• Journal of Auto-vehicle Safety Association
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.12-17
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• 2016

NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) has offered consumers the vehicle safety information on their car since 1978. NHTSA believes that they contribute auto makers to develop safer vehicle for customers, which will result in even lower numbers of deaths and injuries resulting from motor vehicle crashes. NHTSA has been studied why people are still dying in frontal test despite of the use of many restraints system and they understand that current test does not reflect real world crash data such as oblique and corner impact test. As a result, NHTSA announced that a new test method will be introduced to use of enhanced biofidelic dummy and new crash avoidance technology evaluation from 2019. New and refined injury criteria will be applied to Head / Neck / Chest / Lower Leg. BrIC(Brain Injury Criterion)value in NHTSA test results using THOR dummy from 2014 to 2015 was average 0.91 and 1.24 in driver and passenger dummies. IIHS 64kph SOF test is the most likely to new frontal oblique test in an aspect of offset impact which is being studied by NHTSA. In this paper, we focused on head injury, especially brain injury - BrIC and conducted IIHS 64kph SOF (Small Offset Front) test with Hybrid III dummy to evaluate the injury for BrIC. Based on the test results, these data can be predicted BrIC level and US NCAP rating with current vehicle.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.73-79
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• 2003

To discover the sources with antioxidative activity in traditional medicines, 100 extracts of Korean medicinal plants were screened for their scavenging effect on peroxynitrite $(ONOO^{-})$ and total reactive oxygen species (ROS). The potency of total ROS scavenging activity was shown in the extracts of 25 plants, and 4 of their species, Macleaya cordata R. Br., Salvia plebeia R. Br., Cassia tora L. and Angelica gigas Nakai, had a greater effect with $IC_{50}$ values of $1.7{\pm}0.36$, $4.3{\pm}1.08$, $4.9{\pm}0.17$ and $5.8{\pm}1.01\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively, than that of trolox, positive control $(7.61{\pm}0.12\;{\mu}g/ml)$. Another 35 extracts exhibited inhibitory effect of below 50 percent at $100\;{\mu}g/ml$ of sample concentrations on total ROS, while the rest observed total ROS generators rather than scavengers. The peroxynitrite scavenging activities were observed in the greater part of the plants tested. Five of them, Schisandra chinensis Baill, Campsis grandiflora (Thunb.) K. Schum., Cedrela sinensis A. Juss., Pleuropterus multiflorus Turcz. and Veronica linariaefolia Pall represented scavenging activities on peroxynitrite twice as strong with $IC_{50}$ Values of $0.48{\pm}0.10$, $0.59{\pm}0.15$, $0.60{\pm}0.10$, $0.64{\pm}0.10$ and $0.91{\pm}0.23\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively, as that of penicillamine $(1.72{\pm}0.05\;{\mu}g/ml)$, positive control. Consequently, 25 species of the entire plants tested, exhibited scavenging activities on total ROS and $ONOO^{-}$, Salvia plebeia R. Br., Macleaya cordata R. Br., Cassia tora L. and Angelica gigas Nakai exerted potent scavenging activities on both radicals.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.2 s.30
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• pp.414-432
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• 1995

In order to prove the antitumer effect of Bupleuri Radix(BR) and Artemisiae capillaris Herba(ACH) experimently, studies were done. The antitumer effect against hepatic cancer such as Hep G2, PLC & Hep 313, and also th synergastic action was evaulatcd in the combined treatment with anticancer drugs using chiefly for liver cancer, such as mitomycin(MMC), cisplatin(CPT) and 5-fluorouracil(5-FU). The results were obtained as follows: 1. IC50 against Hep G2, Hep 3B and PLC was 15.5ug/ml, 25.4ug/ml, 31.25ug/ml in Mitomycin (MMC), 92.5ug/ml, 50.2ug/ml, 62.5ug/ml in cisplatin(CPT) and 125ug/ml in 5-fluouracil(5- FU) respectively. 2. The antitumor effect was shown in the all concentrations of ACH, BR and below 55%-Cytotoxic effect against Hep G2 as compared with the date of control was shown in the concentration of $10^{-4}g/ml$ above of BR but not in ACH and also BR and ACHI revealed the synergistic effect with MMC. 3. The antitumor effect was shown in the concentration of $10^{-5}g/ml$ above of ACH, BR and below 55%-Cytotoxic effect against Hep 3B as compared with the data of control was shown in the concentration of $10^{-5}g/ml$ above of ACH but not in BH and also BR & ACH revealed the svnergistic effect with MMC. 4. The antitumor effect was shown in the all concentrations of ACH, BR and 55%-Cytotoxic effect against PLC as compared with the data of control was shown in the concentration of $10^{-5}g/ml$ above of ACH but not in BR and also ACH revealed the synergistic effect with MMC. From the above results it was concluded that Artemisiae capillaris had antitumor effect against PLC, Hep 3B, Bupleuri Radix against Hep G2 and also MMC showed the most synergistic effect in the anticancer drugs.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.49-58
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• 2011

