-106
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• 1990

1. Background Women's health and their involvement in health care are essential to health for everyone. If they are ignorant, malnourished or over-worked, the health &-their families as well as their own health will suffer. Women's health depends on broad considerations beyond medicine. Among other things, it depends upon their work in farming. their subordination to their families, their accepted roles, and poor hygiene with poorly equipped housing and environmental sanitation. 2. Objectives and Contents a. The health status of rural women : physical and mental complaints, experience of pesticides intoxication, Farmer's syndrome, experiences of reproductive health problems. b. participation in and attitudes towards housework and farming c. accessibility of medical care d. status of maternal health : fertility, family planning practice. induced abortion, and maternal care 3. Research method A nationwide field survey, based on stratified random sampling, was conducted during July, 1986. Revised Cornell Medical index(68 out of 195 items). Kawagai's Farmers Syndrome Scale, and self-developed structured questionnaires were used to rural farming wives(n=2.028). aged between 26-55. 4. Characteristics of the respondents mean age : 40.2 marital status : 90.8% married mean no. of household : 4.9 average years of education : 4.7 yrs. average income of household : \235,000 average years of residence in rural area : 36.4 yrs average Working hours(household and farming) : 11 hrs. 23 min 5. Health Status of rural women a. The average number of physical and mental symptoms were 12.4, 4.7, and the rate of complaints were 22.1%, 38.8% each. revealing complaints of mental symptomes higher than physical ones. b. 65.4% of rural women complained of more than 4 symptoms out of 9, indicating farmer's syndrome. 11.9 % experienced pesticide overdue syndrome c. 57.6% of respondents experienced women-specific health problems. d. Age and education of respondents were the variables which affect on the level of their health 6. Utilization of medical services a. The number of symptoms and complaints of respondents were dependent on the distance to where the health-care service is given b. Drug store was the most commonly utilized due to low price and the distance to reach. while nurse practitioners were well utilized when there were nurse practitioner's office in their villages. c. Rural women were internalized their subordination to husbands and children, revealing they are positive(93%) in health-care demand for-them but negative(30%) for themselves d. 33.0% of respondents were habitual drug users, 4.5% were smokers and 32.3% were alcohol drinkers. and 86.3% experienced induced-abortion. But most of them(77.6%) knew that those had negative effects on health. 7. Maternal Health Care a. Practice rate of contraception was 48.1% : female users were 90.9% in permanent and 89.6% in temporary contraception b. Induced abortions were taken mostly at hospital(86.3%), while health centers(4.7%), midwiferies(4.3%). and others(4.5%) including drug stores were listed a few. The repeated numbers of induced abortion seemed affected on the increasing numbers of symptoms and complaints. c. The first pre-natal check-up during first trimester was 41.8%, safe delivery rate was 15.6%, post-natal check-up during two months after delivery. Rural women had no enough rest after delivery revealing average days of rest from home work and farming 8.3 and 17.2. d. 86.6% practised breast feeding, showing younger and more educated mothers depending on artificial milk 8. Recommendations a. To lessen the multiple role over burden housing and sanitary conditions should be improved, and are needed farming machiner es for women and training on the use of them b. Health education should begin at primary school including health behavior and living environment. c. Women should be encouraged to become policy-makers as well as administrators in the field of women specific health affairs. d. Women's health indicators should be developed and women's health surveillance system too.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.733-739
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• 1966

