• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.301-310
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• 2014

Country-specific data for net calorific values and carbon emission factors requires for a higher tier estimate of greenhouse gas emissions in the energy sector. The objective of this study is to develop country-specific net calorific values and carbon emission factors for petroleum energy produced in Korea. Calorific values and carbon contents of the fuels were measured using the oxygen bomb calorimeter method and the CHN elemental analysis method, respectively. Sulfur and hydrogen contents, which were used to calculate the net calorific value, were also measured and then net calorific values and carbon emission factors were determined based on the measurement results. The net calorific values and carbon emission factors determined for the petroleum produced in Korea 2012 and 2013 were compared to those in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Most of the values were different compared with the default values of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines although those were placed within their upper and lower limits. Time series analysis results showed inconsistent seasonal variation for the net calorific values and carbon emission factors.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.13-18
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• 2009

Flight vehicles such as wheel wells and bomb bays have many cavities. The flow around a cavity is characterized as an unsteady flow because of the formation and dissipation of vortices brought about by the interaction between the free stream shear layer and the internal flow of the cavity. The resonance phenomena can damage the structures around the cavity and negatively affect the aerodynamic performance and stability of the vehicle. In this study, a numerical analysis was performed for the cavity flows using the unsteady compressible three-dimensional Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation with Wilcox's turbulence model. The Message Passing Interface (MPI) parallelized code was used for the calculations by PC-cluster. The cavity has aspect ratios (L/D) of 2.5 ~ 7.5 with width ratios (W/D) of 2 ~ 4. The Mach and Reynolds numbers are 0.4 ~ 0.6 and $1.6{\times}106$, respectively. The occurrence of oscillation is observed in the "shear layer and transient mode" with a feedback mechanism. Based on the Sound Pressure Level (SPL) analysis of the pressure variation at the cavity trailing edge, the dominant frequencies are analyzed and compared with the results of Rossiter's formula. The dominant frequencies are very similar to the result of Rossiter's formula and other experimental data in the low aspect ratio cavity (L/D = ~ 4.5). In the large aspect ratio cavity, however, there are other low dominant frequencies due to the leading edge shear layer with the dominant frequencies of the feedback mechanism. The characteristics of the acoustic wave propagation are analyzed using the Correlation of Pressure Distribution (CPD).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.24-25
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• 2003

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is now the pre-eminent vertebrate model system for clarification of the roles of specific genes and signaling pathways in development. I will talk about positional cloning of two developmental mutants in zebrafish. The first mutant is headless: The vertebrate organizer can induce a complete body axis when transplanted to the ventral side of a host embryo by virtue of its distinct head and trunk inducing properties. Wingless/Wntantagonists secreted by the organizer have been identified as head inducers. Their ectopic expression can promote head formation, whereas ectopic activation of Wnt signalling during early gastrulation blocks head formation. These observations suggest that the ability of head inducers to inhibit Wntsignalling during formation of anterior structures is what distinguishes them from trunk inducers that permit the operation of posteriorizing Wnt signals. I describe the zebrafish headless (hdl) mutant and show that its severe head defects are due to a mutation in T-cell factor-3 (Tcf3), a member of the Tcf/Lef family. Loss of Tcf3 function in the hdl mutant reveals that hdl represses Wnt target genes. I provide genetic evidence that a component of the Wntsignalling pathway is essential in vertebrate head formation and patterning. Second mutant is mind bomb: Lateral inhibition, mediated by Notch signaling, leads to the selection of cells that are permitted to become neurons within domains defined by proneuralgene expression. Reduced lateral inhibition in zebrafish mib mutant embryos permits too many neural progenitors to differentiate as neurons. Positional cloning of mib revealed that it is a gene in the Notch pathway that encodes a RING ubiquitin ligase. Mib interacts with the intracellular domain of Delta to promote its ubiquitylation and internalization. Cell transplantation studies suggest that mib function is essential in the signaling cell for efficient activation of Notch in neighboring cells. (중략)

