• 제목/요약/키워드: Body fluids

검색결과 446건 처리시간 0.025초

티벳의학에 대한 연구 - "사부의전(四部醫典).근본의전(根本醫典)"을 중심으로 (Study on "Four Tantras", the Prime Textbook of Tibetan Medicine)

  • 장은영;윤창열
    • 대한한의학원전학회지
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    • 제11권1호
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    • pp.416-512
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    • 1998
  • The following conclusions are obtained from the studies on the chapters concerning phisiology, pathology, daily conduct, materia medica, pulse, and urinalysis from , of the "Four Tantras". 1. The theoretical basis forming the Tibetan Medicine is the substance of phlegm, bile, and wind each of which is divided into five kinds. These phisiological substances can be transformed into pathological factors when certain environment is formed. 2. In embryology, the semen of the father and menstral blood of mother is considered the most important condition in conception, and the Five factors are regarded as important. There is a detailed explanation of development of the fetus while it stays in the womb of mother during 38weeks, such as the formation of the viscera, channels, sense organs, etc. 3. There is metaphor which compares the human body with the king's palace. With the development of human anatomy, there is the detailed anatomical picture of anterior and posterior aspects of human body. And also there is the measurement of physiological constitution and the three fluids. 4. In division of the channels, they concerned the now of the blood and distribution of the nerve fibers, and each channel is connected with one another. The division of the cannel is namely embryonic channel, channel of existence, channel of connection, and the course of life principle. 5. The seven bodily constituents and three factors of phlegm, bile, and wind are important in sustaining the life of human body as well as growth and maturization, and when their equilibrium is broken, the human body is degnerated, and finally death comes. 6. The signs of death is divided into distant sign, remote sign, certain sign. and uncertain sign, and is used as a clue in diagnosis of the disease. Especially there is a mention about the mechanism of the dreams, and different dreams according to the condition of the patient. 7. In pathology, there is the cause of the disease, the environmental factors which can induce disease, the path by which disease come into the human body, the characteristics of the disease, and the kinds of disease. 8. There is a mention about the conduct, and it is divided into the daily conduct, the mental attitude, and the side-effects which can occur when one puts up with the physiological actions of the body. 9. The daily diet is divided into food and beverage. The food is divided again into grain, meat, fat, boiled food, and spiced food, and the beverage into milk, water, and wine. 10. The pulsation should be taken in lift hand to diagnose heart, small intestine, stomach, spleen, kidney, reproductive organ, and in right hand jungs, large intestine, liver, gall bladder, kidney, and bladder. In the healthy person, the pulse moves 5times in one perspiration, and the type of pulse is constant while the pulse moves 100times. But unhealthy person's pulse is different from this. The urinalysis is the unique part of Tibetan Medicine, and is important in examination of the disease. One should decide which of the three factors are dominant by the obervation of the color, amount of the steam and how long it lasts, odour, foam, and the shape of the swirl in three different states when the urine is hot, warm, and cold. One can determine the life of the patient and which viscera is the cause of the disease by the pulse, and whether the nature of the disease is hot or cold by the urinalysis. 11. The materia medica contains gemstones, minerals, plateau medication, and meat products.

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경상남도 함안-군북지역의 동광화작용: 유체포유물 및 안정동위원소 연구 (Copper Mineralization in the Haman-Gunbuk Area, Gyeongsangnamdo-Province: Fluid Inclusion and Stable Isotope Study)

  • 허철호;윤성택;최상훈;최선규;소칠섭
    • 자원환경지질
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    • 제36권2호
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    • pp.75-87
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    • 2003
  • 함안-군북 광화대는 한반도 남동부의 백악기 경상분지내에 위치해있다. 자철석, 회중석, 휘수연석, 황동석의 주광석 광물과 천금속 및 소량의 황염광물이 백악기 퇴적암, 화산암, 화강섬록암(118${\pm}$3.0 Ma)내에 발달된 열극을 충진한 전기석, 석영 및 탄산염맥내에서 산출된다. 광석 및 맥석광물들은 세 개의 광화시기로 구분될 수 있다: 광화 1기, 전기석+석영+철-동광석: 광화 2기, 석영+황화광물+황염광물+탄산염광물; 광화 3기, barren한 방해석. 광화 1기 및 2기의 초기 유체는 고염농도(35~70 equiv. wt.% NaCl+KCl)이며, 기상이 풍부하고 약 300$^{\circ}$~50$0^{\circ}C$의 온도에서 균질 되었다. 비록 황화물 광물이 상기유체에 의해 생성된 초기광물조합과 연관성이 없을지라도, 고염농도의 유체는 상당량의 나트륨, 칼륨, 철, 동, 황을 함유하는 염화물복합체 염수로 사료된다. 후기 용액은 새롭게 생성된 열극 및 맥을 따라 순환되었으며, 낮은 염농도($\leq$20 equiv. wt.% NaCl)이며 약200$^{\circ}$~40$0^{\circ}C$에서 균질화되었다. 할안-군북 열수계 유체의 산소-수소 동위원소조성은 광화초기에는 마그마성 열수의 특징을 보이다가 점차 광화후기로 가면서 순환수성 열수의 특징을 보여주고 있다. 함안-군복지역의 광체가 부존된 화강섬록암내에서 손환하고 있는 초기 열수성유체는 정출마그마에서 용리된후 고염농도의 액상을 함유한 유체와 $H_2O$-NaCl계의 기상으 함유한 유체로 불혼화되었다. 상기 마그마유체가 열극을 따라 이동하면서, 다른 황화광물과 황염광물의 침전없이 전기석 및 초기 철, 텅스텐, 몰리브데늄, 동 광화작용을 유발시켰다. 순환수기원의 후기광화용액은 동과 천금속 황화물, 황염광화작용을 촉발시켰다.