A 371 agricultural households from 26 different communities in South Korea was subjected on a study of food taboos in January of 1966. To the pregnant women, those to whom a high protein diet is particurally important, as many as 14 different kinds of foods, mostly portein rich foods, were avoided to eat. It is believed that if duck is eaten while pregnant her baby may walk like a duck in later life. Some mother have a strong aversion to the rabbit meat that her unborn baby must be a harelip. It is feared to eat chicken, shark or carp by the pregnant mother for her baby may get a gooseflesh appearance, or fish scale-like skin in later life. It is thought that if mother eats soup made of meat borns, especially chicken bones, a disfigured baby may be born. Some area informed that if mother eats crab meat her future baby will always bubble. To the child-bearing mothers 13 different kinds of foods were avoided to eat. Some believe that if raddish kimchi, soybean curd, squash are eaten while dilivery that mother may get dental decay or to lose all her teeth. Other think that highly spiced raddish kimchi cause delivery difficult. To the lactating mothers 7 different items of foods were not recommended to eat. It is a common belief that eating green vegetables, especially fresh lettuce, are restricted that her baby may stool greenish. It is said that eating ginsen-chicken soup, or ginsen tea during lactating reduces breast milk secretion. To the weaning babies 7 different kinds of foods were prohibited to fee. Eggs are not eaten because mothers think her babies will start to talk very late. Eight different items of foods in cases of gastro-intestinal diseases, 5 items for liver disease, 7 items for high blood pressure as well as for paralysis were respectively restricted. It is said that meats including pork, beef, and chicken are neither desirable for the patients of high blood pressure nor those of paralysis. To the measles children 10 varieties of foods were restricted. Especially soybean products and meats were not encouraged to use for avoiding asecond attack of measles. For the common cold 8 different kinds of foods were aversed and men think that eating of soup of undria delays a recovery. For the tuberculosis 4 kinds of foods were prohibited to eat. It is said that wine, red pepper and ginsen will stimulate lung bleeding. Many mothers had a strong aversion to fermented shrimp and fish in case of style. and 5 different items of foods were restricted. In case of menstration not so many foods were restricted as other cases, but meat soup is not eaten in this condition in some areas. Majority of food taboos in Korean villages are neither based on tribal nor religious factors. But no one knows how, since what ages, from where, these food taboos have been transmitted and spread over the country. This survey found a great variety of food taboos, aversions, traditional beliefs and prohibitions latent unknown reseasons, or non-scientific conceptions, or completely different ideas from the modern medical aspect, or somewhat fallacious and superstitious beliefs. For the vascular disease contrasting approach were found between modern the oritical therapy and popular remedy among the rural populations who largely depend on the eastern medication. Further scientific study on either side should be done to lead the patient proper way. Many restricted foods such as rabbit, duck, chicken and fish are best resources of protein rich foods which are available in the village. Emphasis should be laid upon breaking down fallacious and supersititious food taboos through the extended nutrition education activities in order to improve food habit and good eating pattern for healthier and stronger generations of Korea.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.233-241
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• 2006

목 적: 저자들은 이유식에 대한 인지도를 설문조사를 통하여 조사하고, 영유아의 체중 증가와는 어떠한 관계가 있는지 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법: 2005년 9월 1일부터 2005년 12월 1일까지 동국대학교 소아과 외래를 방문한 6개월에서 18개월까지의 영유아의 양육자 141명을 대상으로 설문 조사를 실시하였다. 이유식에 대한 인지도에 관한 항목 10문항의 응답별 분포를 파악하고 응답자 각각의 총점을 구하였으며, 대상 영유아의 체중 백분위수의 증감 여부를 알아보았다. 결 과: 이유식에 대한 정보를 얻는 방법이 '주위 사람들'인 응답이 62명(44.0%)으로 가장 많았고, '의사'가 3명(3.1%)으로 나타났으며, 이유식의 정의를 '밥과 같은 고형식을 먹이기 위한 준비단계'라고 답한 사람이 54명(38.3%)이었다. 이유식의 시작시기는 모유 수유를 하는 경우에는 '4~6개월'이라고 답한 사람이 31명(60.8%), 조제유 혹은 혼합수유를 하는 경우에는 '6~8개월'이 41명(45.6%), '4~6개월'이 40명(44.4%)으로 거의 비슷한 비중을 차지하였으며, 아기가 아토피피부염이 있거나 알레르기의 가족력이 있을 경우에는 '6~8개월' (45.4%)이라는 대답이 가장 많았다. 이유식을 주는 방법으로는 '숟가락' (90.8%), 이유식으로 가장 먼저 시작하기에 가장 좋은 음식은 '쌀미음, 죽' (78.7%), 이유식을 새로 추가하여 줄 때의 음식의 가짓수는 '1가지' (58.2%), 이유식을 새로 추가하여 줄 때의 시간 간격은 '4일~1주일' (50.3%), 이유식을 주는 시간대는 '모유나 조제유를 먹기 전에' (55.3%), 생우유를 주기 시작하는 시기는 '12개월 전후' (77.3%), 이유식을 주는 동안 설사, 구토, 발진과 같은 부작용이 일어났을 때의 대처방식으로는 '주던 이유식을 즉시 중단하되 증상이 호전되면 1~3개월 후 다시 시도한다' (85.1%)라고 바르게 답한 사람이 가장 많았다. 평균 점수는 6.21이었고, 각 응답자의 총점과 대상 아기들의 체중 증감 여부에 대한 상관관계에서는 통계적으로 유의성이 없었다. 결 론: 본 연구에서의 이유식에 대한 전체적인 인지도는 과거의 조사에서보다 개선되었으나, '의사'로부터 이유식 정보를 얻는 사람들이 점차 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 이유식에 대한 인지도와 아기들의 체중 증감과의 관계는 유의하지 않았으나, 앞으로의 이유식에 관한 연구에서는 여러 변수를 배제할 수 있는, 보다 통제된 집단을 대상으로 연구를 시행하는 것이 필요하리라 생각된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제56권5호