We calculate the energy spectra of cosmic ray (CR) protons and electrons at a plane shock with quasi-parallel magnetic fields, using time-dependent, diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) simulations, including energy losses via synchrotron emission and Inverse Compton (IC) scattering. A thermal leakage injection model and a Bohm type diffusion coefficient are adopted. The electron spectrum at the shock becomes steady after the DSA energy gains balance the synchrotron/IC losses, and it cuts off at the equilibrium momentum $p_{eq}$. In the postshock region the cutoff momentum of the electron spectrum decreases with the distance from the shock due to the energy losses and the thickness of the spatial distribution of electrons scales as $p^{-1}$. Thus the slope of the downstream integrated spectrum steepens by one power of p for $p_{br}$ < p < $p_{eq}$, where the break momentum decreases with the shock age as $p_{br}\;{\infty}\;t^{-1}$. In a CR modified shock, both the proton and electron spectrum exhibit a concave curvature and deviate from the canonical test-particle power-law, and the upstream integrated electron spectrum could dominate over the downstream integrated spectrum near the cutoff momentum. Thus the spectral shape near the cutoff of X-ray synchrotron emission could reveal a signature of nonlinear DSA.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1019-1021
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• 2009

Antiproliferative activity of the ethanol extract of Atractylodes japonica rhizomes (AJEX) was investigated using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assays with various cancer cell lines (HL-60, MCF-7, SK-Br-3, MDA-MB-453, HepG2, Hep3B, PC-3, LNCaP, MKN 28, MKN 45, and HT-29 cells). Gastric carcinoma cell lines were the most responsive in terms of cell proliferation. The $IC_{50}$ of MKN 28 and MKN 45 cells were 35.98 and 27.57 ${\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Moreover, gastric carcinoma cells exposed to AJEX underwent apoptosis, as determined by Annexin V binding assay. Compared to respective control level, exposure to the AJEX at each $IC_{50}$ concentration resulted in a remarkable increase in the shift of cell populations. Present results suggest that AJEX possess potential anticancer properties.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.9
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• pp.1370-1377
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• 2013

Rice is widely grown in Asia and is one of the major dietary staples in the world. Also, rice contains antioxidants which can prevent from oxidative stress related diseases, including cancer, atherosclerosis, and diabetes. Because the rice is consumed cooked, the effect of the cooking process on the antioxidative and antigenotoxic properties of rice is lacking. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of cooking on the antioxidant and antigenotoxic effects of white rice (WR), brown rice (BR), and germinated brown rice (GBR). The antioxidant activities were measured for total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH radical scavenging activity (DPPH RSA), total antioxidant capacity (TRAP), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). The highest TPC was found in uncooked BR (18.4 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g). After cooking, the TPC of WR significantly increased, while the TPC of BR and GBR were reduced by 47.7% and 36.7%, respectively. The $IC_{50}$ for DPPH RSA was not significantly different in uncooked rice, while the DPPH RSA of WR and GBR decreased after cooking and the DPPH RSA of BR significantly increased. TRAP values in BR and GBR increased after cooking, while the value of WR decreased. The ORAC values of uncooked WR, BR, and GBR were 5.3, 4.3, and $3.9{\mu}M$ trolox equivalent at the concentration of $50{\mu}g/mL$. After cooking, the ORAC value of BR remained unchanged, while the value of GBR increased and the value of WR decreased. The antigenotoxic activities of WR, BR, and GBR were determined by measuring the inhibitory effects of $H_2O_2$-induced DNA damage on human leukocytes using the comet assay. The results showed that all rice tested showed a significant antigenotoxic effect against oxidative stress, except for the cooked white rice. Overall, our results indicate the addition of brown rice and/or germinated brown rice to cooked white rice is a good option for improving the benefits of rice.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.367-371
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• 2013

