• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2004

To know the effects on temperature and body size on the clearance rate (CR) of a small tidal flat bivalve, Coecella chinensis, laboratory experiments were performed with 20 individuals of different sizes (ranging from 7 to 25 mm) at 3 different temperatures (10, 15, $20^{\circ}C$). The relationship between body size and CR was determined by an allometric equation. The CR of C. chinensis varied greatly ranging from 0.003 to 0.103 L/individual/hr. Both temperature and body size affected significantly on the CR of C. chinensis. The CR at $20^{\circ}C$was 1.5 times higher than that at $15^{\circ}C$ and 2.8 times than $10^{\circ}C$. The temperature coefficient ($Q_10$) between 10 and $15^{\circ}C$ was higher than that between 15 and $20^{\circ}C$, which indicates that C. chinensis changes its CR more rapidly in lower temperature range. As body size increased, the CR increased more than 10-fold at all temperatures. The CR relative to flesh dry weight (FDW) were fitted well to the power function: CR = a ${\times}$ $(FDW)^b$. The exponent value (b) of the fitted equation ranged from 0.64 to 0.70, which are similar to those of other bivalves. The weight-specific CR ($CR_w$) was still affected by body size (p < 0.05). This implies that smaller individuals require more energy per unit biomass for growth, and the energy requirement for growth decreases as body size increases.

• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.53-64
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• 2017

Purpose : This study investigated the effects of active warming using a Warm Touch warming system or a cotton blanket in postoperative patients after general anesthesia for abdominal surgery. Methods : This quasi-experimental study utilized two experimental groups and one control group: a cotton-blanket group (n = 25) were warmed with a cotton blanket and a sheet; a forced-air warming group (n = 24) were warmed with a Warm Touch warming system, a cotton blanket, and a sheet; and a control group (n = 25) were warmed with a sheet. Measurement variables were postoperative pain, body temperature, and thermal discomfort. Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA, ${\chi}^2-tests$, Fisher's exact test, and a repeated measures ANOVA. Results : The effects of active warming using a Warm Touch warming system and a cotton blanket on postoperative patients was significant in reducing pain (F = 13.91, p < .001) and increasing body temperature (F = 12.49, p < .001). Conclusion : Active warming made a significant difference in pain and body temperature changes. Active warming methods may help patients' postoperative recovery and prevent complications. Further research is needed to explore the effects and side effects of active warming on recovering normothermia.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.219-223
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• 2021

Considering the current COVID 19 pandemic, herein, we developed a material that can be used to fabricate a device for checking the body temperature of a person who has been exposed to influenza or corona virus. This material was formed by mixing pluronic F127 (F127) with a polydiacetylene (PDA) vesicle, which was formed with 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid. The color of the system started to change from blue to light purple at 37 ℃, finally turning reddish at 40 ℃. Thus, the developed material can be used to detect changes in body temperature, and thus, detect signs of fever. The mixing ratio of the PDA vesicle and F127 was an important factor for controlling the temperature at which the color change started. The results showed that the color change accompanied by the separation of the PDA vesicle with F127. We believe that this phenomenon plays an important role in reducing the conjugation length in the double and triple bond of PDA.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.95-100
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• 1995

Serum electrolyte concentration and body weight were determined before and after exercise for 2h in Korean cyclists. The serum concentration of electrolytes (Na, Ca, Zn, K, P and Cl) was increased but that of Mg was decreased as a result of exercise. The increase of serum K and P concentration was statistically significant after exercise. As the exercise time increased, the loss of body weight also increased due to dehydration and sweat. The loss of body weight ranged 1.0 to 2.3 Kg as a function of exercise time but cyclists showed the exhaustion and muscle fatigue 2h after exercise. As the ambient temperature increased, the loss of body weight was slightly increased. However, frequent drinking water was required because of dehydration and thirst. Although frequent drinking water may reduce weight loss and thirst during exercise, sports drinking beverages simultaneously containing electrolytes and nutrients are more useful to replenish loss of water and electrolytes in an exhausted condition, resulting in the improvement of physical performance.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.403-412
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• 2005