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.69-89
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• 2006

Biological mechanisms for ionizing radiation effects are different at low doses than at high doses. Radiation hormesis involves low-dose-induced protection and high-dose-induced harm. The protective component is associated with a reduction in the incidence of cancer below the spontaneous frequency, brought about by activation of defensive and repair processes. The Linear No-Threshold (LNT) hypothesis advocated by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and the Biological Effects of ionizing Radiation (BEIR) Report VII for cancer risk estimations Ignores hormesis and the presence of a threshold. Cancer incidences significantly less than expected have been found in a large number of epidemiological studies including, airline flight personnel, inhabitants of high radiation backgrounds, shipyard workers, nuclear site workers in scores of locations throughout the world, nuclear power utility workers, plutonium workers, military nuclear test site Participants, Japanese A-bomb survivors, residents contaminated by major nuclear accidents, residents of Taiwan living in $^{60}Co$ contaminated buildings, fluoroscopy and mammography patients, radium dial painters, and those exposed to indoor radon. Significantly increased cancer was not found at doses <200 $mSv^*$. Evidence for radiation hormesis was seen in both sexes for acute or chronic exposures, low or high LET radiations, external whole- or partial body exposures, and for internal radionuclides. The ubiquitous nature of the Healthy Worker Effect (HWE)-like responses in cellular, animal and epidemiological studies negates the HWE as an explanation for radiation hormesis. The LNT hypothesis is wrong and does not represent the true nature of the dose-response relationship, since low doses or dose-rates commonly result in thresholds and reduce cancer incidences below the spontaneous rate. Radiation protection organizations should seriously consider the cost and health implications of radiation hormesis.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.31-35
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• 2001

Currently if we are to make a thought to depend on our fast developing information technology, a future war is necessarily to be made a situation of a cyber information warfare. A attacker in the cyber information warfare is able to make attack a military or a civil information and communication system, especially if a attack of a hacker, a virus or a electromagnetic pulse bomb at a military C4ISR system is able to make a confusion or a interruption in military operations, they are available to attack as a real time with non restrictions of physical distance, time, weather and space. While a expenditure of carrying out the cyber information warfares is the lowest expenditure, a effect of carrying out the cyber information warfares is the greatest effect in side of a interruption of information, a confusion, a terror, a pillage and crime of the people. This paper is to introduce "weapons of cyber information warfares", "offence capability of cyber information warfares about several nations" and to propose "a cyber information warfare organization" or the future knowledge warfare. the future knowledge warfare.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.521-526
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• 2020

Airfield pavements, such as runways and taxiways, are essential for smooth take-off and landing of fixed-wing aircraft and are the most important installation for the military to carry out air operations during wartime. Therefore, in wartime, it is necessary to reduce the damage to these installations and repair them in the shortest possible time. Recently, the pattern of attack is changing from the use of conventional high explosive which is to create large craters to the use of multiple warheads weapon system which is to effectively attack enemy's airfields but unrelated to accuracy. Hence in this study, through identifying the specification and composition of multiple warheads weapon system, we checked the protection performance and damage patterns of the pavement when explosion occurred on the installed military runway and taxiway by the multiple warheads weapon system. And The multiple warheads weapon systems is able to cause extensive damage but the destructive power of each warhead is not as great, so I would like to propose an airfield pavement design plan for minimal protection against such attacks.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.367-373
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• 1993

A 4-week energy balance study was conducted to estimate the energy expenditure (EE) of 7 high school age girl, 15 to 16 year age, by measurement of energy intakes and changes in body energy (BE) content (intake/balance technique), keeping their normal living pattern and eating behavior. Gross energy intake (GE) and fecal energy (FE) loss was measured by bomb calorimetry. Urinary energy (UE) loss was calculated from nitrogen excreted. Fat mass (FM) was determined from body density estimated from skinfold thickness. Mean constitutional ratio of carbohydrate, protein and fat for the total energy intake was 70.1$\pm$1.8%, 12.2$\pm$0.7% and 17.7$\pm$2.0%, respectively, Fecal energy loss was 2.8% proportion of the gross energy intake. Mean daily metabolizable energy estimated by subtract fecal and urinary energy loss was 2022 $\pm$ 50㎉. Total body energy change estimated from body composition change over 28days was increased 2400 $\pm$ 950㎉ . Mean daily energy expenditure was 1958$\pm$87㎉ (39$\pm$2㎉ /kg of body weight).