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• pp.537-553
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• 2023

본 연구는 이유식 단계에 따른 시판 이유식의 영양소 함량 및 영양적 질 평가를 바탕으로 객관적인 영양평가 결과를 제시하여 국내 시판 이유식의 영양소 함량 기준을 설정하는데 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 2021년 3월부터 12월까지 대형마트 방문조사와 이유식 업체 홈페이지를 통해 판매되고 있는 생후 5개월부터 36개월을 대상으로 한 시판 이유식 중 미음, 묽은 죽, 죽, 진밥, 밥에 해당하는 1,587개 제품의 식품 및 영양표시 정보를 수집하여 분석하였다. 판매업체 규모는 모든 이유식 단계에서 중소기업, 중견기업, 대기업 순으로 제품이 많았다 (p < 0.0001). 1포장량의 섭취 가능한 횟수는 1단계 2.8회, 2단계 1.9회, 3단계 1.4회, 4단계 1.1회로 나타났다. 모든 시판 이유식은 국내산 재료를 포함하고 있었으며, 99.8%의 제품에 유기농산물이 포함되어 있었다. 시판 이유식 재료의 DVS는 1단계 3.4점, 2단계 5.5점, 3단계 7.1점, 4단계 9.7점으로 이유식 단계가 높을수록 유의적으로 증가하였다 (p < 0.0001). KDDS는 1단계 2.3점, 2단계 2.8점, 3단계 3.0점, 4단계 3.4점으로 유의적으로 증가하였다 (p < 0.0001). 식품군 패턴 분석결과, 이유식 단계가 높을수록 각 이유식 단계 내에서 곡류군, 곡류군/채소류군, 곡류군/육류군을 재료로 사용한 패턴의 비율이 감소하였고, 곡류군/육류군/채소류군을 사용한 패턴의 비율이 증가하였다. 시판 이유식의 이유식 단계에 따른 KDDS에 따른 영양평가에서 1단계와 2단계 이유식의 단백질 충분섭취량 또는 권장섭취량에 대한 충족률은 2점 이하 제품과 3점 이상 제품에서 유의적인 차이를 보였고 (각각 p < 0.0001), 2점 이하 제품에 비해 3점 이상 제품의 충족률이 높았다. 3단계와 완료기 이유식의 단백질 권장섭취량에 대한 충족률은 KDDS가 증가할수록 충족률이 증가하였다 (각각 p < 0.0001). 시판 이유식의 이유식 단계별 CMV 패턴에 따른 영양평가에서 모든 이유식 단계의 단백질 함량과 단백질 충분섭취량 또는 권장섭취량에 대한 충족률은 육류군 (두류, 견과류, 육류, 난류, 어패류) 포함 여부에 따른 유의적인 차이를 보였으며 (각각 p < 0.0001), 육류군 제외 패턴에 비해 육류군이 포함된 식품군 패턴이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이상과 같이 본 연구는 시판 이유식의 영양표시 및 식품표시를 기반으로 영양적 질 평가를 실시하여 영·유아의 단계별 시판 이유식의 식품구성에 따른 영양적 가치에 대한 과학적이고 객관적인 평가 결과를 제시하였다. 이는 시판 이유식의 영양소 함량 기준 설정의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구를 기초로 하여 보다 다양한 형태의 이유식을 대상으로 한 다양한 각도의 영양평가를 통해 모유 섭취량을 고려한 영·유아 식사의 영양평가 기준과 시판 이유식의 영양소 함량 기준 설정을 위한 지속적인 연구 수행이 필요하다.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 1976

Introduction Recently, changes in the patterns and concepts of maternity care, in both developing and developed countries have been accelerating. An outstanding development in this field is the number of deliveries taking place in hospitals or maternity centers. In Korea, however, more than 90% of deliveries are carried out at home with the help of untrained relatives or even without helpers. It is estimated that less than 10% of deliveries are assisted by professional persons such as a physician or a midwife. Taking into account the shortage of professional person i11 rural Korea, it is difficult to expect widespread prenatal, postnatal, and delivery care by professional persons in the near future, It is unrealistic, therefore, to expect rapid development of MCH care by professional persons in rural Korea due to economic and sociological reasons. Given these conditions. it is reasonable that an educated village women could used as a "maternity aid", serving simple and technically easy roles in the MCH field, if we could give such a women incentive to do so. The midwife and physician are assigned difficult problems in the MCH field which could not be solved by the village worker. However, with the application of the village worker system, we could expect to improve maternal and child hoalth through the replacement of untrained relatives as birth attendants with educated and trained maternity aides. We hope that this system will be a way of improving MCH care, which is only one part of the general health services offered at the local health centre level. Problems of MCH in rural Korea The field of MCH is not only the weakest point in the medical field in our country hut it has also dropped behind other developing countries. Regarding the knowledge about pregnancy and delivery, a large proportion of our respondents reported having only a little knowledge, while 29% reported that they had "sufficient" knowledge. The average number of pregnancies among women residing in rural areas was 4.3 while the rate of women with 5 or more pregnancies among general women and women who terminated childbearing were 43 and 80% respectively. The rate of unwanted