『의학입문(醫學入門)』 오장계(五臟系)에 대한 해부학적(解剖學的) 고증(考證) (An Anatomical Study on the Networks of Five Viscera in Yixuerumen)

  • 정혁상;백유상;김도훈;정창현;장우창
    • 대한한의학원전학회지
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    • 제30권1호
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    • pp.167-184
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    • 2017
  • Objectives : The paper attempted to analyze the contents found in the networks of five viscera in Yixuerumen's Zangfutiaofen published by Li Chan in 1575, and tried to reveal the body structure dealt in the contents through anatomical verification. Methods : Books such as Huataxianshengneizhaotu, Tushupian, and Shisijingfahui were used to compare, understand, and interpret the original texts and annotations of Yixuerumen in an attempt to verify these through anatomy reference texts and computer programs. Results : In Yixuerumen, some contents of the networks of five viscera were revised to see feixi as not one but two, and explained the relationship of intestinal organs through heart and lung. Anatomically speaking, the networks of five viscera has a vertical structure that unfolds top to bottom centering on aorta, and has many organs connected to it such as trachea, esophagus, splenic artery, pulmonary trunk, ureter, mesentery arteriovenous, gonadal artery, and ductus deferens. Conclusions : The networks of five viscera has a great significance in that it is the fruit of much efforts where oriental medicine tried to explain not only the functions of five viscera, but also the creation and circulation of qi, blood, and bodily fluids through anatomical observation.

Exosome isolation from hemolymph of white-spotted flower chafer, Protaetia brevitarsis (Kolbe) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae).

  • Lee, Seokhyun;Kwon, Kisang;Song, Myung-Ha;Park, Kwan-ho;Kwon, O-Yu;Choi, Ji-young
    • International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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    • 제33권2호
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    • pp.85-91
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    • 2016
  • Exosomes are homogenous vesicles of 40-100 nm diameter produced endogenously. Exosomes are generated by inward budding into multi-vesicular bodies (MVB) and then released to extracellular space. Exosomes contain various nucleic acid and protein cargoes from their cells of origin and this endosomal cellular molecules are used for intracellular communication and for both promotion and suppression of immune responses. Recently, they are also considered as delivery vehicle for therapeutic proteins due to their characteristics of stability in body fluids and ability for target uptake. Also, they show less immune reactivity because the isolated exosome harboring therapeutic proteins can be from the same host. White-spotted flower chafer, Protaetia brevitarsis is one of the major insect commercially reared in Korea. There are bacterial and fungal pathogens causing diseases in the beetle, and these diseases incur economic loss to the larva-rearing farms. Due to their endosomal cargoes, exosomes are good candidates in use of disease diagnosis. In this study, we isolated insect exosome from the hemolymph of P. brevitarsis, and verified it by analysis of the exosome-specific surface proteins and RNA.

