• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.64-75
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• 2009

Objective: This study was designed to investigate the effect of Samultang (SMT) under hippocampus cells ischemia both in vitro and in vivo. Methods: In the in vitro study, HT22 cells, predominantly detected in the cytoplasm, which coincides with the location of the mitochondria, were used as indicators. In the in vivo study, permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was induced on rats. SMT was given orally 2 h before induction of permanent focal brain ischemic injury. Result: In the in vitro study, SMT had protective effects in glutamate-induced cytotoxicity, which was revealed as apoptosis characterized by chromatic condensation and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in HT22 cells. In the in vivo study, TTC (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride) staining showed a marked ischemic injury in blood supply territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) such as the cerebral cortex and striatum. However, treatment with SMT significantly reduced infarcted volume. SMT increased marked survival of HT22 cells against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in MTT assay. Conclusion: These results suggest that water extract of SMT provides neuroprotection against ischemic or oxidative injury by inhibition of apoptotic cell death.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.129-134
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• 2010

Canine brucellosis is a contagious disease of the reproductive tract that cause mainly abortion and infertility in dog. A serological and bacteriological survey was conducted for breeding kennels which were suffered from frequent outbreak of canine brucellosis in Gyeongbuk province in 2009. Among 138 samples, 45 serum samples were sero-positive. Brucella canis was isolated from 30 blood samples of the seropositive cases, and from 2 samples of 62 sero-negatives. The biochemical properties of 32 isolates were characterized with no production of H2S, no fermentation of carbohydrates, hydrolyzation of urea, and development of thionin dye medium. At amplification of BCSP and 16S-rRNA gene using PCR, 711bp and 905bp DNA fragments were detected in agarose. Three tandem repeat pattern was shown in genotyping by Multi-locus VNTR assay (MLVA).

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1-6
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• 2015

Objectives : Draconis Resina (DR), the resin of Daemonorops draco Bl., is used to circulate the blood and to stop bleeding. It also has been used to generate flesh including ulceration. The present study investigated the effects of DR extract on collagen metabolism in human fibroblasts and tyrosinase activity in mushroom tyrosinase.Methods : The effect of DR extract on type I procollagen production (collagen type I synthesis) and collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase-1, henceforth referred as MMP-1) activity in human normal fibroblasts cell line. Hs68 cells after ultraviolet B (UVB, 312 nm) irradiation was measured using the enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The tyrosinase activity was also measured to find out the whitening effects in mushroom tyrosinase by ELISA method.Results : There was no cytotoxicity at DR extract at concentrations of 10 μg/ml, 30 μg/ml, and 100 μg/ml. DR extract significantly inhibited the increase of collagenase activity, whereas it did not show on the reduction of type I procollagen in UVB damaged Hs68 cells. DR extract did not reduce the L - DOPA oxidation. However, it significantly reduced the tyrosinase activity by DR extract at concentraions of 0.1 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml.Conclusions : In conclusion, DR showed the anti-wrinkle and whitening effects via the inhibition of collagenase production and the tyrosinase activity. These results suggest that DR may have potential as an anti-aging ingredient in cosmetic herb markets.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.775-783
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• 2005

The ethanol extract of the peony root (Paeonia Lactiflora Pall, Paeoniaceae) as well as its major active components including gallic acid and methyl gallate were evaluated for their protective effects against free radical generation and lipid peroxidation. In addition, the protective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative DNA damage in a mammalian cell line were examined. The ethanol extracts of the peony root (PREs) and its active constituents, gallic acid and methyl gallate, exhibited a significant free radical scavenging effect against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazine (DPPH) radical generation and had an inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation, as measured by the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) formation. The PREs did not have any pro-oxidant effect. They strongly inhibited the hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage from NIH/3T3 fibroblasts, as assessed by single cell gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, the oral administration of 50% PRE (50% ethanol extract of peony root), gallic acid and methyl gallate potently inhibited the formation of micronucleated reticulocytes (MNRET) in the mouse peripheral blood induced by a $KBrO_3$ treatment in vivo. Therefore, PREs containing gallic acid and methyl gallate may be a useful antigenotoxic antioxidant by scavenging free radicals, inhibiting lipid peroxidation and protecting against oxidative DNA damage without exhibiting any pro-oxidant effect.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 1993

The effect of captopril on the lung angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) was investigated after 3 weeks oral administration (120~160 mg/kg/day) through drinking water in SpragueDawley rats. On the $^{125}$I-351A, an ACE inhibitor, binding assay in the isolated perpused lungs, the number of ACE molecules at the intrapulmonary endothelial cell surface was significantly decreased (p<0.001), and recovered to the normal level 7 days after discontinuation of captopril treatment. Intrapulmonary conversion ratio of Al to All was also significantly decreased (p<0.05) in the isolated perpused lungs. Bolus intravenous injection of angiotensin I did not showed pressor response in the both of systemic and pulmonary blood pressure of the anesthetized rats. ACE activity of the lung homogenates was also significantly reduced. These data consistently indicate the decrease of functionally active ACE molecule at the pulmonary artery after chronic captopril treatment. However, serum ACE activity was increased three fold in captopril treated rats compared to the normal rats. So, these results suggest that the functionally active ACE molecule at the pulmonary artery was still inhibited, which is directly associated with the antihypertensive effects, even if the total angiotensn converting enzyme induction was resulted after chronic captopril treatment.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.113-118
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• 2000