The purpose of this investigation is examining how treatment for foot reflex massage affect the changes in body temperature and blood composition. The cases of experiment are 10 male(n=2) and female(n=8) who don't have special clinical problems. This is the process of experiment. First, we photograph the anterior part and posterior of the upper, lower half of the body with an infrared imaging system. Second, among same parts, we compare the temperature of the whole body before treatment for foot reflex massage with the temperature after it. Then we draw blood from the body and observe a change: in numerical value of blood before and after treatment. Before and after treatment, we come to measure temperature of the whole body, the numerical value of WBC, RBC, platelet, HCT, Hb through analysis of blood, and the result of AST(GOT), ALT(GPT), ALP, GGT through analysis of serum enzyme activity of blood. There were no significant differences in blood composition. In terms of SPSS statistic program, when we explain each numerical value before and after foot massage, the abdominal, the buttocks, the femoral region universally take successful results about a change in body temperature(p<0.05).

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.315-320
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• 2005

With regard to the fact that temperature of human body remains almost constant at $37^{\circ}C$, changes by circadian variation, this study intended to investigate the effect of circadian rhythm on physiological responses of human body according to body fat rate. Fifteen healthy adult women were recruited for this study and were measured body fat as a method of bio impedance. We organized subjects into three groups ; low body fat group(group L-less than 20% of body fat), medium body fat group(group M-20%~30% of body fat) and high body fat group(group H-more than 30% of body fat). The experiment was carried out in a climate chamber of $32^{\circ}C$, 60% RH with the repeat of 'Exercise' and 'Rest' period. Subjects participated in two experiments, one is morning experiment(called 'AM'), the other is afternoon experiment (called 'PM'). The results of this study are as follows ; As to the variation of rectal temperature, group L and M had a significant difference in the time of the day between AM and PM, but group H had almost the same rectal temperature in the two kinds of experimental time. The reason why group H had a smaller difference in the circadian rhythm of rectal temperature in this study is estimated at the Budd et al.(1991)'s results that body fat had effects on reduction in thermogenesis, radiation, mean skin temperature, and increase in insulation of the tissues. Group M had the highest mean skin temperature in the 'PM'. All the 3 groups didn't have stable values in 'AM'. But it showed more stable in 'PM' than 'AM'. Sweat rate was the highest in group H in both 'AM' and 'PM'. Group M had larger sweat rate in 'PM' than 'AM'. but in group L and H, sweat rate was almost the same in two kinds of time of the day. This result suggests that who have more or less body fat have larger difference in sweat rate between morning and afternoon than who have normal body fat.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.59-73
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• 2000

Depression is a psychiatric syndrom consisting of dejected mood, psychomotor retardation, insomnia and weight loss, sometimes associated with irrational guilt feeling. And it is also similiar to Hwa-byung(火病) symptom in oriental medicine. But it is difficult to diagnose with objective method. Digital Infrared Thermographic Imaging(D.I.T.I.) is one of diagnotic method that measure the changes of skin temperature in body. Specially we checked the skin temperature on depressed patients by using D.I.T.I. and compared with Bell's palsy patients and normal persons group. The results are as follows; Average body temperature of the depressed patient group is $36.68{\pm}0.43^{\circ}C.$ and that of the control group is $36.73{\pm}0.40^{\circ}C.$. So there is no meaningful difference. The depressed patient group has higher temperature than the control group by ${\triangle}T>1.0^{\circ}C$ at the following acupuncture points in these body parts - upper and lower, left and right, anterior and posterior. When acupuncture points temperature was compared superior and inferior part of the body, depressed patient group have meaningful difference at the GV-4(Myung-moon) and also in the control group. When acupuncture points temperature was compared left and right part of the body, depressed patient group have no meaningful difference and also in the control group. When acupuncture points temperature was compared in the anterior and posterior part of the body, depressed patient group have meaningful difference at the GV-4(Myung- moon) and also in the control group. From this study, we think that D.I.T.I. could be used to diagnose objectively on the depressed patients and useful to another psychoneurogenic diagnosis in oriental medicine.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.103-121
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• 2003