진액(津液)의 유무(有無)에 따른 『상한잡병론(傷寒雜病論)』의 통증(痛症) 치법(治法)에 관하여(태양병편을 중심으로) (Pain management in 『Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Disease』 according to sufficiency-deficiency of fluid and humor (mainly with greater yang disease part))

  • 이명철;강연석
    • 한국의사학회지
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    • 제27권2호
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    • pp.135-143
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    • 2014
  • Human body fluid and humor include not only sweat, joint fluid but also every fluids, for example, blood, essence, kidney essence and marrow. Historically, in the oriental medicine, there are a lot of efforts in order to preserve fluid and humor. In "Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Disease (傷寒雜病論)", when treating cold damage, preservation of fluid and humor is put first. I tried to find out the relation about fluid and humor and pain treatment in "Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Disease". So, I investigated sentences related to pains in "Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Disease" "greater yang disease part" and commentaries of several chinese medical doctors. And I divide pain treatments into four categories. (fluid and humor sufficiency-exterior pattern, fluid and humor sufficiency-interior pattern, fluid and humor deficiency-exterior pattern, fluid and humor deficiency-interior pattern) At first, when treating pains of cold damage, there are many considerations about deficiency and sufficiency of fluid and humor through pulse condition and symptoms. Second, in pain-cases of fluid and humor sufficiency, purge methods is chosen. And in pain-cases of fluid and humor deficiency, tonifying methods is chosen. Finally, one of the main objects of "Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Disease" is preservation and supply of fluid and humor.

체액이 초기배의 발생생리에 미치는 효과에 관한 연구. I. 생쥐 1- 및 2-세포배의 체외발생에서 배양액과 단백질원의 효과 (Studies on the Effects of Body Fluids on the Developmental Physiology of Early Preimplantation Embryos. I. Effect of Serum on In Vitro Development of 1- and 2-Cell Mouse Embryos)

  • 정구민;임경순
    • 한국수정란이식학회지
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    • 제6권1호
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    • pp.33-40
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    • 1991
  • In vitro developmental ability of early preimplantation monse embryos was shown to be depend on the embryonic stages, media and snpplements and their interaction(Experiment 1). The development of I-cell embryos were more promoted in the complex medinm(Ham's Fl0) than in the simple one(m-KRB), but that of 2-cell embryos showed the reverse effect. The bovine serum albumin(BSA) as a medium snpplement more promoted the development of I- and 2-cell embryos, compared with human fetal cord serum(HCS). On the other hand, the harmful effect of HCS was especially shown on the early cleavage in the embryonic development of the two stages. The effect of serum, in the respect of interaction between media and snpplements. was also more significantly appeared in m-KRB than Ham's Fl0. In the experiment 2, when the harmful effect of HCS was compared with that of fetal bovine serum(FBS), the former more promoted the development of l - and 2-cell embryos than the latter. The effect of HCS was more significantly shown in the development of I-cell than that of 2-cell embryos. Conclusively, as I- and 2-cell embryos were different in the requirements for the in vitro development. the optimal medium and supplement have to be selected for each embryonic stage. It is also respected to the better result if it take into consideration into the kinds of sera when serum is used for culture of early preimplantation embryos.

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Evaluation of Dermal Absorption Rate of Pesticide Chlorpyrifos Using In Vitro Rat Dermal Tissue Model and Its Health Risk Assessment

  • Kim, Su-Heyun;Jang, Jae-Bum;Park, Kyung-Hun;Paik, Min-Kyoung;Jeong, Sang-Hee
    • 대한의생명과학회지
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    • 제22권4호
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    • pp.140-149
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    • 2016
  • All pesticides must be assessed strictly whether safe or not when agricultural operators are exposed to the pesticides in farmland. A pesticide is commonly regarded as safe when estimated dermal absorption amount is lower than the acceptable operator's exposure level (AOEL). In this study, dermal absorption rate of chlorpyrifos, a widely used organophosphate insecticide, was investigated using rat dermal tissue model. Chlorpyrifos wettable powder solved in water (250, 500 and 2,500 ppm) was applied to freshly excised rat dermal slices ($341{\sim}413{\mu}m$ thickness) on static Franz diffusion cells at $32^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours. After exposure period of 6 hours, and then washing-at residual amount of chlorpyrifos was analyzed in dermal tissues, tape strips, washing solution, washing swabs of receptor bottles and receptor fluids at 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours. Chlorpyrifos was only detected in dermal tissue but not found in receptor fluid at each concentration and time point, and the absorption rate of 250, 500 and 2,500 ppm was 2.36%, 1.96% and 1.69%, respectively. The estimated exposure level of chlorpyrifos was calculated as 0.012 mg/kg bw/day. The health risk for farmers in this condition is a level of concern because the estimated exposure level is 12 times higher than AOEL 0.001 mg/kg bw/day. However, actual health risk will be alleviated than estimated because absorbed chlorpyrifos is not permeated into internal body system and only retained in skin layer.