The half maximal inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50}$) values and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) values were calculated by a 2,2'-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and a 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid ($ABTS^{+{\cdot}}$) assay, in order to determine the antioxidative activities of the compounds. On the basis of the DPPH assay, quercetin had the strongest antioxidative potential of the flavonoids, followed in order by fisetin, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone, morin and kaempferol. Quercetin, fisetin and 7,8-dihydroxyflavone had higher antioxidant potentials than butyl hydroxyl anisole. Quercetin had the highest TEAC value amongst the flavonoids and isoflavonoids, followed in order by 3-hydroxyflavone, fisetin, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone and morin. Comparatively, isoflavonoids were found to have significantly weaker antioxidative potential than the flavonoids.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.32 no.1 s.124
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• pp.55-60
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• 2001

The comparison of $IC_{50}$ values of Salvia plebeia R. Br. extracts on L1210, $P388D_1$ cancer and Vero normal cell lines showed that the n-hexane soluble extract of S. plebeia R. Br. retains the most growth-inhibitory activity against tumor cell lines. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract against microorganisms were also examined. Antimicrobial activity of amocla and ketoconazole as references was compared to those of other solvent extracts such as $H_2O$, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. The antimicrobial activity of extract had growth inhibition activity against gramnegative bacteria, gram-positive bacteria and fungi $(MIC\;>\;200\;{\mu}g/ml)$ except for n-hexane extract. Seven bacterial strains were tested for in vitro susceptibility to the extract of S. plebeia R. Br. However the n-hexane extract of S. plebeia R. Br. inhibited the growth of several bacterial strains (MIC values between 100 and $200\;{\mu}g/ml$ for gram positive bacteria, $25\;{\mu}g/ml$ for P. putida).

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.284-295
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• 2008

For plastics samples, a method using combustion ion chromatography was selected as a method for rapid low-cost analysis to test whether hazardous substances are contained or not. Using combustion ion chromatography, a verification test for F, Cl and Br compounds generated a linear calibration curve with a correlation coefficient of $r^2$ = 0.999~1.000 in the calibration range from 0.5 to 4.0 mg/kg. The detection limits were found to be 0.005~0.024 mg/kg and quantitative limits were found to be 0.014~0.073 mg/kg. The recoveries of combustion ion chromatography using certified reference material (CRM) were found to be 95.5~104.9%. Based on these results, a proficiency test was conducted together with several laboratories in and out of the country, to make comparative analysis of the results from each laboratory. As a result, the data supported the use of combustion ion chromatography as an effective analysis method to deal with regulations for halogen-free electronic products and for other hazardous substances in the electronic products.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.353-360
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• 1991

5-substituted uridine(I,Br,Cl), 5'-amino-5'-deoxyuridine conjugates of amino acid, peptide and penicillin G, 5'-monophosphate uridine derivatives and 5'-monophosphate-fatty acid detrivatives were chemically synthesized. Their biological activities were determined as MIC and IC/sub 50/ unit against various pathogenic microorganisms in vitro. 5'-amino-5'-deoxyuridine-cyclo(Phe-Asp)(23), 5-iodo-5'-amino-deoxyuridine-penicillin G(26) were the most efficient; their IC/sub 50/ against L5178Y murine lymphoma cell was 6.5 h/ml, MIC against S. aureus (+) and E. coli (-) was 6.25 g/ml. MIC of 5-bromo-2', 3'-O-isopropylideneuridine(6) against Trichophyton rubrum was 0.2 g/ml. And 5'-monophosphate derivatives are more active than simple uridine derivatives, suggesting other modified nucleoside 5'-phosphate may be worthwhile examing further as a new prodrugs.