Human being can't live without nature, then the changes of nature affect human body. It means that human body has corresponding changes to the KI(vital energy) of nature. There is a stream of changes in human body which circulate mysteriously and punctually by the laws of nature. If this stream of changes fits into human's life style, it would be most effective. It has a certain mode continuously. So if a person has a habit fitting into it, he will get the healthiest body. Then the researcher tries to explain the changes in human body by the time, mainly focused on within 24 hours. it is showing not only the oriental view, but also the western's. The researcher can find the coincidence as followings. At In-Si(3-5 am), the body function and the body temperature get to the bottom, therefore it's good for him to wake up and to run the vital energy. At Sa-Si(9-11 am), the patience on pain anxiety and the psychic concentration get to the top, he'd better start the work. At O-Si(11am-1pm), the heart energy has a vital move, then the blood concentration of Hb(hemoglobin) gets to the top. At Mi-Si(1-3 pm), the muscle strength, the squeeze, and the breathing rate increase. The reflex nerve sensitivity gets to the top. Creativity, observation, and working efficiency go high, so it's time to work hard. At Hae-Si(9pm-1am), the body function falls, sleeping is needed. At Chuck-Si(1-3 am), the cell spontaneity gets to the top, immune lymphocyte moves actively, and the blood concentration of growth hormone gets to the top. These are liver's work. In west, there has been active studies on how to reduce the side effect by using a person's bio-rhythm based on the 'time treatment', and how to reorganize the bio-rhythm by using the machine and the age resistance based on the 'bio-watch'. Though the 'time treatment' means something, the artificial resistance on bio-rhythm seems to give bad effects to human body. If a person lives by regimen of oriental medicine, he will maintain the healthiest body. Regimen is that human body follows the laws of nature, and moves its mysterious, Punctual and periodical changes.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.17-34
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• 1993

Experimental studies were done to know effect of insensible water loss of Hwangkitang(HKT) in mice. After administration of extract of HKT to the mice, changes of body temperature, body weight, serum Sodium and chloride ion was measured. And sametime, serum antibody to SRBC, delayed hypersensitivity and phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes(PMN) was measured to know immunologic effect. The results obtained as follows; 1. After exposure to $40^{\circ}C$ environment, increment of body temperature in treated group was slower than control group during first 40 minute, and no difference after 40 minute. 2. After exposured to $40^{\circ}C$ environment, decrement of body weight in treated group except administration group of 1.0g/kg extract of HKT was slower than control group during first 40 minute, and no difference after 40 minute. 3. After exposured to $40^{\circ}C$ environment, decrement of body weight in administration group of 4.0g/kg extract of HKT to mice was slower than control group during first 20 minute(p<0.005). 4. After exposure to $40^{\circ}C$ environment there was no stastical difference between treated group and control group in changes of serum sodium and chloride ion. 5. There was no statistical differences between treated group and control group in changes of serum antibody, delayed hypersensitivity and phagocytic activity of PMN.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.363-368
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• 1999

The effects of continuous administration of propofol on the blood, liver and kidney of dogs were evaluated. Propofol(5mg/kg) was repeatedly administered to 8 mongrel dogs intravenously for consecutive seven days. Time to recovery, body temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate were measured and recorded during experimental period. Hematology (WBC, RBC, PCV) and serum chemistry (AST, ALT, BUN, Creatinine) were also monitored for eight days. Time to standing significantly decreased on day 4 and 6 compared with that on day 1. Body temperature 5 minutes after injection on day 5 and 6, and respiratory rate before injection on day 2, 3, 5 and 6 were significantly increased, respectively. No significant changes were observed in total WBC counts, total RBC counts and PCV values. The AST and AIT values were decreased on day 2 compared with those on day 1, but were within clinically normal range. There were no significant changes in BUN and Creatinine levels. This study suggests that consecutive day propofol anesthesia in dogs can be used for the purpose of the treatment and restraint.