pregnancy among general women was 19.7%. The total rate for complications during pregnancy was 15.4%, toxemia being the major complication. The rate of pregnant women with chronic disease was 7%. Regarding the interval of pregnancy, the rates of pregnancy within 12 months and within 36 months after last delivery were 9 and 49% respectively. Induced abortion has been increasing in rural areas, being as high as 30-50% in some locations. The maternal death rate was shown 10 times higher than in developed countries (35/10,000 live births). Prenatal care Most women had no consultation with a physician during the prenatal period. Of those women who did have prenatal care, the majority (63%) received such care only 1 or 2 times throughout the entire period of pregnancy. Also, in 80% of these women the first visit Game after 4 months of gestation. Delivery conditions This field is lagging behind other public health problems in our country. Namely, more than 95% of the women deliveried their baby at home, and delivery attendance by a professional person occurred only 11% of the time. Attendance rate by laymen was 78% while those receiving no care at all was 16%. For instruments used to cut the umbilical corn, sterilized scissors were used by 19%, non-sterilized scissors by 63% and 16% used sickles. Regarding delivery sheets, the rate of use of clean sheets was only 10%, unclean sheets, vinyl and papers 72%, and without sheets, 18%. The main reason for not using a hospital as a place of delivery was that the women felt they did not need it as they had previously experience easy deliveries outside hospitals. Difficult delivery composed about 5% of the total. Child health The main food for infants (95%) was breast milk. Regarding weaning time, the rates within one year, up to one and half, two, three and more than three years were 28,43,60,81 and 91% respectively, and even after the next pregnancy still continued lactation. The vaccination of children is the only service for child health in rural Korea. As shown in the Table, the rates of all kinds of vaccination were very low and insufficient. Infant death rate was 42 per 1,000 live births. Most of the deaths were caused by preventable diseases. Death of infants within the neonatal period was 83% meaning that deaths from communicable diseases decreased remarkably after that time. Infant deaths which occurred without medical care was 52%. Methods of improvement in the MCH field 1. Through the activities of village health workers (VHW) to detect pregnant women by home visiting and. after registration. visiting once a month to observe any abnormalities in pregnant women. If they find warning signs of abnormalities. they refer them to the public health nurse or midwife. Sterilized delivery kits were distributed to the expected mother 2 weeks prior to expected date of delivery by the VHW. If a delivery was expected to be difficult, then the VHW took the mother to a physician or call a physician to help after birth, the VHW visits the mother and baby to confirm health and to recommend the baby be given proper vaccination. 2. Through the midwife or public health nurse (aid nurse) Examination of pregnant women who are referred by the VHW to confirm abnormalities and to treat them. If the midwife or aid nurse could not solve the problems, they refer the pregnant women to the OB-GY specialist. The midwife and PHN will attend in the cases of normal deliveries and they help in the birth. The PHN will conduct vaccination for all infants and children under 5, years old. 3. The Physician will help only in those cases referred to him by the PHN or VHW. However, the physician should examine all pregnant women at least three times during their pregnancy. First, the physician will identify the pregnancy and conduct general physical examination to confirm any chronic disease that might disturb the continuity of the pregnancy. Second, if the pregnant woman shows any abnormalities the physician must examine and treat. Third, at 9 or 10 months of gestation (after sitting of the baby) the physician should examine the position of the fetus and measure the pelvis to recommend institutional delivery of those who are expected to have a difficult delivery. And of course. the medical care of both the mother and the infants are responsible of the physician. Overall, large areas of the field of MCH would be served by the VHW, PHN, or midwife so the physician is needed only as a parttime worker.