In order to assay the efficacy of newly synthesized antiviral compounds, pyrimidine analogs, pharmacokinetics of those were established as compared with already marketed zidovudine. Zidovudine (15, 20, 25 and 35 mg/kg), LJ142 (18.52 mg/kg) and LJ143 (15, 18.52 and 30 mg/kg) were administered orally and intravenously in rats, blood samples were collected post-injection(i.e., for 360 min) at appropriate time intervals. Those were analyzed by HPLC with UV detection at 265 nm. Pharmacokinetic parameters $(C_{max},\;T_{1/2},\;MRT,\;AUC,\;AUMC,\;Vd_{SS},\;Cl_t)$ were calculated. AUCs of zidovudine and LJ143 following I.V. dosing of $15{\sim}25\;mg/kg\;and\;15{\sim}18.18\;mg/kg$ were dose-independent. However, AUCs of zidovudine and LJ43 following I.V. dosing of $25{\sim}35\;mg/kg\;and\;18.18{\sim}30\;mg/kg$ were dose-dependent. The relative bioavailability of zidovudine, LJ142 and LJ143 following oral administration were 61.94, 46.44 and 78.24%, respectively.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.152-154
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• 2002

The methanol extract of Viscum album var. coloratum, Korean mistletoe, showed potent prolongation effects on the bleeding time in rats in vivo, and whole blood clotting time and plasma recalcification time in rats ex vivo. The prolongation effect on the bleeding time of Korean mistletoe is comparable to that of Viscum album L., European mistletoe, 185.6% and 176.5%, respectively. However, the water extracts of the both plants did not show any prolongation effects. Platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor binding assay was carried out to elucidate the action mechanisms of the extracts, and both of the methanol extracts did not show any inhibitory activity. The $LD_{50}$ of the methanol extracts of both mistletoes are more than 2 g/kg. These results suggest that the mehtanol extract of Korean mistletoe might be a potential candidate to develop new drug to improve microcirculation.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.553-557
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• 2014

Verapamil is used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, and atrial fibrillation. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that verapamil increased the optic nerve head blood flow and improved the retrobulbar circulation. All these show that verapamil is potentially useful for ophthalmic treatment. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate whether verapamil could protect human lens epithelial cell (HLEC) from oxidative stress induced by $H_2O_2$ and the cellular mechanism underlying this protective function. The viability of HLEC was determined by the MTT assay and apoptotic cell death was analyzed by Hoechst 33258 staining. Moreover, Caspase-3 expression was detected by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry analysis. We also detected Caspase-3 mRNA expression by reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction and the GSH content in cell culture. The results showed that oxidative stress produced significant cell apoptotic death and it was reduced by previous treatment with the verapamil. Verapamil was effective in reducing HLEC death mainly through reducing the expression level of apoptosis-related proteins, caspase-3, and increasing glutathione content. Therefore, it was suggested that verapamil was effective in reducing HLEC apoptosis induced by $H_2O_2$.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.48-55
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• 1998

The effects of Bezoar Bovis on immune responses of ICR Mice were studied. In the present study, the Jerne hemolytic plaque assay (PFC) was used to evaluate the humoral immune response to sheep red blood cells, and macrophage regulatory function was measured by quantitating the production of molecules secreted by macrophages. Bezoar Bovis was given in single daily p.o doses for short term (1, 2 days) or long term (7, 14 days). PFC response for taken 3 days after short term exposure to Bezoar Bovis was increased. The production of nitirc oxide in macrophages was also stimulated. In contrast, long term exposure to Bezoar Bovis resulted in inhibitory effect of Bezoar Bovis on nitirc oxide, $TNF-{\alpha}$and IL-6 production in macrophages. These findings suggest that treatment with Bezoar Bovis may result in differential immunological effect depending on treatment schedule.

• BioChip Journal
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.309-316
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• 2018

Microneedles (MNs) are being developed to overcome the limitations of the conventional hypodermic needle, e.g. the injection pain. In this study, we conducted an analysis of clinical pain and bleeding at the site of MN insertion and evaluated the insulin pharmacodynamic profile compared with parameters obtained with a conventional pen needle. MN insertion into the skin of 25 healthy adults or 15 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) revealed significantly less pain relative to a conventional hypodermic pen needle, thus reducing pain scores from $2.1{\pm}1.9$ to $21.3{\pm}1.4$ ($mean{\pm}standard$ deviation [SD]). Besides, no bleeding was observed when the MN was used. In the insulin pharmacodynamic assay, no significant differences were observed in the blood glucose-lowering effect between the pen needle and MN. Based on these results, the MN is expected to be a good substitute for conventional hypodermic pen needles and improve the quality of life of patients by significantly reducing the pain associated with insulin treatment.