• Korean Management Science Review
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.109-133
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• 2015

This paper considers the allocation and engagement scheduling of air defense missiles by using MIP (mixed integer programming). Specifically, it focuses on developing a realistic MIP model for a real battle situation where multiple enemy missiles are headed toward valuable defended assets and there exist multiple air defense missiles to counteract the threats. In addition to the conventional objective such as the minimization of surviving target value, the maximization of total intercept altitude is introduced as a new objective. The intercept altitude of incoming missiles is important in order to minimize damages from debris of the intercepted missiles and moreover it can be critical if the enemy warhead contains an atomic or chemical bomb. The concept of so called the time window is used to model the engagement situation and a continuous time is assumed for flying times of the both missiles. Lastly, the model is extended to simulate the situation where the guidance radar, which guides a defense missile to its target, has the maximum guidance capacity. The initial mathematical model developed contains several non-linear constraints and a non-linear objective function. Hence, the linearization of those terms is performed before it is solved by a commercially available software. Then to thoroughly examine the MIP model, the model is empirically evaluated with several test problems. Specifically, the models with different objective functions are compared and several battle scenarios are generated to evaluate performance of the models including the extended one. The results indicate that the new model consistently presents better and more realistic results than the compared models.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.9-20
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• 2015

A strainmeter goes through a period of instability immediately after installation. To determine the stability of strainmeters installed around the Andong fault zone, South Korea, an x-MR control chart analysis and a T² control chart analysis were conducted. The x-MR control chart analysis used an empirically determined 3σ control limit line to identify abnormal data in recently installed strain gauges. In the T² control chart analysis, the control limit line was set at a confidence of 95%. A comparison of the early stage of measurement with the terminal stage of measurement for three months after installation indicates that stabilization depends on the location and direction of each strain gauge in x-MR control chart analysis. In the T² control chart analysis, the number of values exceeding the control limit line decreased as the terminal stage was approached. Based on these results, it is suggested that the 3σ control limit line of an x-MR control chart can be used as a standard for single gauge stability, and that the 95% confidence limit of a T² control chart analysis could be used as the standard for the stability of multi-gauge strainmeters.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.14 no.5 s.52
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• pp.106-113
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• 2005

New images percolate through human consciousness by the media such as movies, TV programs, and brilliant advertisements. These images reproduce new ' things ' throughout the ' semantic processes ' by those who experience and recognize them. Alvin Toffler describes it as the ' information bomb ' and ' image fragments ' in his talk about the new paradigm of information-oriented era. The increasing number of images and their accelerating rate of appearance imply that images become more momentary, and are evidence that they are transforming entire human life and consciousness. Such awareness means a lot to a designer. Especially, the subject that how modern space-dominating images are related to the structure and materials constituting the space and communicate with human mind will be an important factor in establishing the human-space relationship in the future. Furthermore, the present age overspread with various medium is not the only one privileged of the images that exist within space. They are the results of continuous expansion of existing images, and also process of evolution of space powered by the fusion of images and digital media. Imagified space is a boundary layer of Cyberspace, and the space itself becomes an interface by human recognition and participation. Now, the functional classification of spaces such as ' office, ' ' cafe, ' and ' school ' is meaningless. Whatever it may be, the function of a space is defined by the information it interfaces, and therefore it becomes an interface to information through a large number of images. Based on this idea, we will observe the imagificaiton of space in the form of discussion, and from that, try to understand the phenomenon through the real world examples.