Effects of hypoxia on the concentration of circulating miR-210 in serum and the expression of HIF-1α and HSP90α in tissues of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

  • Abdellaoui, Najib;Kwak, Jun Soung;Kim, Ki Hong
    • 한국어병학회지
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    • 제33권1호
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    • pp.35-43
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    • 2020
  • Hypoxia is a serious problem in the marine ecosystem causing a decline in aquatic resources. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate the expression of genes through binding to the corresponding sequences of their target mRNAs. Especially, miRNAs in the cytoplasm can be secreted into body fluids, which called circulating miRNAs, and the availability of circulating miRNAs as biomarkers for hypoxia has been demonstrated in mammals. However, there has been no report on the hypoxia-mediated changes in the circulating miRNAs in fish. miR-210 is known as the representative hypoxia-responsive circulating miRNA in mammals. To know whether fish miR-210 also respond to hypoxia, we analyzed the change of circulating miR-210 quantity in the serum of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in response to hypoxia. The expression of hypoxia related genes, hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and the heat shock protein 90α (HSP90α) was also analyzed. Similar to the reports from mammals, miR-210-5p and miR-210-3p were significantly increased in the serum of olive flounder in response to hypoxia, suggesting that circulating miR-210 levels in the serum can be used as a noninvasive prognostic biomarker for fish suffered hypoxia. The target genes of miR-210 were related to various biological processes, which explains the major regulatory role of miR-210 in response to hypoxia. The expression of HIF-1α and HSP90α in the tissues was also up-regulated by hypoxia. Considering the critical role of HIF-1α in miR-210 expression and HSP90 in miRNAs function, the present up-regulation of HIF-1α and HSP90α might be related to the increase of circulatory miR-210, and the interaction mechanism among HIF-1α, HSP90α, and hypoxia-responsive microRNAs in fish should be further studied.

The potential theragnostic (diagnostic+therapeutic) application of exosomes in diverse biomedical fields

  • Kim, Yong-Seok;Ahn, Jae-Sung;Kim, Semi;Kim, Hyun-Jin;Kim, Shin-Hee;Kang, Ju-Seop
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • 제22권2호
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    • pp.113-125
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    • 2018
  • Exosomes are membranous vesicles of 30-150 nm in diameter that are derived from the exocytosis of the intraluminal vesicles of many cell types including immune cells, stem cells, cardiovascular cells and tumor cells. Exosomes participate in intercellular communication by delivering their contents to recipient cells, with or without direct contact between cells, and thereby influence physiological and pathological processes. They are present in various body fluids and contain proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and microRNAs that can be transported to surrounding cells. Theragnosis is a concept in next-generation medicine that simultaneously combines accurate diagnostics with therapeutic effects. Molecular components in exosomes have been found to be related to certain diseases and treatment responses, indicating that they may have applications in diagnosis via molecular imaging and biomarker detection. In addition, recent studies have reported that exosomes have immunotherapeutic applications or can act as a drug delivery system for targeted therapies with drugs and biomolecules. In this review, we describe the formation, structure, and physiological roles of exosomes. We also discuss their roles in the pathogenesis and progression of diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. The potential applications of exosomes for theragnostic purposes in various diseases are also discussed. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the physiological and pathological roles of exosomes as well as their diagnostic and therapeutic uses, including emerging exosome-based therapies that could not be applied until now.

Potential and Significance of Ammonium Production from Helicobacter pylori

  • KI, Mi-Ran;Yun, Soon-Kyu;Choi, Kyung-Min;Hwang, Se-Young
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • 제13권5호
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    • pp.673-679
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    • 2003
  • Glutamine and urea, abundant in body fluids or plasma, yield net ammonium ions upon hydrolysis by ${\gamma}-glutamyl$ transpeptidase (${\gamma}-GTP$) and urease, respectively, and these two enzymes are largely produced from Helicobacter pylori. To investigate bacterial potential of ammonium production, we first quantified those in whole-cell systems and found that the relative ratio of their amounts varied greatly, especially with pH values and the cell's aging. During the H. pylori cultivation, the ratio appeared to be inversely proportional to each other, showing a progressive increase of the ${\gamma}-GTP$ with decreasing of the urease. Under the urease-defective conditions due to low pH or coccoids, the bacterial cells still possessed a considerable amount of ${\gamma}-GTP$, which was found exclusively in the external compartment, therefore, the cell's ammonium production was found to be solely dependent upon glutamine, and the external ammonium concentration was constant without any contribution of urea concentration. Such ammonium constancy would definitely have an adverse effect on the host, because of its absolute requirement for vacuolar degeneration by H. pylori VacA, maximized at approximately 10 mM $NH_4Cl$. It was also found that, by using the metal-saturated membrane vesicles, ammonium ions were likely to be involved in the pH-dependent cation-flux across the H. pylori membrane, where the role of ${\gamma}-GTP$ in ammonium homeostasis around cells was suggested, especially under the hostile conditions against H. pylori.